The scholar had undertaken the study to see the effect of Aquerobic exercises on the physiological fitness of the adult women. For this study the scholar selected 25 adult women of the Yavatmal town and designed the study. The aquarobic training was imparted to the 25 adult women of age 45 to 55. The training was designed for 6 weeks, from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. Before starting the training pretest was conducted of physiological variables as (BMI) body mass index, (WHR) waist hip ratio, heart rate, pulse rate, breast holding capacity and again after the 6 week training the post test was conducted of the same physiological variables to see the effect of aquaerobic training on physiological variables't' value was calculated, when compared the calculated't' with the tabulated't' at 0.01 level of significance and with the 24 degree of freedom. The calculated't' value of BMI of pretest and post test scores was 4.84 where as the tabulated 't' value is 2.7 at 0.01 level of significance at 24 df. The calculated't' of WHR was 1.46 which is insignificant and the calculated't' of Heart rate was 5.5. Which is significant, the calculate't' of Pulse rate is 9.33 which is significant and the calculated't' of Breath holding capacity is 5.5 which is significant. Hence the scholar concluded that there is positive momentous effect of Aquaerobic exercises on the physiological fitness of adult women. And women experienced pleased with their health fitness.

TiO /CdS/PbS multilayer films have been prepared on glass substrates. SILAR method was 2 used to deposit TiO on glass substrate. Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method was employed to 2 deposit two successive layers of CdS and PbS on pre deposited TiO film. The optical properties of 2 TiO /CdS/PbS multilayered thin films have been investigated. The optical constants such as absorption 2 coefficient á, refractive index n, extinction coefficient k and optical conductivity ó of the deposited films were obtained from the analysis of experimentally recorded absorption spectral data. The optical constants of TiO , TiO /CdS and TiO /CdS/PbS thin films were calculated and their comparisons are 2 2 2 2 presented. The optical band gap of films is calculated from (áhõ) vs photon energy curve. The band gap varies from 3.37 eV to 1.66 eV. From calculated constant it can be seen that there remarkable change in optical properties. The X ray diffraction pattern of the films was taken to study the crystallinity. The surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy.

Job life is one of the important parts of our daily lives which cause a great deal of anxiety. Due to the competitive nature of the job environment most of the people in the world are spending their time for job related work purposes resulting ignore the stressor those are influencing their work and life. Usually people are more worry about their outcome of their work that can even affect the way they treat other people and how they communicate with their peers and customers. Job satisfaction is the contentedness of individuals with their job. Multiple factors can influence a person’s level of job satisfaction; these factors range from the level of pay and benefits, perceived fairness of the promotion system within the organization, the quality of the working conditions to leadership and social relationships. It is therefore, pertinent to identify the various sources of Professional anxiety and job satisfaction among the teacher educators through an evidenced based mechanism to highlight the difficulties in order to ensure a better teaching profession.

The present article aims at evaluating effects of knowledge management on creativity of Tabriz Tele-communication centers staff. As theoretical frame of the research, the study used Anand & Singh's perspective (2011) as study basis about knowledge management and Payne Young theory and model as study base of creativity. The research was consisted of one main and four secondary hypotheses. The method is an applied one considering objective-based classification. On one hand and considering research method, the research is a descriptive-survey since it states present conditions of the variables using survey method. One the other hand, it is causative since the researcher tries to evaluate and prove the cause and effect relationship found in the research. The understudy population was consisted of all staff of 18 Tele-communication centers of Tabriz. The researcher-made questionnaires about knowledge management and creativity were used as the measurement tools. There were 15 and 30 questions in the questionnaires, respectively. The results indicate to the relationship between four dimensions of knowledge management process and staff creativity.

The way of knowledge information is being passed to users, traditional libraries are changing into digital library. Modern library attract user by providing contents in digital form to save their time. Today we are living in the information society where the information available to the user as they require regardless physical boundaries and formats. The knowledge management system is developing rapidly in the present era in the form of collection of data or knowledge information. The role of librarian is multifacet and multidirectional. The essential feature of librarian extends beyond dissemination of knowledge.Present article focus on the changing role of librarian in present information age.

The second half of the Nineteenth century was witnessed with the emergence of regionalism and nationalism in Tamil Country. The socio-religious movement of this century awakened the peoples of the Tamil Country. At the same time, the activities of the missionaries was looked with suspicion. The conversion activities of the Christian Missionaries and the patronage of the British high officials resulted in rise of the Hindus to organize themselves. As a sequence, many regional organizations emerged in the Madras City. The important among them were Madras Hindu Literary Society, Madras Native Association, Madras Hindu Debating Society, Hindu Improvement progressive Society, Triplicane Literary Society and Madras Mahajana Sabha. Gajalu Laksminarasu Chetti, provided initiation to form organisation to ventilated the grievances of the Hindu Society and to find solutions. He formed Madras Native Association. On the close of the MNA, the Madras Mahajan Sabha was created. It was the handwork of G.Subramania Iyer . Both Gajalu Lakshminarasu Chetty and G.Subramaia Iyer were the pioneers in initiating political and nationalist activities in Tamil Country even in the Nieteenth Century. The paper attempts to expose the political and nationalist activities in Tamil Country in the context of political and national awakening .

The Depressed Classes occupied the lowest stratum in the Tamil Society. They were segregated and confined to the outskirts of villages and they were denied the basic civic rights which were essential for their survival as dignified human beings. They were allowed to live in the society without rights. They were in the Hindu Society but out of the Society. Hence they were called 'Outcastes' or 'Fifth Varna'. Their frontline leaders Iyothee Thass, R.Srinivasan , M.C.Rajah, P.V.Subramaniyam, V.G.Vasudeva Pillai, J. Shivashanmugam Pillai , R.Veeraiyan, Gurusami and others realsied to form organizations in order to attain the civic rights necessary for the Depressed People. Before starting the organizations, the Depressed Class leaders integrated their people , brought awareness , provided representations to the Government , ventilated their grievances through humble petitions and were nominated to the Central and Madras Legislatures. The .paper attempts to highlight the organizational attempts of the Depressed Class leaders in late colonial period of Tamil Nadu. Through their organisations, their leaders analysed the political issues of the days, started newspapers which awakened the people towards claiming their social, economic and political rights. Their efforts were successful to some extent because the British Government backed their cause by passing many laws, providing the basic amenities and opening the labour schools, nominating them to the legislative and local bodies.

In Egypt, liver diseases represent the most agonizing crises, annually increasing to affect younger peoples. About 20% of populationsare sharing at least one of the liver diseases; cirrhosis, hepatitis C virus HCV and/or hepatocellular carcinoma HCC. Bio-assay screening of 50 Egyptian spices, vegetables and wild plants for anti-oxidant capacity successfully resulted in the presence of 13 extractswith strong OSC(SC 0.85-18.7 µg/ml) compared with vitamin C (SC 11.2µg/ml).

The aim of this study is to determine the cutoff numbers of bacteria and percentages of the asymptomatic human urinary tract infections UTI - causing E. coli in Saudi Arabia. Because (UTIs) are a quite common disease. The urine culture is the gold standard to count the bacteria and diagnosing UTIs, but most clinical samples yield negative results and it is time consuning. The automated methods are high sensitive to all types of bacteria vegetated, non-vegetated and/or dead bacteria. Both a fully automated methods have been used by using fluorescent flow cytometery particle analyzer (UF-1000i) and VITEK® 2 for bacteria identification, then the conventional methods of microscopic examination, urine culture and API for bacteria identification were integrated. The results for flow cytometry method 4 indicate that the upper limit (cutoff) for bacteria in males in Saudi Arabia is up to 7.8x10 /ml for male, and 4up to 8.8x10 /ml in females. The Microscopic method results indicate that the upper limit for bacteria in 4 4 males in Saudi Arabia is 6x10 /ml, and up to 7.0x10 /ml, in females, which are less than the traditional 5cutoff (bacteria count >10 bacteria/ml). The percentage of asymptomatic individuals (have infection without symptoms) was 3.7%, from the those infected indivuals: 33% infected by E. coli, 33% by Pseudomonas, 22% by Klebsiella and 11% by Citrobacter.

A field experiment was carried out at the open site of King Abdulaziz University agricultural nursery in Jeddah during the year 2013, in order to examine the effects of salt stress and water magnetization on growth of (Guinea grass). Split plot design fitted in randomized complete plots with three replicates was used. The main plots were represented by magnetization treatment (magnetized + non magnetized sea water), while the subplots were represented by salt treatment. Six salt concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60%) were made by mixing sea water with fresh water, plus control fresh water (0%). Seven plots (six salt concentrations + control) were irrigated after passing the water through the magnetization device, whereas the other set of seven plots were irrigated directly by drip irrigation. The results showed that water magnetization reduced the deleterious effects of salt stress on shoot height, number of branches, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, dry weight, fresh weigh and moisture content compared to the salt concentrations without magnetization. Also, the results revealed that salinity resulted in reduced plant growth values with increasing salt concentration compared to control fresh water in both magnetization treatments. The study highlighted the effective use of magnetic technology to reduce the negative effects of saline irrigation water on plant growth.

