Prof. A. K. Sen's contribution is substantive to all the areas he has touched; some of them are highly technical. But from the very beginning his major concern was the welfare of people; especially poor. His principal contribution to welfare economics that is the scarcity of food is not the only reason for famine in many countries around the world but also other reasons have asserted on it. Sen analyzed famines with his theoretical approach to welfare measurement. He argues that famines can occur even when the supply of food is not significantly lower. In this view lack of opportunities and capabilities are responsible for poverty and famines. According to Sen, education and health can be valuable to the freedom of a person. This paper attempts to throw light on the major contribution of A. K. Sen's to welfare economics.

Child labour is one of the major problems among all the social problems in India. After independence materialistic development has occurred in the large scale for example roads, building, bridge, information technology and science etc. But on the other hand mountains of problems have stood from the begging government have taken positive step concerning child labour issues. Laws and many programmers have been implemented to solve this problem. But yet the problem didn't decrease. In present condition the number of child labour in India is 06 corers between the ages 5 to 14 years who are still going the different types of work.

Planets 71% surface area is covered by gigantic water bodies, which gives a very sound and satisfying scene but the astonishing and vulnerable fact which hampers human hearts is that only a meager portion is the share of fresh water i.e. 2.8% of the total water content available. This picture becomes profoundly deleterious in the light of Fact that out of the 2.8% potable water 2.14% lies in from of glaciers and ice sheets, leaving only a very small quantum (0.66%) of usable water that too is unevenly distributed. Groundwater is the almost source of water in drought prone monsoon semiarid or arid regions, for drinking deomestic, industrial and irrigation purpose. Groundwater never found in pure state. As water come from the atmosphere CO2 and failing on the ground carbonic acid as a powerful corrosive agent. It react with geomaterial and acquires a certain characteristics before enterning in the ground its chemical properties may changes from its place of entry to the point of exit. (Trainer 1981) Natural quality of water depends upon its interaction with rocks and various geochemical reaction.

The experimental research method was used for this study. Two equal groups contained five students in each groups. One was controlled group and another was experimental group. The present micro-teaching programme used for controlled group and new micro-teaching programme used for experimental group and the data from checklist duly filled by teachers were analyzed by determining the percentage of criterion for each micro skill.

Teacher education is an area which is deliberately proposed for teacher training. The teacher training institutes in our country educate teachers. Different universities and state board had developed different courses for the training of teachers. The aim of pre service teacher education is to developed good teacher in feature. D.T.Ed. and B. Ed. courses are one of them. It includes theoretical part and practicum part. Theory part contain Educational Psychology is one of theory paper. One of the Objectives of the Educational Psychology is enable the pre service teacher to understand the nature and measurement of mental abilities and aptitude of learner.

Primary education is a basic education. It should develop potential and skill of cognitive, psychomotor and effective domains of personality. The general objectives of the education are decided based on these needs. Also subject wise objectives are determined .The innate tendencies capacities and inherent formers are also developed by teaching-learning process. The development of personality of students evaluation helps to overcome the learning lacunas and handles and rest possible education development should be achieved.

Cooperative learning is a fast popularizing recent trend in education at Global level. It is a new and better way for learners to learn and teachers to teach. In cooperative learning students help each other to learn in groups in a controlled way. Students work with their peers to accomplish a shared and common goal. The goal is reached through interdependence among all group members rather than working alone. This recent trend has prescribed in the revised M.Ed. syllabus of Shivaji University and B.Ed. Syllabus of Yeshawantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University (Y.C.M.O.U.). The present paper is the outcome of pilot study conducted at Acharya Jawadekar College of Education Gargoti. The major findings drawn from the Study are 'Cooperative learning develops communication skill, problem solving, self confidence, content mastery, self esteem, leadership skills and cooperation among the group members.

The education of handicapped children never received such amount of consideration and special efforts by government and no government agencies in past as in present days. Education is no longer a privilege. It is considered to be a b irthright of every citizen in a civilized society, with a great progress made by science of technology and the complexities of modern life. Universal education of a nable good quality has become imperative. 'Special Education' includes all aspect of education which are applied exceptional children Physical, Mental, Disadvantaged and gifted children. Special education means specially designed instruction which meets the special education and related needs of exceptional children.

