Speech evoked auditory brainstem responses (spABR) assesses brainstem ability to encode speech. However, speech representations at brainstem are affected by acoustic properties of speech, language background and experiences. Hindi has considerable acoustic differences that may evoke dissimilar ABR pattern. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the spABR to Hindi stimulus in normal hearing adults. The 5 formants Hindi stop |da| of 40ms was synthesized to elicit ABRs from 50 normal hearing adults with mean age of 22.7 (SD=2.3) years in the age range 18-25 years. The sub-cortical response latency & amplitude to consonant and vowel portion of the stimulus were recorded. Results: The spABR elicited distinctive peaks for stimulus component. The consonant portion evoked peak V and vowel portion elicited the frequency following response (FFR). The mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and 95% confidence interval of peak latency & amplitude were measured. ANOVA was studied at 5% significance levels between the current spABR and western data. Conclusions: The obtained brainstem response timing and amplitude values of transient and sustained portion of stimulus are in line with the western reports. However, considering the acoustic differences in Indian languages, culturally & linguistically sensitive stimulus should possibly be developed and norms be established.

Speech evoked auditory brainstem responses (spABR) assesses brainstem ability to encode speech. However, speech representations at brainstem are affected by acoustic properties of speech, language background and experiences. Hindi has considerable acoustic differences that may evoke dissimilar ABR pattern. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the spABR to Hindi stimulus in normal hearing adults. The 5 formants Hindi stop |da| of 40ms was synthesized to elicit ABRs from 50 normal hearing adults with mean age of 22.7 (SD=2.3) years in the age range 18-25 years. The sub-cortical response latency & amplitude to consonant and vowel portion of the stimulus were recorded. Results: The spABR elicited distinctive peaks for stimulus component. The consonant portion evoked peak V and vowel portion elicited the frequency following response (FFR). The mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and 95% confidence interval of peak latency & amplitude were measured. ANOVA was studied at 5% significance levels between the current spABR and western data. Conclusions: The obtained brainstem response timing and amplitude values of transient and sustained portion of stimulus are in line with the western reports. However, considering the acoustic differences in Indian languages, culturally & linguistically sensitive stimulus should possibly be developed and norms be established.

Speech evoked auditory brainstem responses (spABR) assesses brainstem ability to encode speech. However, speech representations at brainstem are affected by acoustic properties of speech, language background and experiences. Hindi has considerable acoustic differences that may evoke dissimilar ABR pattern. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the spABR to Hindi stimulus in normal hearing adults. The 5 formants Hindi stop |da| of 40ms was synthesized to elicit ABRs from 50 normal hearing adults with mean age of 22.7 (SD=2.3) years in the age range 18-25 years. The sub-cortical response latency & amplitude to consonant and vowel portion of the stimulus were recorded. Results: The spABR elicited distinctive peaks for stimulus component. The consonant portion evoked peak V and vowel portion elicited the frequency following response (FFR). The mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and 95% confidence interval of peak latency & amplitude were measured. ANOVA was studied at 5% significance levels between the current spABR and western data. Conclusions: The obtained brainstem response timing and amplitude values of transient and sustained portion of stimulus are in line with the western reports. However, considering the acoustic differences in Indian languages, culturally & linguistically sensitive stimulus should possibly be developed and norms be established.

Datura metel leaves and seeds are widely used in ethno-therapeutic management of Rheumatic pain, asthma and insomnia. Its use has been associated with adverse alteration in behavior which has triggered interest in its safety on the central nervous system. This study was therefore designed to evaluate acute neuro-toxicological effects of aqueous –methanol extracts of Datura metel in mice. Oral Acute toxicity studies of the leaf extract was carried out in mice. The effects of the extract (25-100 mg/kg body weight orally) on total locomotive activity, motor coordination and spatial memory in Y-maze were evaluated in mice. The effect of Datura metel extract (25-100 mg/kg) in the presence of either atropine (0.3 mg/kg b.w.) or naloxone (0.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) on total locomotive activity in an open field apparatus was carried out with the view of predicting its mechanism of action. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 2000 mg/kg b.w. The extract produced significant decrease (p<0.05) in total locomotive activity of the treated mice in the open field apparatus. The extract significantly (p<0.05) shortened the time spent on the rota-rod by mice treated with the extract and reduced spontaneous alternation behavior. Datural metel leaves extract produced in mice neuro-toxicological effects characterized by sedation and hypokinesia, motor coordination impairment and disruption of short term memory.