Talent – a long used term in many Human resource departments of most companies, is a scarce resource, which needs to be managed effectively. McKinsey in their 1997 study coined the expression “War for talent”. Since then throughout literature different interpretations have been identified for talent management. There are various aspects and steps to follow talent management from planning, acquiring, developing, managing and retaining talent. With the growth of Information Technology (IT) industry in India in the past two decades, the number of employees joining this sector has increased manifold. Thus, there is a need to understand as to how the talent in this sector is effectively managed and what are the perceptions of the employees in the IT sector with the related dimensions of talent management, which can be broadly classified as employee engagement, retaining talent, training & development, rewards & recognition and succession planning.

In India, childhood has been defined in the context of legal and constitutional provisions, mainly for aberrations of childhood. It is thus a variable concept to suit the purpose and rationale of childhood in differing circumstances. Essentially they differ in defining the upper age-limit of childhood. Biologically, childhood is the span of life from birth to adolescence. The State is responsible for ensuring that childhood is protected from exploitation and moral and material abandonment. The National Policy for Children, 1974 recognized that programmes for children should find prominent place in national plans for the development of human resources, so that children grow up to become robust citizens, physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy, endowed with the skills and motivations provided by society. The details of the The National Policy for Children, 2013 and Key Priorities for Education and Development are discussed in the paper. The Constitutional provisions for children in India such as equal rights, free and compulsory education, prohibition forced labour, prohibition of the employment of children in factories etc, are discussed in this paper. The emphasis is given on important laws Guaranteeing Rights and Entitlement to Children are also discussed. The review of various policies such as National Policy for Children 1974, National Policy on Education, 1986, National Policy on child Labour, 1987 , National Nutrition policy, 1993, National Population Policy 2000, National Health Policy 2002, National Charter for children (NCC), 2003 etc are also highlighted in this paper.

-Scheduled Tribes are Indian population groups that are explicitly recognized by the government of India order 1950. The order listed 744 tribes across 22 states in the first schedule. In Karnataka 49 types of Schedule tribes are living. The total population of Karnataka, as per 2001 Census is 52,850,562. Of this, 3,463,986 are Scheduled Tribes (STs). The ST population constitutes 6.6 per cent of the state population and 4.1 per cent of the country's ST population. Forty-nine STs have been notified in Karnataka by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment). The ST population of Karnataka is primarily rural (84.7per cent). Among major STs, Koli Dhor have the highest (92.2per cent) rural population, followed by Gond (91.7per cent), Marati (90.8per cent) and Naikda (85.1per cent). District-wise distribution of ST population shows that they have been returned in all 27 districts of the state. But they are mainly concentrated in the districts of Bellary, Raichur, Mysore, Chitradurga, Belgaum, Davanagere and Kolar. The seven districts account for 54 per cent of the ST population of the state. The remaining 46 per cent ST populations are distributed in 20 districts. As they are living in hilly areas and forests they have some peculiar characters like indicators of primitive traits, distinctive culture and shyness of contact with other communities, geographical isolation, backwardness etc. So for their development state and central governments are implementing various programmes and schemes since first five year plan. Persisting problems like low literacy and high dropouts inadequate health services, lack of nutritious food extreme poverty etc improper implementation of schemes putting them away from the development.

It has been a long time since theoriginal Act regulating the companies , Companies Act,1956 was passed in India. There are close to one million registered companies in the country today which are increasingly looking beyond domestic boundaries to access pools of financial and human capital and forge alliances with foreign companies .Foreign investors are looking towards India as an attractive investment destination. In such a situation, it becomes the responsibility of the government to provide an effective legal structure for corporates. The financial development of any nation depends on strong investor protection and good governance. It is with spirit the government introduced the landmark legislation-Companies Act, 2013 .The new Companies Act intends to bring governance standards on par with those in developed nations through several key provisions, such as composition and function of Board of directors, code for independent directors, performance evaluation of independent directors, class action suits, auditor rotation and independence, and establishment of Serious Fraud Investigation Office. The present paper traces the history of corporate governance regulations in the country and examines the corporate governance reforms brought in by the new Companies Act , 2013and their implication.

Hivarebazar, a village located in the drought prone area of Ahamednagar district of Maharashtra has achieved success through the planning of local environment. In the decade of 80's the village faced severe problems. Farm lands were mortgaged to money lender in order to get food grains, the village was deserted due to out-migration and the remaining few were forced to accept ordinary labour jobs under the Employment Guarantee Scheme. By 1988, the environmental, economic and social life of the village was in complete ruins with no scope for further decline. The village followed an integrated model of development with water conservation as core under the guidance of Popatrao Pawar, a newly elected Sarpanch and won the National Water award for its efforts in water conservation. The performance of village is outstanding because of its use of water as core of village development, village-level planning, government programmes for community and its future plans to make the initiative for sustainable development. The village has one of the highest GDPs in India and lessons from this small village can be now model to the rest of the country to show that even the fastest developing economies are dependent on nature's services – and only balancing its preservation with its use will ensure long term prosperity for all. This paper examines the keys to the success of Hivarebazer with a view to identifying the potential for replication across the region and country.

Guru Nanak (1469-1539), founder of Sikhism, gave a unique philosophy during the Period of th th Renaissance (14 -16 century) when scientists in Europe were challenging some religious concepts. During this period, Guru Nanak called to question the existing concepts about God, heaven/hell, reincarnation/transmigration, idol worship, caste system, astrology, mantra systems, etc. in South Asia. Sikhism was emerged as a liberating movement of social equality and spiritual enlightenment. Right from its inception in the sixteenth century, Sikhism has sought the establishment of an egalitarian society where all men and women would be equal and share resources collectively

Retirement is not now concept rather it comes in every human being in vocational, psychological conditions. It implies relaxation of workload and change over financial remuneration. In this time employer or person separated from their paid employment and it is also period of adjustment with their life style Retirement is a significant change in an individual's lifestyle and, as any change, comes with element of emotion (Marceaus, 1998). The perception people have of retirement is a function of their understanding of what it connotes. Broadly speaking the workers in the labour force of this country could be grouped into two main groups, namely, private employees working in companies, firms or workers of business enterprises, and workers in the public sector i.e. civil-servants employed by local, state or federal governments. This paper addressed the stages and planning of retirement which is very important for all type of employment.

The purpose of this study is to examine the customer satisfaction and to study its impact on brand loyalty in branded products of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Now a days the brand awareness of the customers or we can say an end user or a common man is showing an increasing tendency everywhere. The need to examine the validity of this general statement that is being discussed day in and day out by the researcher, market managers,producers, consumers, advertisers, etc.

Sustainable development is the form of development which aims at sustainable consumption and sustainable economic growth and tries to protect the environment. The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social-political sustainability. Realizing the importance of people's concern for a healthy environment to live and preferring environmental friendly products and services to consume, marketers these days are trying to capitalize on the same to ensure sustainable growth and using these concepts in designing their strategies. Green marketing is one of such strategies which marketers are using these days as a key strategy for sustainable development. Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed particularly important in the modern market and has emerged as an important concept in India as in other parts of the developing and developed countries, and is seen as an important strategy for ensuring the sustainable development. In this research article the main emphasis has been made to know the role and importance of green marketing for sustainable development. Data has been collected from multiple sources of evidence like books, journals, websites, and newspapers. These days' concepts of green marketing are taking shape as one of the key business strategies of the companies for gaining the competitive advantage, ensuring sustainable consumption of their products in the markets and enjoying a sustainable development in the future. Marketers must realize now that green marketing is not purely altruistic - it can be a profitable endeavor for sustainable growth.

The Constitution of a country is the most fundamental law of the land. It is enacted for the purpose of establishing the State and a certain system for the governance of the country. The Constitution then distributes the powers of the State among different institutions and sets up certain machinery for controlling the actions of the public bodies. India is lucky enough to have a constitution in which the fundamental rights are enshrined and which has appointed an independent judiciary as guardian of the constitution and protector of the citizen's liberties against the forces of authoritarianism. In a true form of democracy, the rule of a fearless independent and impartial judiciary is indispensable and cannot be over-emphasized.

The paper explains the process of developing and standardizing a job satisfaction scale constructed by the author to measure the Job satisfaction of Women Scientist in Bangalore. A study was carried out on women scientist working in various governmental and private organisations, having eleven dimensions and 66 items related to it. The newly constructed scale which consists of 55 items had face validity, content validity, construct validity and reliability.

:-In the context of estimating crop-weather relations, it is necessary to account for the influence of improved technology on the crop yields. The yield and month wise weather parameters for Madurai district data over ten years (1995-96 to 2004-05) were used for this study. In this study, the time effect was found to be of continuous nature over time in the rice yield. There were no sub-periods.....

The macro- and micro-morphological characters of the leaf, stem, root and fruit of Beta vulgaris subsp. perennis L. family Chenopodiacaea are presented to find out the diagnostic characters by which the plant can be easily identified in both the entire and powdered form.

The purpose of collecting students' feedback through structured questionnaire is to gather information on their perceptions on learning as well as their responses to the course and the teacher. The institutions seriously interested to enhance their teachers' performance, collect feedback effectively and use it wisely. In this study the feedback was obtained from the students on the characteristics of the teachers and the courses in the engineering college in the middle of the semester to serve as useful Performance Appraisal tool for the teachers. This paper aims to measure the impact of students' feedback on the teacher performance. Further the study is extended to identify the critical attributes of the teacher and the course to help the teachers to take strategic measures to enhance their performance during the next semester of their teaching and the course. In the present study, three years data on students' feedback was considered and pair wise comparison was made between the ratings of successive years for the teacher who has handled the same subject for successive years. The result analysis is described separately for theory and practical subjects considering teacher and course variables such as, gender wise, experience wise semester wise and branch wise. The result shows that there is a positive impact of students' evaluation on the performance of the teachers however the teacher and course variables have no significant impact on the performance of the teachers. Few suggestive measures are proposed for further improvements in the performance of the teacher and the course.