The NCF-2005 envisages that school and community should work collaboratively. The role of parental participation plays an important role in the effective functioning of the school. It should be a two way process rather than one way. That is the parents should contribute to the improvement of the school, at the same time the student studying in the school should render his service for the improvement of the society. Out of the many problems prevailing in the society illiteracy is also one. A student along with his study should participate in the literacy programme and do the needful to convert at least two illiterates into literates. NCFTE-2010(National Curriculum Frame work for Teacher Education) has also suggested that it is the responsibility of a teacher to maintain the social environment around his vicinity through the socially useful work. He should uphold the values like equality, liberty, fraternity and justice. He should also strive to inculcate these values among his students.

The NCF-2005 envisages that school and community should work collaboratively. The role of parental participation plays an important role in the effective functioning of the school. It should be a two way process rather than one way. That is the parents should contribute to the improvement of the school, at the same time the student studying in the school should render his service for the improvement of the society. Out of the many problems prevailing in the society illiteracy is also one. A student along with his study should participate in the literacy programme and do the needful to convert at least two illiterates into literates. NCFTE-2010(National Curriculum Frame work for Teacher Education) has also suggested that it is the responsibility of a teacher to maintain the social environment around his vicinity through the socially useful work. He should uphold the values like equality, liberty, fraternity and justice. He should also strive to inculcate these values among his students.

The post-nationalization period in the banking sector, circa 1969, witnessed a substantial amount of resources being earmarked towards meeting the credit needs of the poor. There were several objectives for the bank nationalization strategy including expanding the outreach of financial services to neglected sectors (Singh, 2005). As a result of this strategy, the banking network underwent an expansion phase without comparables in the world. Credit came to be recognized as a remedy for many of the ills of the poverty. There spawned several pro-poor financial services, support by both the State and Central governments, which included credit packages and programs customized to the perceived needs of the poor. While the objectives were laudable and substantial progress was achieved, credit flow to the poor, and especially to poor women, remained low. This led to initiatives that were institution driven that attempted to converge the existing strengths of rural banking infrastructure and leverage this to better serve the poor. The pioneering efforts at this were made by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), which was given the tasks of framing appropriate policy for rural credit, provision of technical assistance backed liquidity support to banks, supervision of rural credit institutions and other development initiatives.

Whenever we need particular software for our computer, we at times tend to search for it on the internet unless it's software that has to be purchased from the market. Now, for searching the software, we would log on to a search engine and type in the name of the software or the purpose of the software (e.g: Anti-virus, Anti-spyware etc). The search engine would then display the search results in the form of hyperlinks i.e. links to the websites containing details about the software or containing a link for its download are available. Usually, there are 10-15 results displayed on each page and we tend to consider, at an average, results on the first 6-8 pages i.e. the first 60-80 results. Now, the objective of an online software submission is to ensure the display of a link or links to our product in the search results. This is done by submitting a download link of our product to various shareware and freeware sites. But, the submission is not restricted to just a download link. An online software submission is usually done by submitting a PAD file. Alternatively, an online form can be filled up; the details of which are similar to that of a PAD file.

Technician courses are designed to train students to become efficient technicians to undertake middle level supervisory and managerial work in industries. Students desire to acquire useful information about job opportunities available in organized and unorganized sectors. They often encounter difficulties in getting such information and deciding about taking up the right type of jobs appropriate to the acquired knowledge and skills, resulting in frustration. Efforts must be made available by educational institutions in an organized manner to make available such information.

The third Month of the calendar has given special th significance to womanhood by celebrating 8 of March as International Women's Day. Every year, this celebration of International Women's Day provides an opportunity to review progress made in addressing gender inequality and the many challenges that women and girls face around the world. The present scenario has given equal opportunity to women to be shoulder to shoulder to men in every arena of development. On psychological, mental and moral fronts, usually women are considered the compassionate and life giver part of the human species. In my views, women are less likely to cause blatant physical or emotional pain. No matter how hardened a woman is, she still holds on to her compassionate and sensitive side. Unfortunately, these general presumptions are found to be a little false. The life saver and life giver role of women is being questioned with her increasing involvement in violent activities.

The role of the Supreme Court as a final interpreter is increasingly reflected in various judgments. The most important achievement of modern law in India is the constitution of environmental problem by apex court of India. Indian environmental jurisprudence is achieving new dimensions and problem day by day. Global warming is a severe problem nowadays. Its consequences changing the biological, physiological and metabolic reaction in the body of living organism. The article 21 and 51A (g) of Indian constitution can play an important role to stop the activities which leads to change in climatic condition.

