Aim of the study is to investigate the referral type of dependent patients and its effect on treatment outcomes. This retrospectively designed study was conducted at a private hospital. The sample included 323 patients, and all patients’ records were evaluated according to their referral type, sociodemographic features, criminal history, relapse rates and accompanying axis II disorders. Patients were reassessed six months after their discharge by semi-structured face-to-face or phone interviews with the patient or a family member. There were significant differences in some of sociodemographic characteristics, presence of criminal records, substance use patterns and relapse rates between voluntary inpatients and coerced inpatients. These results indicate a benefit in family participation at the very early stages of dependency treatment. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether family participation at the beginning of dependency treatment contributes to prognosis and patient’s motivation.

Physical exercise plays a substantial role in maintaining our heath. In the molecular level, physical exercise induces the release of neurotransmitter, such as serotonin. Lack of serotonin could lead to stress or depression condition. We assumed that physical exercise could increase serotonin level in the brain. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of anaerobic and aerobic exercise toward serotonin level in male Wistar rat brain tissue. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups consist of control; 1x, 3x, 7x of aerobic exercise; and 1x, 3x, 7x of anaerobic exercise which conducted in a week. A rat treadmill was used at speed 35 m/min during 20 min for anaerobic exercise, and it was used at speed 20 m/min during 30 min for aerobic exercise. Serotonin level was measured using ST/5-HT (Serotonin/5-Hydroxytryptamine) ELISA Kit. Significant differences between treatments were tested by ANOVA (a = 5%). In contrast, both of anaerobic and aerobic exercise had lower serotonin level than the control.

Cerebral blood vessels are vital in supplying brain in both human and animals. Any anomaly by rupture or interruption of blood flow may lead to fatal consequences. Dichlorvos is a volatile organophosphate that forms the active ingredient of locally formulated insecticide and pesticide known as Otapiapia or Madarar piapia. It is an anti-acetylcholinestrase that binds irreversibly to acetylcholinesterase and leads to its inhibition. The study aims to determine the effects of dichlorvos on the histology of the cerebral vessels in adult wistar rats. Twenty five apparently healthy adult wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into five groups. The first two groups were used as control while the last three groups were exposed to graded doses of dichlorvos in ethanol solution and experimented for twenty eight days. Twenty four hours after the last exposure the animals were sacrificed and the brain tissues were collected for routine histological technique. The relative brain weights of all the animals were determined and one – way ANOVA was conducted to compare the mean of the control with the treated groups. There was no statistically significant difference [F = 0.88, p = 0.49] in the mean brain weights of the controls and the treated groups. The H&E stain of the treated groups showed variable degrees of perivascular oedema, pyknosis and apoptosis. Prolong use of dichlorvos could cause cerebral vascular changes in the histoarchitecture such as perivascular oedema and apoptosis, may not affect the brain weight.

Dementia and stroke are the major health problem often occurs in older individuals aged 65 or more. There are many studies confirm that cholesterol might be involved in the pathogenesis of dementia and stroke. Atorvastatin, broadly used to lower cholesterol in coronary heart disease, are viable medications in decreasing the danger of dementia and stroke. Use of atorvastatin for prolonged period seems to be effective for the prevention of dementia and stroke. The objective of this review is to focuses the pharmacological benefit of atorvastatin in dementia and stroke.

Despite the advancements in neurosciences, there are still, only a few Personality Theories, making use of neuropsychology. In the present paper, we tried to propose a NeuroAnatomoPhysiological approach to the “Formation and Expression” of Personality and Pschopatology and discussed the possibility of formation of a new study area.

The common feature of somatoform disorders is the presence of somatic symptoms that cannot be explained by a general medical condition. Pain disorder is also among the somatoform disorders. Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation occuring as a consequence of a disease, injury or an organic pathology. Breuer and Freud, in their studies on hysteria, suggested that pain could be a manifestation of a psychological problem. The lifetime prevalence is not precisely known. In the Turkish mental health study 12 month incidence of pain disorder is found to be % 11.3 among women , % 4.8 among men and % 8.4 in the general population. The cultural diversity of the mental illnesses particularly somatic symptoms is noticed. Traditions and belief systems influence the formation, presentation and the managemant of dissociative and somatoform symptoms. Types of somatic symptoms differ across the cultures. Higher rates of somatic complaints are found in South America, Asia, particularly in developing countries. The seperation between physical and emotional experience occurs precisely in Western countires. Thus somatic symptoms are rarely seen in Western culture.