India is country of huge population and many problematic like earth quick, flood, drought, thunderstorm, cyclone, tsunami, volcano, and Winter Storm natural calamities and terrorist attacks, so even government is also failure in some situation to manage the circumstances. Unexpected natural disasters cause incalculable loss of property and lives worldwide every year. In recently 2013, uttarakhand's natural calamity and flood were swollen 5780 innocent pilgrims died without any intimation some time we fail to control the situation but at least post-calamity we can manage the conditions by handling the position carefully and cleverly. This study investigates supply chain management (SCM) related issues in disaster management such as evacuation (transportation routing), information management, supply and disaster relief issues. The purpose of this study is to help with disaster management by applying SCM knowledge and technology in business world to improve evacuation efficiency, quick response to emergent demand etc. Several suggestions concerning the strategies to prepare and response to unexpected disasters are proposed.

In the present trend, computer plays a key role in teaching and learning process. Especially, the students are able to understand and grasp easily, when any subject is taught by some audio-visual aids like computer and Internet. The final form of the tool consists of 41 questions. The final form of the tools attached in appendix includes 11 negative questions 30 positive questions. Different types of statistical analysis used in this study: reveals the students have more computer anxiety than usage. Nowadays there is no field without information technology. So the schools and parents should help the students to develop the computer usage. The sample size is 310.The collected data was scored, analyzed and appropriate statistical treatment ware applied to elicit necessary information.

The agricultural activity in Satara district is monsoon rainfed. Satara district is known for a large internal and longitudinal variability of rainfall. Heavy rainfall, rain storm and drought occur in this district. The rainfall variability affected the food grain production in the district. The main objective of study is to analyse the impact of rainfall variability on food grain production. The result is obtained from a statistical and graphical analysis of the rainfall and food grain production in the study region. The finding of the study shows the significant positive correlationship between South-West monsoon rain and food grain production.

Ageing is a universal fact and no society can escape it. The aged are one of the most vulnerable and high risk groups in terms of health, development and socio- economic status in society. Cuncolim a small town located in Salcete taluka of South Goa District has been selected for the study. The following paper focuses on the study of aged population of Cuncolim town. Here an attempt is made to understand the aged population, their life, family life, interpersonal relations of the aged, socio- economic status, health problems and planning of old age. The study is based on primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through questionnaire method by conducting a random survey of aged population of Cuncolim town wherein a sample of 135 aged was considered. Secondary data is 1991 and 2001 Census data to show the aged population of Goa. The study reveals that the aged of Cuncolim town play a very important role in decision making of family matters as they contribute their mite, wisdom and knowledge towards the development of family and community. In modern times, the aged play a passive role in decision making of family matters but a favourable attitude towards the aged is observed in Cuncolim town. The family shows due respect, love and care to its aged.

With this paper I would like to present caste-based discrimination and how it is being addressed by the authorities in contemporary India. I also want to look at how the western states, in particular those of the European Union, are positioning themselves on the issue. It is interesting that the western perception of India has changed from being that of an under-developed state throughout most of the second half of the last century, to becoming that of a respected world power - all the while many of the internal characterises that usually defines 'under-development' remains intact in the country. The quiet position on the matter reveals a strategy for EU to maintain a smooth relationship with India. Caste.....

Dryland agriculture has its distinct importance in the sphere of agricultural production. About 70 percent of the total cultivated area in the country is dryland/rainfed contributing about 42 percent of the total production of food grains. The dryland areas suffer due to frequent weather aberration resulting in crop failure and widespread unemployment. Since the cultivation in dry land areas involved high risks of crop failure, the farmers in such a situation, were unable to make high investment in their land for improvement. In order to increase the agricultural production and improve the economic condition of the farmer, the dryland farming programme was incorporated in the revised 20-point programme to give priority to the programme through development of selected microwatershed, use of improved drought resistant seeds, fertiliser, improved implements and agroforestry programme, etc.

In a present scenario due to huge advances in information communication technologies(ICTs), there has been an huge growth of e-resources—e-journals, e-books, online databases and so on; libraries spend phenomenally on acquisition of these e- resources as these are very popularly used by the students and researchers.

SMEs play a catalytic role in the development process of most economies. The importance of the SMEs sector is well recognised the world over using to its significant contribution in achieving various socio-economic objectives, such as, employment generation, contribution to national output and exports, fostering new entrepreneurship and providing volume to the industrial base of the economy. The SMEs today contributes a very important segment of the Indian economy and as well as state economy. The Karnataka state is considered as one of the most desired industrial location for setting industries in the country. Hence, this study attempt to analyse the growth trends of SMEs in Karnataka after enactment of MSMED Act 2006, and discuss the investment, employment, production and export performance of the SMEs in Karnataka state. The state has 87339 numbers of SMEs with an investment of Rs. 1631205lakh. The SMEs play a significant role in the growth of the state economy. With its major contribution of production export and employment, it has become an integral part of the state economic growth; SMEs contribute 10.33% of the state GSDP with annual growth rate of 4.40% of SME units. The SME sector provides the employment opportunities to the 579213 peoples in the state.

Buddhism has long been celebrated as a religion of peace and non-violence. With its increasing vitality in regions around the world, many people today turn to Buddhism for relief and guidance at the time when peace seems to be a deferred dream more than ever, with the wars in the Middle East and Africa. The Buddhism and Buddhist approach is the right path, perfect practical and accomplished for the destination of 'Peace'. The present study is an attempt to the Buddhist perspective on the ways to prevent violence and realizing world peace.

Economic growth can be defined as continuous and consistent growth in the National income of the country. The earlier literature does not differentiate much about Growth and development. In the early 1950s, conventional thinking identified development with growth in national income or income per capita. Early 1970s witnessed the emergence of literature that suggested other indicator of development such as a reduction in poverty, inequality and unemployment, which would capture changes in the quality of life. Development, it was argued must bring about an improvement in the living conditions of people. It should therefore ensure the provision of basic human needs for all; not just food and clothing but shelter, health care and education. In the late 1990's Amartya sen, provided broadest conception of development as freedom, A process of expanding real freedom that people enjoy for their economic well being, social opportunities and political rights. It is essential to make distinctions between means and ends. Obviously economic growth and economic efficiency or industrialization is absolutely essential as means but should not be considered as end of development process. It is development which is an end. Thus growth and efficiency should be combined with employment, poverty eradication reduced inequality, human development and sustainable environment to attain development.

Poverty is a cause of almost all social evils. Child labour is one of the evil in Indian society. Parental illiteracy, Parents inability to meet the educational expenses, non availability of educational facilities, high demand for labour in low cost, traditional occupations, domestic responsibilities and poor quality of education are some of the major problems in Indian context. The present paper highlights the situation of children engaged in wage earning activities. Most of the children engaged in such activities mainly due to their poor economic condition unless a child contributes in parents family the survival becomes impossible. N this background the details of various aspects of child labour is discussed in this paper. Inspite of the government's efforts from preventing child labour practice the success is not as anticipated. Weak administrative machinery for implementation of various acts is one of the main reason to continue the child labour practice. In early childhood if a child is engaged in wage earning activities he/she is prevented from the natural justice and natural rights. There are several occupations which are considered to be very hazardous for the children. These occupations grossly affect their physical as well as educational as well as psychological development and thus they become more vulnerable for anti social activities. Various laws, government's initiatives, welfare measures etc are discussed in this paper along with the statistics from the various government documents. The paper is concluded by stating that for keeping the strong control on child labour practice efficient machinery is needed along with welfare measures for economically and socially weaker section o f the children

The paper attempts to highlight the political developments happened in Tanjore Kingdom in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. In the Sixteenth Century the Nayak rule prevailed in Tanjore while the Maratha Rule prevailed in the Seventeenth Century. The Nayaks, the representatives of the Vijayanagar Rulers began to consolidate their position in the wake of the decline of the Vijayanagar Empire. They rule of the Nayaks of Tanjore began with Sevappa Nayak in 1532 and reached its crescendo with Ragunatha Nayak in 1634. The Nayaks waged a number of wars to protect and to expand their kingdom. The Kingdom of Tanjore , known for its glorious civilization, extent of its empire, liberality of its administration , industrious activities of its people and fertility of its soil, had a cherished history during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century. In 1676 , the Marathas established their sway over the Tanjore Kingdom. The Marathas established their capital in the temple city of Tanjore , the seat of power of the imperial Cholas in the past

Today internet has created a new version of identity and community .The classical notion of self, of world, of reality has been challenged by post modern theorists. Self identity is a fabrication. It's a play of surfaces. Hence the discourse in literature is dominated by this high degree of fabrication. The radicalization of the discourse has brought new theoretical problems. This overwhelming and large number of concerns underlies and highlights the area of convergence, emergence and divergence of trends in literature and language. Social development has introduced tremendous changes in social life impacting largely on the nature and study of literary writing including poetry. Consequently, the emphasis in literary writings now marks a shift from representation and reproduction of reality to its construction, reception and the influences that determine its nature. The emergence of electronic media has impacted the readership of literary writings not only in terms of numbers but also in terms of their expectation. Poetry has earned greater acceptance in the form of film songs, albums, advertisements and comic interludes in 24 hrs news channels which means that poetic form is more related to commercial consideration as well as a medium of entertainment. This paper highlights on the emergence of the modern trends due to westernization in literature, especially in Indian English literature.

