Now a day, the dependency of mankind on polythene has grown to larger extent because of its wide applications in storing food without allowing the moisture inside the packing and also as carry bags. But polythene is a non-biodegradable material which when buried in the soil doesn’t decompose. Because of this reason the soil looses it’s fertility due to the toxic chemicals it release by the action of temperature and also killing the micro organisms that are essential in the soil. In view of this, several attempts were made in recent years to develop paper that can show the oil proof as that of polythene. This project involves not the production of paper but the basic raw material for paper production that is pulp from banana plant (abundantly available on earth). Later this pulp can be blended with pulp obtained from bamboo which is less abundant, to obtain oil proof paper. The reason behind the selection of banana as raw material is, in banana plantations, after the fruits are harvested, the trunks or stems will be wasted. Billion tons of stem and leaves are thrown away annually. In this project we are producing pulp from banana waste stem using Kraft’s process and Soda process, also analyse the both process based on their yield, energy consumption and propose the best process.

This paper reviews numerical methods and analysis procedures used in the study of automotive disc brake. It covers Finite element Method approaches in the automotive industry, the complex Contact analysis. The advantages and limitations of each approach will examine. This review can help analysts to choose right methods and make decisions on new areas of method development. The complex eigen value method is choose for contact analysis of car disc brake. The essence of such a method lies in the asymmetric stiffness matrix derived from the contact stiffness and the friction coefficient at the disc interfaces. This paper presents the analysis of the contact pressure distributions at the disc interfaces using a detailed 3-dimensional finite element model of a real car disc brake. It is also investigates different levels in modelling a disc brake system and simulating contact pressure distributions at varying load. It points out some outstanding issues in modeling and analysis of disc brake squeal and proposes new research topics. Wear can take place when two or more bodies in frictional contact slide against each other. It is found that the complex Contact analysis is still the approach favored by the automotive industry.

Wear plate welding machines requires some special raw material handling system as they are heavy to handle.Wear plate welding requires 4-5 workers for handling and clamping of raw material. This paper reviews different material handling equipment used by various industries. As the raw material is heavy, it is very difficult to handle manually. Hence there is requirement of integrated material handling and clamping system to do this heavy task. An integrated approach for material handling and clamping is suggested. In this paper, various handling mechanisms like scissor lifting mechanism, hydraulic lift platform in scissors type mechanism, hydraulic lifting system based on multistage telescopic cylinder are discussed. Their analysis is done by using various software. Some failure diagnosis points are also discussed by mathematical calculations. Clamping mechanisms like electric power clamping device driven by step motor and screw-toggle-lever force amplifier in series, unilateral fixtures for sheet-metal parts with holes are discussed.

This paper addresses the problems of poor convergence and high value of mean square error, embedded with various blind adaptive equalization techniques in mobile communication and proposes an improved design providing enhancement in performance and ease of operation. The effectiveness of proposed approach is evaluated against different algorithms and simulations prove that design facilitate in reducing convergence time and low MSE. Proposed algorithm also ensures that equalizer does not converge to any wrong solutions under time varying and noisy conditions.

Kathmandu is classified as a highly earthquake prone city of Nepal. The center of Kathmandu City is located in the vicinity of ten independent seismic source zones which in reality are active faults. This creates uncertainties in the size, location and the rate of recurrence of earthquakes. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis provides a framework in which these uncertainties can be identified, quantified and combined in a rational manner to provide a more complete picture of the seismic hazard. This study presents a PSHA of the center of Kathmandu city using the attenuation relationship given by Cornell et al (1979) in order to determine various levels of earthquake-caused ground motion that will be exceeded in a given future time period.

In Nepal, drinking unsafe water is attributed for the mortality of 13,000 children. The prevalence of this cause of morbidity and mortality in many poor rural regions has created a need for water quality intervention. These days various household drinking water treatment options are currently available in Nepal. Almost 85% of Nepalese population use cooking stove and more than 70% of the heat energy is wasted through chimney of cooking stove. Three different heat exchangers with different efficiencies were designed for Water Pasteurization by utilizing waste heat of flue gas. Locally available hollow aluminum pipe (internal diameter 8 mm, length 3.65 m) was coiled into a spiral ovular helix of 12 cm in diameter. Two different heat exchangers with coiled unit placed inside and outside of the chimney were designed. Similarly a jacket type heat exchanger with 0.5m height was also designed for Water Pasteurization. With 6 hours of average cooking period per day, total water output from three different prototypes was found in the rage of 24 to 28 liters/per day. Water quality test for treated samples from three different prototypes was done and the E. coli test result was less than 5 CFU/100ml and thus treated water was safe to drink.

Regional rainfall trends in Ivory Coast, due to climate change, show a general decrease in rainfall over the entire country. This is likely to disrupt plans streams thereby reducing the availability of surface water resources. The objective therefore assigned to this work is to analyze the precipitation field while incorporating the effect of climate change. For field analysis of precipitation, the approach follows a markovian approach, which is a stochastic approach widely used to analyze and simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of a system from transition probabilities. The study was conducted on a time series of rainfall data (1966-2000) and showed that monthly precipitation echoes are well described by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The arkovian approach followed in this work has helped develop a model to analyze and forecast precipitation field in the department that of Sinfra that reflects reality with accuracy about 83 %.

In the current global competitive environment there is a need for the casting units and foundries to develop the components in short lead time. Defect free castings with minimum production cost have become the need of foundry. The gating and riser system design plays an important role in the quality. Due to the lack of existing theoretical procedures the designing processes are normally carried on a trial-and-error basis. This paper review casting produced by foundry with internal shrinkage as a major defect was analyzed and identified that gating and risering system was improperly designed. The designed gating system reduced defect and increase yield. Finally, a more reasonable gating system was obtained by analysis of simulation results.

The cercaricidal activity of a mixed solamargine (1) and β-solamarine (2) solution were directly tested against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and a time-concentration relationship was observed; the concentrations needed to kill all cercariae (LC100) within 10 min of exposure were 0.01 mg/mL. Mixed solamargine (1) and β-solamarine (2) solution have a high level of cercaricidal activity against free swimming cercariae and it seems to be ecologically safe, since it is known to have very low toxicity to fish. The possible use of such sublethal concentrations in schistosomiasis transmission sites as an oriented promising technique to control this parasite and to minimize or prevent water pollution with pesticides.