Mercuric iodate crystals were grown by gel method using single diffusion technique. The growth condition is optimized by varying various parameters such as gel concentration, pH of the gel solution, gel setting time, concentrations of reactants etc. Crystals having different morphologies were obtained. Some of them were opaque and a few others were transparent. The crystals were characterized using TGA,DTA,DTG and DSC.

The nanotechnology is emerging as one of the most rapidly growing areas of science and technology with application in biology, physics, materials science, chemistry, geology etc in the science the number of branches having its own application but nanotechnology is the new technology which not belongs to one branch of science so that it play major role for the science development. what is nano? why it is the better than any other technology?

'For me language is a skin on my thought and was thinking of way of telling… I wrote it… the way an architect designs a building', says Arundhati Roy about THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS, the Booker Prize Winner novel in 1997. The present paper is an attempt made to analyze Roy's experiments with language. It assesses the linguistic deviations in Roy's use of literary language. The novel is remarkable for the linguistic innovations about which Shomit Miller says, 'the book uses language in a way that is rare… very rarely do you get someone who can tear apart the rules and give you something that is fresh and not pretentious'.

Bhalchandra Nemade, a serious critic, advanced the term New Morality as a modern literary value to set a very high premium on the morality of the writer. Nemade dichotomizes morality into two divisions viz. old morality and new morality which is more akin to Mahatma Phule's true morality and false morality, expressed in his book entitled "Sarvajanik Satya Dharm" (The Universal Religion of Truth). According to Phule, Morality, as expressed in Ramayana and Bhagavata is unreal, untrue and unbelievable; however, what annoys Phule here is false and unreal morality of spurious, wicked and bogus scriptures. For example, in an imaginative (romantic) Ramayana, Ravana had ten noses, twenty eyes, twenty ears and twenty hands but only one anus and two legs. It seems unnatural and magical. Phule objects Seeta Swayamwara (system of choosing bridegroom); Rama's being monogramous, on the ground of false morality and prefers true morality in Aesop's stories.

The modern life has become complex, including all types of fatigues causing physical and mental stress and strain. Relaxation has become necessity rather than luxury. For both physical and mental health, to have an environment in which the pressure of work can be set aside becomes an important activity as per the modern thinkers. In this direction Government and Local bodies purposefully engage in providing relaxation and entertainment centres to improve the quality of life of their citizens. In this direction Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation(KDMC) Maharashtra is no exception. Considering the view of citizens it was decided to study the theaters constructed and operated by Kalyan Dombivali Municipal Corporation for citizens of Kalyan and Dombivali.

There is no consistency in the decidable numerical growth of the sampled small scale textile units, only the decade of 1971-80 has shown a significant growth. Constitution-wise, 86% units are proprietary, 10% are weavers, cooperatives and just 4% are HUF partnerships. Most of the units specialize in the production of just one textile item, terry/Turkish towels (63%) and bedsheets (22%). At least one-fourth units have linkages with other textile related units, under a different ownership, for collaboration in production, marketing, finance and management . 14 of these linked units are located in Solapur City itself, 10 units in the nearby districts of Sangli and Kolhapur, and 2 Units in Solapur district.

The education of handicapped children never received such amount of consideration and special efforts by government and no government agencies in past as in present days. Education is no longer a privilege. It is considered to be a b irthright of every citizen in a civilized society, with a great progress made by science of technology and the complexities of modern life. Universal education of a nable good quality has become imperative. 'Special Education' includes all aspect of education which are applied exceptional children Physical, Mental, Disadvantaged and gifted children. Special education means specially designed instruction which meets the special education and related needs of exceptional children.

India has spectacularly attractive natural and cultural tourist attractions. It has a rich, over 5000-year-old, cultural heritage and thousands of monuments and archaeological sites for tourists to visit and enjoy. India offers enormous diversity in topography, natural resources and climate. There are land-locked mountainous regions, lush valleys and plains, arid desert regions, white sandy beaches and islands. Central India has numerous wildlife sanctuaries with countless varieties of flora and fauna. The country has unparallel cultural diversity, a kaleidoscope of races, languages, religions, customs and traditions. Indians have embraced almost all the major religions of the world

The recent trends in the economy suggest that performance has been far below potential. This is because of extremely poor performance of agriculture and allied sectors and the increased volatility of Industrial growth over the recent periods. Indeed, only the service sectors show sustained high growth rates. The real growth rates increased to a higher level in the period 19880-82 to 1990-92 and 1990-92 to 2000-02. Similar increases in per capita income were seen during the same period but because of the fall in the rate of population growth.