-In recent years, Cloud computing has become most needed technology for IT industry. The cloud computing has evolving rapidly due to its various features like cost effective and on demand service providing to the clients. Generally, Cloud service provider offers platform, software and infrastructure as service to the end user with respect to the pay-per-use basis. Now days, cloud is getting huge response because of its characteristics as it can be made as per requirement of an organization or end users. As many organizations are moving to the cloud services, there is a new concept has raised name as Multi cloud where end user can use services from multiple cloud services. The paper investigates to security issues in the multi clouds environment. It explains about the onetime password use for authentication purposes from the multi-clouds at a single time. It elaborates about cloud clearly and use of multi clouds in organizations. In general, cloud works with internet. Initial step for the cloud management is about username and passwords. In same conditions, even passwords also getting hacked and accepts some malicious while working. One time passwords method introduced to work in a better way for username-password authentication. This paper also conducted a survey that research relates to the single and multi-cloud security and deal with the possible solutions. The survey finds that multi-cloud providers should maintain security has received less interest from research community than single cloud usage. This paper also suggested multi-clouds has reduces security issues in cloud computing and also decreases affects of the security issues to the cloud user.

One of the most interesting experiences in introductory microbiology is attempt to identify an unknown microorganism. This work was dependent on identifying the unknown bacteria.16S rRNA is the most studied gene for identification of unknown bacteria. The use of 16S rRNA gene sequences to study bacterial phylogeny and taxonomy has been by far the most common housekeeping genetic marker used for a number of reasons. These reasons include; its presence in almost all bacteria, the function of the 16S rRNA gene over time has not changed, suggesting that random sequence changes are a more accurate measure of time (evolution) and the 16S rRNA gene is large enough for informatics purposes. The principle objective of this study is to define scientific parameters to discriminate unknown bacterial cells and develop a reliable and sensitive molecular method to assess the risk of false positive. So to deal the false positive result, a new reverse transcription PCR assay based on used of mRNA as a viability marker is implemented. A pair of universal degenerate primer was selected to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of unknown bacteria. The molecular identification protocol introduces PCR and cycle sequencing.

Israel unleashed “operation cast lead” on December 27 with the declared aim of ending rocket attacks into Israel from Gaza that resumed after six month truce ended. International efforts to halt the conflict sought new impetus after the UN Security council failed even to agree the wording of the statement on the conflict with the US giving strong backing to Israel . Meanwhile the U.N. Security council failed to agree on a Libyan draft calling for an immediate halt to fighting on account of U.S. objections. The number of Palestine death during the period-935 wounding 4260.Hamas offered stiff resistance against the Israelis with no credible support to stop the war. Mr. Brown is accused toeing line like his predecessor Tony Blair in the Iraqi invasion and the Israeli attacks of Lebanon in 2006.The 21 day intense and relentless campaign did not put an end to the barrage of rockets from Gaza strip.

The present study is directed towards exploring the relationship between academic stress among school going adolescents in rural and urban area. Data were collected from rural and urban area of Bathinda (Punjab). A sample of 200 school going male and female adolescents was drawn adopting random sampling technique. Results of the study reveal that there were no significant gender differences with regard to academic stress among rural and urban adolescents.

This paper focuses on the impact of yoga practices on occupational stress among working women in Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu in order to study the objectives primary data collected with sample size of 51 which was collected at randomly is used for analysis. the impact of yoga practices on occupational stress is measured by percentage analysis . The research has provided for suitable measures to the organization for satisfying the women employees. The study indicates that the yoga practices by women employees is to reduce stress level of individual Work environment of major organization especially the newly developing organization is associated with as high-level competition, ever-mounting targets, high expectations, adjustments in families and home, dealing with difficult personalities are factors responsible for anxiety and stress and many other negative emotions. The recent studies have shown that yoga Practice is associated with decrease negative emotions, anxiety and stress and thus harmful role of negative emotions can be reduced. The aim of study is to assess stress in related to job and comparison between before and after practicing a yoga session.

One of the notable features of the Indian Party System is the presence of a large number of regional parties. By regional party we mean a party which generally operates Within a limited geographical area and its activities are confined only to a single or handful of states. Further as compared to the broad ranging diverse interests of national parties, the regional parties represent the interest of a particular area. In simple words, regional parties differ from All India parties both in terms of their outlook as well as the interests they pursue. Their activities are focused on specific issues concerning the region and they operate within the limited area. They merely seek to capture power at the state or regional level and do not aspire to control the national government. It is noteworthy that in India, the number of regional parties is much larger than the national parties and some of the States are being ruled by the regional parties, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka (KJP) and Delhi (AAP) etc.

The objective of present study was to examine the relationship between frustration and aggression of sportsmen. Total 100 various game players were involved in that study. The age range of subjects where 18 to 26 years (M = 22.54, SD = 4.67). Hypothesis there will be positive correlation between frustration and aggression of sportsmen. Frustration test: Dr. N.S. Chauhan and Dr. Govind Tiwari. Aggression Scale A scale is developed and standardized by Km Roma Pal and Mrs. Tasneem Naqvi Result: positive correlation found in between frustration and aggression. It mean whenever increase frustration in that time aggression level is high (low performance).

Stress, today become the part of everyone life. Everybody constantly stuck up in the maze of performing more and more, better and better in lesser time. Stress is the body's natural response to the various demands imposed on an individual. Stress is lack of adjustment with the environment .Sometimes odd situations produce stress. When a person come out from his comfort zone stress occurs. It comes from within, no one posses it upon us from outside. Acute stress for a short period is good as it activates energy boosters. But if such a stress is prolongs, it brings disease. Stress today has become a habit with us – so much that it has become normal to be in stress. Different people react differently to a single situation. Stress can either be positive or negative.

Ancient times as Metallurgy. Mining of metals was known even in pre-Vedic period and during the Harappa period various metals like cop-per, lead, silver were in use. During Vedic period, metal (ayas) was chiefly of two kinds—krishna ayas (black metal or iron) used during later Vedic period and loh ayas (copper). The Jatakas refer to eighteen import handicraftsand industries. The Vaishyas developed institu-tions like Sreni, Nigama and Puga to regu-late trade and avoid intrusion by other varnas and develop monopoly.Proper rules of conduct of trade were laid by the head of trade guilds, known as Sarthavaha or Srenipramukha. The rules were called Samay and Srenidharma. Taxila, Pushkalavati, Kapisa and Vidisha prospered as trade centres, under the Indo-Greek rulers. Kautilya asked the king to develop measures to stop obstruction of the trade routes by his favourite men (vallabhas). Frontier guards (Antapalas) were also appointed. The close contacts between the commercial classes and the king's court is very clear from the rules of the settlement layout of the historic city of Patliputra. Here, people lived in various parts, according to their social status. Kautilya looked upon artisans and traders as big thieves and held them under suspect. He demanded strict con-trol over them, as also with the often indisciplined frontier guards (antapalas). Guilds of merchants were proper-ly registered and even served as banks. During Mauryas, most important trade route was from Taxila to Patliputra. Ships in ancient period were usually of the two-masted type. In the 2nd century A.D., a regular sea-route was in operation for the quest for gold (swarna). Monsoons (Arabic: Mausam) were discovered by Hippalus (Greek captain) and this discovery in 45 A.D. that mon-soons could sail ships from Alexandria to Western India in just a 40-days period, tremendously increased the Roman sea-trade, due to shortening of trade-route. Muziris (Cranganore, Kerala) and Puhar (in Cholamandalam) were major sea-ports and foreign settlements. Among land-routes, the silk-route was very often in use till Kushan period.

This paper is an attempt to study the issues like use of Internet and other electronic information resources, its awareness among the users, and the places where the users are accessing these resources. A survey was conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur, Karnataka, India. A total number of 120 students were selected and their response was obtained with the help of questionnaire. The findings show that users were using internet and other e-resources and the users are using university and internet café more for accessing the information. The printed material is being replacing by the electronic resources.

“The jeremiad was filled with underlying optimism about America's fate and mission…[I]ts dark portrayal of current society never questioned America's promise and destiny” (Pitney 6-7).

Diabetes and hypertension in the elderly is emerging as one of the most important public health problems of the 21st century. With increasing life expectancy , the number of older people are growing in our society. There are many illnesses that occur in association with age. Type-2 diabetes and hypertension is the classical example of diseases that increases with age. Changes in life style, including diet and physical activity, and the increasing numbers of elderly people are both key factors for the worldwide growth in the number of cases of diabetes. Diabetes and hypertension and its complications take a major toll on quality of life of the elderly and the health care costs of the society. The research project was carried out to assess the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension among old age people in Urban Bangalore.

Consumer psychology and Consumer behaviour research allow a company to gather consumer data for business use. The data can help a company market its products, set public policy to increase consumer awareness, inform consumers or simply learn about individual consumption. The two main ways to conduct consumer behaviour are primary and secondary strategies. This article based on these above said strategies.