Genomic information obtained from robust analysis methods such as microarray and next generation sequencing reveals underlying disease mediating factors and potential diagnostic biomarkers. Data mining methods have been widely chosen for classification and regression studies of health sciences as well as other disciplines since the beginning. In the present study, public Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) genome wide expression dataset (ID: GSE12679) consisting of mRNA transcripts of post-mortem brain tissues in schizophrenic and normal patients were analyzed by using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP NN) algorithm. A set of most differentially expressed genetic features (p<0.001) were used for creating the classifier which can predict disease states in test set with ~82% accuracy. Differentially expressed genes used as classifying biomarkers gain utmost importance for revealing hidden underlying genetic factors associated with important psychiatric diseases. We could also suggest that such data mining tools might be applicable for developing genome-based diagnostic tools.

Trichotillomania is a chronic mental disorder characterized by recurrent hair-pulling. Hoarding, excoriation and trichotillomania are classified as obsessive-compulsive related disorders in DSM-5, which share similar clinical presentations, characterized by inappropriate and excessive repetitive behaviors and dysregulation of inhibitory control processes. Research evidence suggests that abnormalities in the cortico-striato-thalamic-cortical circuits are one of the key factors underlying the pathophysiology of obsessivecompulsive related disorders, including trichotillomania. Glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter within the cortico-striato-thalamiccortical circuits. Therefore, the use of glutamate-modulating agents is subject to interest for obsessive-compulsive related disorders. N-acetylcysteine, a derivate of the amino acid L-cysteine, has been explored as potential therapy for obsessive-compulsive related disorders, including trichotillomania. Pharmacotherapies that target the prefrontal glutamatergic system, such as N-acetylcysteine, may correct the underlying pathophysiologic abnormalities and symptoms of trichotillomania. Even a limited number of studies are suggesting that N-acetylcysteine is a promising treatment option, these studies did not assess treatment effects exceeding 3-4 months treatment period. Longer term effects of N-acetylcysteine therapy in trichotillomania require further evaluation.

In this article, has been discussed the characteristics that make knowledge unforgettable. The attention has been attracted to the role of the involvement of multiple brain layers, locations and connections, in learning and performing process. It is sustained that “learning and performing are systemic issues” and proposed that “a successful learning and performance is directly proportional to the sum of created appropriate personal ties – created personal functional connectomes - in the entirety of the central nervous system” and the “strength or weakness of a learned material is directly proportional to the quantity, quality and intensity of the ties made within the entire Central Nervous System Network”. In other terms; the more brain parts are involved the better is learned and performed. And, it has been outlined that “the same fact is the explanation of why in different subjects, the memory storages are relatively in different localities, and in vague concentrations.”

Progressive nonfluent aphasia is a slowly progressive degenerative disease characterized by atrophy in left hemisphere particularly frontotemporal. It is one of three subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (frontotemporal dementia). Unlike Alzheimer’s disease it begins between 45-65 years of age and occurs equally in both sexes usually. The reported youngest case was 21 years old. Atrophy is seen in the left hemisphere more in temporal lobe on magnetic resonance imaging. Approximately half of the cases have family history. In early it might confuse with depression and therefore diagnosis may be delayed. Brain magnetic resonance imaging is important for verification of diagnosis. In this paper, a case who early onset progressive nonfluent aphasia was mentioned.

Aim of the study is to investigate the referral type of dependent patients and its effect on treatment outcomes. This retrospectively designed study was conducted at a private hospital. The sample included 323 patients, and all patients’ records were evaluated according to their referral type, sociodemographic features, criminal history, relapse rates and accompanying axis II disorders. Patients were reassessed six months after their discharge by semi-structured face-to-face or phone interviews with the patient or a family member. There were significant differences in some of sociodemographic characteristics, presence of criminal records, substance use patterns and relapse rates between voluntary inpatients and coerced inpatients. These results indicate a benefit in family participation at the very early stages of dependency treatment. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether family participation at the beginning of dependency treatment contributes to prognosis and patient’s motivation.