Treating monogenic disorders via gene therapy although still considered experimental by some, has becoming a more accepted method lately especially in these last 10 years with a number of recent clinical successes. Genetic modifications are becoming easier to perform with the progressing technology and discovery of new techniques such as the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) methods which can modify DNA with great ease and accuracy. Gene therapy is a powerful technique with huge potential to treat psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Gene therapy is simple in principle, which is corrective genetic material is sent into cells and the disease is cured by ending the problem at its source. Viral and non-viral vectors which are used for the delivery of the desired genes to the targeted cells are briefly listed and explained. Unlike viral vectors non-viral vectors don’t cause an immune response but their pretty low transfer rate makes them rather less interesting for research. Viral vectors of adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses with its subclass of lentiviruses and herpes viruses are compared with their advantages and disadvantages related to usage in brain and CNS treatment of our topic. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) have important roles in brain and nervous tissue. Delivering NTFs via viral vectors for treating neurodegenerative diseases is a promising approach. Providing information about principles, methods, hurdles and clinical applications of gene therapy with its historic background to present it with its all basic details and therapeutic effects it can provide to problems related to brain are aimed in this writing.

Deep brain stem lesions have previously been considered unresectable. With the development of tailored skull base approaches, detailed knowledge of topographical anatomy, utilization of intra-operative mapping, identification of safe entry zones, extensive arachnoid dissection, cautious handling of neurovascular structures, modern surgical techniques with minimal compression of brain stem and retractor-less surgery, the resection of these previously unresectable lesions, has become possible. Herewithin, an overall review is provided and illustrative cases are presented with detailed discussion of the technical perspective of each approach and resection.

In this case we report the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment resistant auditory verbal hallucinations. The majority of protocols have utilized low-frequency suppressive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left temporoparietal cortex with some therapeutic benefits in ameliorating auditory hallucinations. Normalizing the functional connectivity between the temporoparietal and frontal brain regions may underlie the therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Regarding side effects, the rTMS intervention was well tolerated in this case. Future research must focus on the optimum stimulation site and parameters.

The present study focuses on describing characteristics of swallow among Huntingtons Disease (HD) with Chorea before and after dysphagia therapy. 3 female siblings of 21, 22 and 33 years having juvenile type onset of HD with chorea were included. The patients were evaluated comprehensively for swallowing using Manipal Manual for Swallowing Assessment. Each patient was subjected to ingestion of solid, thin liquid and thick liquid of 5ml and 10 ml quantified using a standard measurable cup. Descriptive statistics was administered on the data using statistical package SPSS (Version 17). On observation, all 3 patients presented with sensory and motor issues in addition to posture instability with abrupt body movements, food spillage, piece meal deglutition, intra bolus retention, wet voice and cough. Following which cognitive approach and behavioural approach based intervention was initiated. The symptoms of intra bolus retention and cough decreased post therapy with no change in sensory aspects. The present study evidences three female siblings with severe cognitive deficits and dysphagia secondary to HD. Despite rehabilitation being provided, they could not completely waiver off the symptoms. These evidences highlight the importance of identifying and addressing swallow based treatment outcomes in HD with chorea.

This study aimed to investigate the radiation attenuation properties of seven brain regions namely Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Temporal cortexes, Hippocampus, Thalamus and Cerebellum in terms of their elemental compositions. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System-extended (MCNPX) version 2.6.0 (Los Alamos National Lab, USA) general purpose Monte Carlo code has been employed in order to calculate the mass attenuation coefficients of those aforementioned brain regions. A satisfactory agreement has been obtained on the mass attenuation coefficients (µ/?) calculated by MCNPX and XCOM for those brain regions under investigation. The results underlined that Cerebellum has the highest mass attenuation coefficients in terms of the radiological energy values. This can be explained by the elemental mass fraction value of Chlorine (Cl) in Cerebellum. It could be deduced that the intensity of diagnostic radiation can be more attenuated in Cerebellum than rest of the brain regions during the brain CT or brain PET examinations. The data from the present paper would be useful for the use of standard simulation geometry and mass attenuation coefficients for medical physics as well as the applications of radiation physics.