Corruption is a universal socio-political and economic malady. Corruption is all pervasive in the social and political life of our country. The incidence of corruption is persisting and spreading in all walks of our modern society. The arguments in this paper are focused on the analysis of the different dimensions of corruption and its harmful effects on the social and economic life of the country. The analysis is focused on the following major aspects of corruption. i)Conceptual dimensions of corruption and corrupt practices. ii)Factors causing and facilitating corruption. iii)Magnitude of corruption in India. iv)Consequences of corruption on social and economic life of the people and the country. v)The role of civil society against corruption.

The most efficient method for detecting epileptic seizure is the analysis of EEG signals. Mean absolute deviation, median absolute deviation, variance, standard deviation, interquatile range, Skewness and kurtosis of the EEG signal are obtained and analyzed to determine which parameter estimate best suits the classification of Seizure EEG signals. The analysis of Power spectrum Density of EEG signals also demarcates the seizure EEG from the normal EEG signal. The power per frequency is higher for seizure signals when compared to the normal EEG signal. Similarly Morlet wavelet transform is chosen to analyze the frequency content on the EEG signals for epileptic seizure detection.

Dilip Purshottam Chitre is a modern Indian English poet of great repute, who has penned various poems and has won several literary awards. The poet, in him, came out in early when he was a lad of mere fourteen. “Travelling In Cage" a collection of his poems, is his best known works in English. His poem " The Felling of the Banyan Tree" shows his excessive interest in ecology and his feeling for nature. Eco-criticism, perhaps, originates with William Rucckert's essay " Literature And Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism” in 1978. But it has to wait for popularity. It is Cheryl Glotfelty, in 1989, who made it popular and brought out extensive and penetrating works on the subject. Dilip chitre is essentially a product of modern age. Natural it must be that he has witnessed aforestation, technological development, urbanization, progress in science and its effects on both-Nature and human beings.

Teachers at the undergraduate level play an important role in shaping the lives of students who stand at the crossroads of their career. The commitment and dedication of teachers,among other factors depend upon their level of satisfaction with their job. Little empirical research has been done regarding the level of satisfaction in teachers engaged in one of the most prestigious universities of the country, University of Delhi. The present study was designed to assess the job satisfaction level of Delhi university faculty and to find out whether level of job satisfaction was influenced by their gender......

-In the last two decades, rapid developments in information technology, such as the Internet, have made considerable and dramatic impact on contemporary educational practice. For example, the Web-based teaching and learning where educators integrate the cyber resources into instructional....

Optimal nutrition is essential for athletes. Coaches could influence dietary habits of athletes,since they are important figures in the athlete's lives. The objectives of this study were to measure and compare sports nutritional knowledge of school and college coaches and to evaluate the dietary recommendations by these coaches to their athletes. In the present investigation a total sample of 70 coaches were taken with equal number of coaches training school and college athletes.. A 5-section questionnaire was developed to obtain data on demographic characteristics, weight management practices, dietary and fluid recommendations before, during and after training, knowledge on female athlete triad and sports nutrition. The results of the present study showed that 68.5% of the coaches recommended weight management practices. It was suggested by 63% of school coaches and 40% college coaches to include and avoid special foods before, during and after training. The knowledge on female athlete triad did not show association with the level of coaching ( school and college) and gender. Results on total knowledge score on sports nutrition revealed that 26 per cent of the college coaches had very good knowledge (>75 %) compared to school coaches ( 17%).No significant relationship between knowledge on sports nutrition domains and level of coaching was found. It was identified that the years of coaching experience, type of sports training, formal nutrition training they had attended did not influence the sports nutritional knowledge of both school and college coaches. The study findings indicates a need for periodical workshop and educational programmes to provide the coaches with required sports nutrition knowledge, skills and motivation in order to educate the athletes.

School education constitutes one of the key global challenges facing the worldThe attainment of food security alongside sustainable agriculture, rural development and today. Food security refers to when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Without biological diversity, we would perish. Perhaps the most important value of biodiversity, particularly in a country like India, is that it meets the basic survival needs of the people. Recently food security bill has been introduced in India. Education is a fundamental factor in achieving food security in developing countries. Teacher education is inseparable part of educational system. The role of teachers in achieving the challenges of food security is unconditionally significant. Therefore, the present work was conducted to assess the awareness of pupil teachers for food security.

Sikkim has long history of traditional education. The indigenous system of education system provides only the traditional education. Like in India the Gurukul system of education is one of the oldest on earth in Sikkim the monastic system of education plays a significant role in the early days of religious education or traditional education which build the platform for the modern institutionalized system of education of the present days. In the context of early education in Sikkim, different modes of educational development took place in the kingdom. The process was started with cultural than social and institutionalized education through religious temples and ends with the modern formal institutionalized education centers called school. However, once Sikkim was exposed to external world there was a need for speedy adaptation of modern education system to provide basic knowledge of outside world and know how to face the new and diverse challenges. Now in Sikkim the traditional schools are work on the parallel way with the modern system of education in Sikkim.

The purpose of this study was to predict the performance ability of Sprinters and Jumpers in relation to selected Anthropometric Measurements. Forty male athletes aged between 14-18 years were selected from Sports Authority of India (SAI) Lucknow in which twenty male athletes were sprinters and other twenty male athletes were jumpers. To find out the Anthropometric Measurements to the 100mtrs sprint and long jump performance correlations, multiple correlation and regression analysis statistical technique were employed. The result of the study showed insignificant difference in Anthropometric Measurements of 100mtrs sprint performance in sprinters are (Leg Length, Lower Leg Length, Arm Length, Upper Arm Length, Lower Arm Length, Calf Girth, Thigh Girth, Chest Girth, Upper Arm Girth, Lower Arm Girth) and Long Jump performance in Jumpers are (Standing Height, Weight, Leg Length, Lower Leg Length, Arm Length, Upper Arm Length, Hip Width, Shoulder Width, Chest Width, Calf Girth, Upper Arm Girth and Lower Arm Girth). The significant difference in Anthropometric Measurements of 100mtrs sprint performance in sprinters are (Standing Height, Weight, Upper Leg Length, Hip Width, Shoulder Width and Chest Width) and the Long Jump performance of Jumpers are (Lower Arm Length, Chest Girth and Thigh Girth).

Progesterone is an important steroidal hormone for women since it is involved in the control of a variety of regulatory function such as ovulation, development of corpusluteum, and maintenance of uterine quiescence during pregnancy. It is also involved in proliferation and differentiation of mammary glands. The biological activity of progesterone is mediated by the progesterone receptor [PR], a member of the large gene family of nuclear receptors, which induces a cascade of transcriptional events after binding with the hormone. PR contains three functional domains including the N-terminus, a centrally located DNA binding domain (DBD) and C-terminal ligand binging domain (LBD) respectively. The binding of progesterone induces of conformational change in PR that promotes dissociation from a multi-protein complex followed by homo dimerization and binding to specific progesterone response elements (PRE) within the promoter genes. The hormone activated PR recruits co-activators through protein-protein interactions, which serve as intermediates for the initiation of transcriptional processes

Human existence is hinged on the purpose of a struggle for perfection and excellence. Nature has endowed man with the talent to perceive, attempt and create and maintain the necessities for making his life more creative and comfortable and also satisfy his intellectual pursuit. Man is engaged in an everlasting exercise of discovering and improving the existing faculties that nature has vested in him.

Destination branding is an important concept/tool for developing architectural model for any nation. The paper uses this concept to develop India as a tourist destination. It discusses the current branding strategy, Incredible India to develop a wholesome architectural model for it. The methodology used includes the case study approach and depth interviews from foreign tourists (Non Indians). Data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. Depth interviews from the foreign tourists are the primary source. Secondary sources are the journals, white papers and tourism websites of various nations. This paper is unique as it is for the first time that brand architectural model has been developed for India. The results are useful for developing brand models to improve tourism industry. The paper has a limitation as the proposed model is yet to be tested.

The purpose of this study was to predict the performance ability of Sprinters and Jumpers in relation to selected Anthropometric Measurements. Forty male athletes aged between 14-18 years were selected from Sports Authority of India (SAI) Lucknow in which twenty male athletes were sprinters and other twenty male athletes were jumpers. To find out the Anthropometric Measurements to the 100mtrs sprint and long jump performance correlations, multiple correlation and regression analysis statistical technique were employed. The result of the study showed insignificant difference in Anthropometric Measurements of 100mtrs sprint performance in sprinters are (Leg Length, Lower Leg Length, Arm Length, Upper Arm Length, Lower Arm Length, Calf Girth, Thigh Girth, Chest Girth, Upper Arm Girth, Lower Arm Girth) and Long Jump performance in Jumpers are (Standing Height, Weight, Leg Length, Lower Leg Length, Arm Length, Upper Arm Length, Hip Width, Shoulder Width, Chest Width, Calf Girth, Upper Arm Girth and Lower Arm Girth). The significant difference in Anthropometric Measurements of 100mtrs sprint performance in sprinters are (Standing Height, Weight, Upper Leg Length, Hip Width, Shoulder Width and Chest Width) and the Long Jump performance of Jumpers are (Lower Arm Length, Chest Girth and Thigh Girth).