Environmental pollution has become a very dreadful cause of health hazards in growing urbanized cities in India and its effect is quite pervasive even in rural areas. The rapid urbanization and industrialization in and around study region has attracted many migrants from various parts of the state.. The city is situated on the south east fringe of Maharashtra State and lies in the Bhima and Sina river basins. Climactically it falls in the drought prone region in Maharashtra state. According to 2001census the population growth rate of city is 40.53 per cent as compare to 1991 census. Due to expansion of city limit the number of vehicles were increased and it shows positive relation with vehicular pollution. The present study is based on primary and secondary data. For analyzing the data , various cartographic and statistical techniques have been applied. Present study examines the state of emission level of various gaseous within the city and its impact on health of the population residing within the limits .

The genus Urginea is a bulbus perennial herb having wide distribution throughout the world (Desai, 1999). The species of Urgenia indica . is wide spread in the Old world tropics & subtropical areas , Africa , Southern India ( Thiselten-Dyer, 1898 ) . Urgenia indica ( Indian squill or true squill ) is commonly wide spread through India . It is having tunicated bulb & is commonly called ' Kolkanda', 'Rankanda ' or 'Jangali Piyaz ' etc . ( Deb and Dasgupta , 1974). The bulbus of Urgenia indica are rounded, conical or pear shaped and about the size of an onion. They are whitish in co lour and tunicate, the fleshy scales completely enveloping one another.

Lead Iodide is a direct band gap semiconductor with a layered structure similar to Cadmium Iodide; atoms are located in layers of Pb and I perpendicular to c axis in the succession I-Pb-I-I-Pb-I. Compounds exhibiting a structure of this kind possess a strong intralayer bonding, ionic in nature, between anion and cation. Whereas the anion layers are held together by weak van der Waal's forces (interlayer interaction). On account of weak van der Waal's bonding the cleavage of Lead Iodide normal to the c-axis is very easy. As intralayer and interlayer interaction are different in Lead Iodide crystals, the stacking faults created by slip have different energies. Similarly, the probability of creation of stacking faults by any of the two kinds of slips in different crystals will be different because the stacking fault energy depends upon various factors related to the crystals structure. Table 1 shows the structural data of doped and undoped Lead Iodide crystals.

Early Flowering and High Yielding Mutants In Ocimum Sanctum Linn. were induced by physical (gamma rays) and chemical mutagens : SA (Sodium azide) and EMS (Ethylmethane sulphonate). The seeds were irradiated with 200,400,600 Gy gamma rays Seeds were also treated with SA (0.001%,0.002%,0.003%) and EMS (0.1%,0.2%,0.4). Population was screened carefully in M2 and M3 generations to isolate the mutants with early flowering and reduced maturation period and high yielding. Early flowering mutants were recorded in the M2 and M3 generation. The physical mutagen (gamma rays), as well as both chemical mutagens (SA and EMS) were found to induce high yielding mutants.

India was the pioneer nation in introducing higher learning. Most of the pioneer institutions attracted foreign students. In ancient India Takshashila, Nalanda, Vikramshila, Nadia, Vallabai and the like universities attracted the scholars from China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and other countries. Higher intellectual atmosphere was the important characteristic of these centers. These universities resembled with present modern university. Later British started three universities in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta in 1850 on the model of London University

English plays very important role in the field of education & society as it relates other social dimensions directly or indirectly. The present paper aims to determine the English achievements in between boys and girls of primary school. To make the study comprehensive dimensions like type of management & medium of instruction are included. This paper also tries to compare & correlative of English achievement in terms of above mentioned variables by using suitable quantitative techniques. The study aimed at finding out the difference in English achievement in relation to gender, types of school management & medium of instruction. It is found that a) there is no significant difference in English achievement between the boys and girls of a primary schools b) private school students perform better than the students of government school c) English medium students perform better than Marathi medium students.

Kadwa Sugar factory was registered on 15 October 1970. In the year 1977-78, first crushing season was started. An overview of conditions before the establishment of Kadwa and after establishment of it, drastic changes shows in the area of Dindori tahsil. Various development occurs suddenly after the establishment of factory are as

Effectiveness is the extent to which an activity fulfils its intended purpose or function. Whereas, the Cost effectiveness is giving the most profit or advantage in exchange for the amount of money that is spent. Things are changing; increasing awareness that on average, a manufacturing company spends 50 to 60 percent of its revenues to buy materials and supplies has made procurement function a promising area to hunt for facing global competitiveness. This fact has been already realized by some of the progressive companies in India and they have started placing best people in their purchasing functions.