A strictly linear approach to language learning is based on the premise that learners acquire one grammatical item at a time, and that they should demonstrate their mastery of one thing before moving on to the next

Empowerment of women has become one of the most important Concerns of 21st century not only at national level but also at the international level. Effort to ensure gender equality alone would not be sufficient to achieve this goal of human development; society must take initiative to create a climate in which there is no gender discrimination, and efficiency in resources allocation. Islam establishes complete and genuine equality between man and woman and asserts the equality of men and women in their creation right from the evaluation of Islam, particularly to protect the dignity of women. However, there prevailed a misconception that Islam has nothing to empower the women's status and neglected their sustainable roles in human betterment and upliftment of human prosperity. The present study will address the present status of Muslim women's in District Shopian Jammu and Kashmir.

English language newspapers are becoming increasingly available throughout the world. Newspapers are an invaluable source of authentic materials, and their use in the language classroom is very much in keeping with current thinking and practice in teaching pedagogy. Such, they provide language teachers with a limitless supply of teaching materials which can be used to develop their students' language skills. A judicious and sensitive teacher can encourage this by engaging students in enjoyable activities using varied and stimulating newspaper materials. Newspapers can be used effectively with a wide range of levels from Elementary to Advanced this study intends to provide a deeper understanding of foreign language teachers' attitudes toward using authentic materials especially English newspapers, focusing on both reading and writing skills.

The Amravati river basin extents between 210 to 21030' North latitude and 740 0' to 740 45' East longitude and covers an area of 739.975 Sq.kms. The basin belongs low monsoonal rainfall area of Dhule and Nandurbar districts of Maharashtra state.The land system of the basin has been studied for land capability classification on the basis of landforms, soil, land use, erosion susceptibility.......

The greatness of women has been acknowledged in the Vedas. Long ago, our ancient law-giver, Menu, who is often attacked for his anti-feminist disposition, descending from the high level of the law, accorded a high position to women: “where women are worshipped, there the gods live, and where they are dishonoured, everything fails”. He even advised as to what the names of women should be. He said: “Let the names of women be good to pronounce-sweet, simple, pleasant and appropriate.

The present study investigate the effect of organizational climate on job stress among B.Ed. elf-finance teachers, working in aided and sd institutions. Data was collect from 200 teachers working in 11 aided and 11 self-financed B.Ed. institutions which was affiliated with Dr. B. R. A. University by random sampling method. The Occupational Stress Index (OSI) by Srivastava and Singh (1996) and Organizational Climate Inventory (OCI) by Soam Nath Chattopadhyay & K.G. Agarwal (2003) were used to measure job stress and organizational climate. Statistical techniques used for data analysis were 't' test and Pearson's Product Moment Formula. Findings were: (i) Teacher educators who are working in self-financed B.Ed. colleges have highly job stress in comparison to the teachers educators working in aided B.Ed.college. (ii) Aided B.Ed. institutions have better organizational climate in comparison to the self-financed B.Ed. institutions ( iii) A significant negative correlation existed between the job stress and organizational climate. (iv) Job stress level of B.Ed. teachers was independent of their gender differences. (v) The obtained results of the present study concluded that if organizational climate of B.Ed. institutions is rich, job stress of B.Ed. teachers will be less.

A descriptive study was conducted among 100 women above the age of 60 years residing in old age homes in Ernakulam district, Kerala. Data were collected regarding socio demographic details, ADL disability and level of depression using structured interview schedule. The findings showed that 55 % of women in old age homes were unmarried and 37% were widows. 21% had no children. Majority have education up to primary level or less (62%). 50% of women were working outside home before admission to old age home and 49% of women were receiving financial help from different sources. Regarding the reason for admission to old age home, 53% reported that they had nobody to look after them at home. 44% of women have been in the old age home for less than five years, but another 8% have been in the old age home for more than 20 years. 68% of them never went home after admission to old age home. Analysis of the ADL disability score revealed that 88% of women could perform activities of daily living independently. The most important finding is that 96% of women reported a score of 5 and above in the Geriatric Depression Scale, indicating depression of varying levels.

The objective of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale that measures teachers' personal commitment. The respondents of the study are 500 schoolteachers from the city of Bangalore. The data was subjected to various statistical procedures to establish reliability and validity of the scale. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy (.904) and Bartlett's Test (p=<.001) suggested that PCA could be undertaken. PCA analysis extracted three factors with a cumulative 64.590% variance. Cronbach's alpha of the eighteen item scale was .920. Convergent validity(CR), discriminant validity, nomological validity, variance extracted (VE) values, average variance extracted (AVE) values and squared multiple correlations (SMC) between the three factors are examined and reported. The results show that the evidence forconstruct validity and reliability is favourable for the personal commitment scale

Introduction :In this rapidly changing competitive scenario, where companies are fighting for a higher market share and margins, e-marketing is the frontline of any corporate strategy. e-marketing means to connect people and processes through Internet and Web which is a cost effective strategy. e-marketing is an integrated approach in delighting customers by meeting their expectation on a continuous basis towards understanding customers need and satisfying their needs......

This paper throws light on the positioning of gender consciousness from radical and socialist feminist perspective which can provide a richer and analytical canvas of the women's oppression in the theoretical framework. It focuses on the points of convergence between Radical and Socialist Feminist Perspectives to acknowledge how these two feminist schools of thought could draw from the larger sociological and political perspectives to link to feminism. In a metaphorical sense, the call of this paper is to strengthen contemporary social science researchers' effort to enhance an understanding on gender oppression from feminist eye.

The role of health personnel is very important in health care service system. All types of medical personnel are employed by the Government of Maharashtra to provide health care service to the rural and tribal areas. Generally there is a great shortage of proper health care personnel in all the tribal belts of Maharashtra. A Dhadgaon tahsil is not an exception. The shortage is due to the inaccessible nature of the area as well as the socio-cultural factors, lack of basic civil amenities, linguistic problem, lack of job satisfaction, etc. The role and service of health personal from nurses, compounders and ward boys to doctors is very important in treating the common people through PHC's. Adequate number of staff is very essential for making the health services and facilities available to the public. The study area Dhadgaon tahsil is extremely inaccessible and so most of the PHCs do not have adequate staff. So Govt. needs to give more attention to provididing adequate staff to the health centres in Dhadgaon tahsil. For the utilization of proposed health care facilities efficiently and effectively, here health personnel like doctors health assistants, compounders, health workers, dressers, ward boys are considered very essential.

The progress of a country is possible only when its citizens are dynamic, enterprising and responsible. Higher educational institutes contribute to the growth of nation by providing specialized knowledge and skilled man power. The universities and colleges performing role in higher education st have several functions. The students of 21 century era are really well awarded, well informed and their energy needs to be channelized in the right direction to achieve quality and better personality development. The research is therefore having become an important component of every academic institution at higher education level. Research, consultancy and extension parameter is more effectively in operation at our college. Due to the components of this parameter, the students are getting benefited. They are acquiring skills of research and well as involving social activities for the benefit of mankind. The promising facts of research, research culture and its impact are summarized in the text.

The paper investigates the anger expression of parents and their adolescent college going daughters. A sample of 122 undergraduate female students and their parents were taken and administered the STAXI questionnaire. Data related to Eight variables – state anger, trait anger, trait anger temperament, trait anger reaction, anger-inward (suppression), anger-out(expression), anger control and anger expression (Ax/Ex) were collected and statistically analyzed. Results show a significant difference between the mother's anger expression and that of their adolescent daughters, and also the father's anger expression and the daughter's trait anger temperament.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to critically examine the management education in India and identify the factors persuading the foreign students to join Indian Colleges for their studies. According to the author, a) shifting the focus of programmes from conceptual learning to skill development, attitude change and value classification; b) acquiring a faculty having a greater practical orientation and an interdisciplinary approach; c) establishing greater collaboration between the management institutions and the industry with regard to the design and contact of management education programme's and research. This research paper examines the various reasons for students selecting Indian B-schools for their education.

This paper tries to explore the problem of Foreign Direct Investment in Indian Retail market. The researcher makes this study through exclusive literature avail in this context and analyzes its effects on Indian context. From time immemorial, societies have proposed through Trade and Exchange of goods between flag-flung areas and even between continents. In the modern day globalized world, global trade and exchanges have become inevitable. Countries are earning prosperity for their citizens by maximizing the intake, i.e. imports. But an emerging economy of the world, Indian Foreign Trade Scenario is not very encouraging. India still has a very low percentage contribution in world trade. The second fasted growing country in GDP terms ranks 20th in merchandised export and 13th in merchandised import with only 1.44percent share in total world export while import stand at 2.1 percent.

Retirement is not now concept rather it comes in every human being in vocational, psychological conditions. It implies relaxation of workload and change over financial remuneration. In this time employer or person separated from their paid employment and it is also period of adjustment with their life style Retirement is a significant change in an individual's lifestyle and, as any change, comes with element of emotion (Marceaus, 1998). The perception people have of retirement is a function of their understanding of what it connotes. Broadly speaking the workers in the labour force of this country could be grouped into two main groups, namely, private employees working in companies, firms or workers of business enterprises, and workers in the public sector i.e. civil-servants employed by local, state or federal governments. This paper addressed the stages and planning of retirement which is very important for all type of employment.

Now a days, Global warming, CO discharge, petrofuels price hike and many other problems 2 that lead us to think thoroughly for green future and renewable energy. Biodiesel is the only alternate renewable liquid fuel to petro based fuels. About ten microalgae strains were isolated from twelve fresh and brackish water samples. Potential lipid producing microalgae strains were screened based on Nile red staining method and their species level identification was done by LSU (D1-D2) region sequencing. Lipids from selected microalgae species were characterized by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed C. vulgaris and A. obliquus produces more saturated fatty acid, whereas N. gaditana and I. galbana showed maximum Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accumulation. C. vulgaris and N. gaditana showed higher biomass productivity (1.4 and 1.6 g/l) when growing in open raceway pond than other microalgae species. Therefore C. vulgaris and N. gaditana are suitable for large scale production of biodiesel.

Riverbank erosion is one of the most unpredictable disasters that take into account the quantity of rainfall, soil structure, river morphology, channel bed topography and adjacent areas, and floods. Such calamity takes tolls less in lives but more in livelihood such as agricultural land and homesteads along with other livelihood options that are evacuated. River Ranikhola, the main left bank......

The comparative study of corrosion behavior maraging steel specimens in aqueous media after surface modification by ion implantation and ion beam mixing (IBM) technique was studied. In order to investigate beneficial effects, three sweep potentio-kinetic polarization techniques were used. It was observed that pit corrosion can be minimized and/or avoided by implanting Krypton ions on the as 14 2 received specimens at specific dose rate of 5 x 10 ions/ cm . The critical current density for IBM 16 2 specimens (ion dose of 1x10 ions / cm ) was found to be 5 to 6 times less as compared with critical current density observed for as received and Cr-deposited specimens. The large reduction in critical current density and increase in passive potential for all IBM specimens were observed as compared with the as received and ion implanted specimens. The SEM microphotograph of IBM specimens conformed that the stable passive region and galvanic cells were not formed, but the decrease in surface area took place, which in turn caused reduction in the current density with increase in corrosion resistance of both specimens.

Indian banking industry is considered a booming and sustainable sector in the global financial system. This paper deals with the banking sector reforms in India and the ways designed to manage the risks associated with huge banking sector. An evaluation of Basel norms and their Impact on economic growth of the country has been done pursuant to the globalization of the Industry. The emergence of BASEL-3 and its Impact on Banking in India have been explored, since economic reforms of 1991, most of the traditional and outdated concepts practices, procedures and methods of banking have significantly changed. The competition among financial intermediaries has gradually helped the Interest rates to decline significantly. Deregulation has been achieved. The real interest rate has been effectively maintained at a moderate level. The borrowers did not pay high price while depositors had incentives to save such conditions are atypical of bank failure of not properly managed. The banks had to formulate strategies to manage their risk by proper provisioning. The introduction of Basel- Norms is one of the various initiatives towards that objective. Reforms in the financial and the banking sectors have enabled better financial products. This has allowed financial viability of the banks and helped boost economic growth.

This study aimed to validate body mass index, waist-to-height ratio and visceral fat as predictors for the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescent population of Puducherry. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in urban and rural population of Puducherry in a sample of 794 adolescent girls between the age group of 19-21 years. Prescribed standard tools were used for anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist circumference, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR) and Visceral Fat. BMI was taken for consideration while screening for obesity. The sub-samples of 127 underwent lipid profile test. The results showed that around 16 percent of the study population was found to be obese using BMI percentiles whereas; the indices based on WHtR and VF identified fewer of the obese group. Multivariate linear model revealed that subjects with WHtR (≥ 0.5) had a higher risk of CVD compared with subjects with VF (≥10) and BMI (≥ 23). WHtR are better predictors of obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents than BMI and VF

The objective of IAY remain the same as to assist the poor families in realizing their dream of having own house to fulfill their desire of comfortable living. The study observes that the programme of IAY could not succeed in providing the houses to the right person across the states by the existing method of selection pattern. The people allege that some powerful political leaders select the beneficiaries, allot such benefits to their kith and kin with a view of party benefit and thereby depriving the actual needy and rural poor destitute. However, there are several instances, using their own methods which are suitable for their locality and situation almost of all the implementing agencies across the states were trying to identify the poorest of the poor person to provide the house under IAY. Based on the identified best practices and findings of the study, it is suggested that the IT based selection process, composite method of BPL survey, Provision of sufficient unit assistance to the vulnerable sections like SC, STs, create the transparent system of selection and it would also help for effective implementation of IAY Programme across the states in India. It is also suggested that the role of PRIs would ensure people participation in development and decision-making at the grass root level. The similar housing policy may help in converge with other rural development programme to sustain the poor.

Major part of human development and learning is formed by communication. Mass communication, intentional and unintentionally has very significant role in our life. Words, sounds and visuals form major part of mass media communication. Planned communication like Social marketing campaigns, political campaigns, advertising campaigns and PR events form a very intentional kind of communication event. These types of campaigns have affected millions all over the world in some way. If there is no effect of these campaigns then why would anyone spend millions on preparing message and spreading it across the world? Communication in every form is very distinct and measures of effectiveness largely depend upon the communication objectives. If the objective and strategies are fulfilled then communication is considered effective. Awareness and persuasion level are very significant in measuring communication effectiveness.

“Euthanasia” is a broad term for mercy killing - taking the life of a hopelessly ill or injured individual in order to end his or her suffering. Mercy killing represents a serious ethical dilemma. People do not always die well. Some afflictions cause people to suffer through extreme physical pain in their last days, and euthanasia may seem like a compassionate way of ending this pain. Other patients may request euthanasia to avoid the weakness and loss of mental faculties that some diseases cause, and many feel these wishes should be respected.

Endophytic bacteria are bacteria lives inside plants without causing any harm, instead providing plant growth promotory attributes to host plants by occupying a specific niche. A total of 117 endophytic bacteria were obtained from surface sterilized healthy rice samples collected from different rice cultivated fields across Kerala. 18 among them were found to be nitrogen fixing when grown on Dobereiner's N free bromothymol blue agar. The isolated nitrogen fixing endophytic bacteria were evaluated for their antagonistic potential against Rhizoctonia solani, the rice sheath blight pathogen. Only five endophytic diazotrophic bacteria were found to antagonize R solani in vitro in which Bacillus sp showed highest antifungal activity (72.2%). The study explores the use of endophytic bacteria to be used as efficient biocontrol and plant growth promoting agents by utilizing the biological nitrogen fixing property.

Abstract:- Present paper attempts to put some light on the factors determining the Crime against women in India, particularly Literacy. Methodology: Present paper adopts analytical and exploratory approach.The analysis is based on the number of criminal cases committed against women and the respective literacy ratesin all the Indian States for the year 2011. Findings: The inability to read and write well may not be a direct cause of criminal behaviour, but low literacy and crime are related. (r=-0.3416)

Use of mobile phone is increasing tremendously every year globally due to facility to connect any where and at any time. For better connectivity numbers of mobile towers in the populated and residential zones are erected. Mobile Phones and Mobile Towers emit electromagnetic radiations continuously all the time which are very harmful. Most of the people were unaware about health hazard of continuous emission of radiation. Today, there is an upsurge in public concern about the possible health hazards of this new technology. In addition, the studies on mobile phone radiation risk have received widespread public interest. In this paper, effects of mobile phone towers and mobile phones are discussed. The paper is divided in to two sections. In first section, effects of mobile towers radiation have been summarised and in the other section effects of mobile phone on heart rate is presented.

Human geographer explores the interrelationships and interdependencies between people and places. They are interested in Demography or systematic analysis of the numbers and distribution of human population. Population geographers bring to Demography the spatial perspective which emphasizes description and explanation of the “where” of population distribution, growth patterns and processes.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is an important grain legume of the semi-arid tropics. It provides protein rich food. Pigeon pea being recalcitrant species, regeneration of multiple shoots via callus induction and organogenesis was achieved from cotyledon explants of pigeon pea. Callus induction and shoot regeneration at various frequencies were observed using different concentration and -1 combination of growth regulators. The highest callus formation was observed on MS medium + 1.0 mg l -1 IAA + 0.9 mg l Kinetin. The Highest shoot formation was obtained on MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg -1 -1 -1 l BAP + 0.2 mg l NAA and 0.4 mg l GA . Regenerated plants were successfully established in the soil 3 after acclimatization

Entrepreneurs have become celebrities in this era of globalization, liberalization and electronic media. The entrepreneurial category here includes both the male as well as the female entrepreneurs. With the Indian society undergoing transition, women are enjoying greater freedom. They are not only taking up jobs but also creating job opportunities for others on a much larger scale.

Over the last decade, the Indian capital market has been growing by leaps and bounds. India has the largest number of listed companies in the world today. It also boasts of a large number of shareholders. Ironically, the problems associated with transactions, clearing and settlement were also on the rise. Simultaneously, they expose the investors to greater risks. To get rid off these tribulations India has adopted Dematerialization system in which book entry is done electronically. It is the system where no paper is involved. It is the processes by which a client can get physical certificates converted into electronic balances maintained in its account with the participant in the depository system. This paper overviews the Indian Demat system with its historical background. Through this paper an attempt has been made to present legislative measures of dematerialization and to understand the present status of dematerialization in India.

-Education is an important human activity. It was born with the birth of the human race and shall continue to function as long as the human race lives. Today education system has been dramatically changing along with quality. Ancient day's education was completely based on moral, social religion, values and humanity based, those days disciples learn quality education from their teacher and it's been applied in their day to day life. Today way of learning and teaching become a just abstraction and learning and teaching for sake of earn money rather provide quality education to the society. Today society facing lots of problems in terms of crimes, corruption, exploitation, harassment, antisocial activities and terrorism to kills the innocent lives and people have forgotten all concerned towards the society. If we need a bright future we need to change the circumstances, revolution has to take place for drastically changing the education systems of the society. All intelligent communities should get opportunities without any hurdle.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 guarantees to all children within the age-group 6-14 years the right to education in proper schools with trained teachers regardless of caste, class, gender, etc. The RTE Act, though deserves due credit for laying down in fairly specific terms state's responsibility towards education, It was a long, long time coming, but this historic legislation, despite the many loopholes, has the power to transform the lives of millions of poor Indian children who have so far been deprived of the opportunity to make their lives better than those of their parents. Thus Government has enacted and implemented the Act in the right spirit towards providing quality elementary education to all but some challenges & some questions are still remain whether the act was implemented properly .The present article shows a wide gap between what was expected and what has so far been done.

Family being the first and major agency of socialization has great influence and bearing on the development of the child. It has been shown by various studies that most of the children who are successful /great achievers and well adjusted come from the families where sustaining wholesome relationships exist. Research studies have proved that a good, supportive environment in home, school and neighborhood could enhance a child's scholastic achievement. The present study is based on a sample of 40 students drawn from Padmaraje High School, Shirol, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra. It was planned to assess the effect of family environment on the academic performance of secondary school children of class VIII & IX. Interview schedule was used to assess the quality of family environment and academic performance was ascertained with the help of report cards of students and other school records. This paper is an attempt to assess the impact of family environment on academic performance in secondary school children and the need of social work intervention to improve the academic performance through school-family-community approach.

High level of NPA is a curse for banking sector and ultimately to the economy. Indian banking industry is contaminated with a huge amount of NPA. To understand the exactcause and effect of NPA has become an important task for the banks. It has always been said that NPA causes to decline in profitability of the bank. This paper deals with an empirical study to statistically test the causal relationship between NPA and profit of the bankand also to find out the casual relationship between priority sector lending and NPA with the help of empirical evidences. The data has been analyzed by statistical tools such as compound annual growth rate, correlation, regression, trend analysis and 't'test. The study observed that position relationship in some banks and negative relationship in some banks within the studied variables, during the study period.

Destination branding is an important concept/tool for developing architectural model for any nation. The paper uses this concept to develop India as a tourist destination. It discusses the current branding strategy, Incredible India to develop a wholesome architectural model for it. The methodology used includes the case study approach and depth interviews from foreign tourists (Non Indians). Data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. Depth interviews from the foreign tourists are the primary source. Secondary sources are the journals, white papers and tourism websites of various nations. This paper is unique as it is for the first time that brand architectural model has been developed for India. The results are useful for developing brand models to improve tourism industry. The paper has a limitation as the proposed model is yet to be tested.

Collection development has become a challenging task for information professionals in the emerging digital world. Special libraries customarily maintain a regular and systematic information service covering the immediate and future interests of the organizations of which they are part. This necessitates the development and management of an adequate collection of books, periodicals, reports, patents, standards, government publications, maps, audio-visual resources, etc. issued from a multitude of publishing bodies. In-house publications, market surveys, data files, etc. are also brought together in these collections. All items are of course made available for consultation by being adequately classified or indexed and organised in a particular fashion and maintained for future reference. With the advent of internet and other information technological applications in the library, user's tendency got redefined; as a result, collection development policy has been modified to include the digital content to maximum extent. Electronic Collection development is a well planned activity for which a well defined policy is essential. This paper is an effort to consider some of the major issues concerning electronic collection development, with special reference to Knowledge Resource Centre (KRC) of CVRDE, DRDO in a rapidly changing environment

“Equality is the public recognition, effectively expressed in institutions and manners, of the principle that an equal degree of attention is due to the needs of all human beings”. - Simoneweil

A mutual fund is a professionally managed type of collective investment scheme that pools money from investors and invests their money in bonds, short-term money market instruments and other securities. Mutual funds have a fund manager who invests the money on behalf of the investors by buying / selling stocks, bonds etc. Mutual funds serve as a key financial intermediary. They pool investments by individual investors and use the funds to accommodate financing needs of government and corporations in the primary market. They also frequently invest in secondary market.Due to tremendous growth of Mutual fund Industry it has gained the interest of investors as well as researchers. The aim of this study is too see the trends in Indian Mutual Funds industry and also to see its growth path in the recent years.

In the globalised world, the foreign trade is inevitable for the all round economic development of a country. The producer can fetches better prices than domestic market by exporting the value added goods produced from the natural resources which are abundant in a country. India, being a country having much bamboo resources, it did not get any remarkable position in the export market. Though there is a potential in the foreign market, India is exporting very little. Because the producers of bamboo based products did not know about the world trade flows, composition, and growth of foreign trade of bamboo based products. With a view to better insight into the foreign trade of bamboo based products, this paper critically analyse world trade flows, composition and growth of foreign trade of bamboo based products of India.

The polycrystalline samples of the mixed spinel series Ni Mg Al Fe O with x= 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 0.5 x 2-x 4 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 have been prepared by standard ceramic technique and were studied by means of X-ray Diffraction and IR absorption spectroscopy. The X-ray analysis showed that the samples are formed in single-phase spinel structure. The lattice parameter 'a' obtained from X-ray diffraction data decreases with the increase of compositional parameter x. The infrared absorption spectra of all the samples of the -1 -1 series studied at room temperature in the range of 200cm - 1000cm showed two main bands. The force constants K and K have been obtained from the IR absorption data. The force constants have been 0 t observed to decrease with the internuclear separation for both the octahedral and tetrahedral sites.

In H.B. Karibasamma case, Justice Ajit J. Gunjal retold the experience of Mahatma Gandhi while denying the patient euthanasia on the basis of Aruna Shanbaug judgement, “Some days back a calf having been maimed lay in agony in the ashram... Finally in all humility but with the clearest of convictions I got in my presence a doctor kindly to administer the calf a quietus by means of a poison injection. The whole thing was over in less than two minutes...The question may legitimately be put to me: Would I apply to human beings the principle I have enunciated in connection with the calf? Would I like it to be applied in my own case? My reply is 'Yes'; the same law holds good in both the cases...Just as a surgeon does not commit himsa but practises the purest ahimsa when he wields his knife, one may find it necessary, under certain imperative circumstances, to go a step further and sever life from the body in the interest of the sufferer...”

Economic growth means more output. While economic development implies both more output and changes in the technical and institution arrangements by which it is produced and distributed. Growth may well involve not only more output derived from greater amounts of inputs but also greater efficiency. Entrepreneur has been a major factor in the economic growth. He plays a vital role in the process of economic development and growth. Entrepreneur is one of the most important inputs in the economic development of a country. Entrepreneurial competence makes all the difference in rate of economic growth. Entrepreneur has to play an important role of an agent of change in developing economies, because no development can possible without a change. As an agent of change, the entrepreneur is required to search for the opportunities and areas where changes are necessary and can be expected. He is himself an instrument of change He introduces new ideas, new methods, uses new combinations and brings about the required change himself. Entrepreneur in general and innovative entrepreneur in particular are instrumental in achieving the process of economic growth. Entrepreneur attains the sustained rise in national output. The innovative entrepreneur and their urge for innovations give stimulation to the technological advancement. The new activities, attitudes, ideas and values introduced by entrepreneur are mainly bringing the institutional, attitudinal and ideological adjustment. A wise entrepreneur knows that the opportunity for change is essential for competition and growth in our economy. It can thus be said that no economic development is possible without entrepreneurial development.

India has always seen the subjection of women as a food maker and one who provides sexual satisfaction to her respective spouse. Consequently, the man has started treating her as a property resulting into the violence against them. The turn of the century saw the awareness among the women who started resisting such kinds of crime. However, the whole response to the violence against women has to face the obstacle of biased processes, starting from the attitude society, apathetic and sometimes hostile response of the police and the attitude of a large section of judiciary. The transition from feudal society to the democratic society is half way arrested in India and during last three decades or so this transition for equality of both sexes has taken a beating with the rise of politics in the name of religion. The ascendance of ideology, which treats women as secondary beings, is some where responsible for the rise of the crime rate against women in India.

Bhalki is one of the taluka of Bidar district. It is situated about 40 kms to north-west of Bidar town, in this taluka two rivers were flow one is Karanja and another is Manjra. Bhalki is located at 180 02! N 77013! E /18.030 N 77.220 E. It has an average elevation of 587 meters (1925 feet). As of 2001 India Census, Bhalki had a population of 35.102. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Bhalki has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 61% of the males and 39% of the females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. Official language is Kannada, Marathi and Dakhni Urdu is also widely spoken .

The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts(beneficial and adverse)of development and projects on the environmental system. It is an useful aid for decision making based on understanding of the environment implications including social, cultural and aesthetic concerns which could be integrated with the analysis of the project costs and benefits. This exercise should be undertaken early enough in the planning stage of projects for selection of environmentally compatible sites, process technologies and such other environmental safeguards