Indian society consists of different categories of people having different economic and social status. Many people have remained away from the main stream of development. Education is the most important instrument of economic, social and cultural development of a nation. As per the 2001 Census, the population of Scheduled Castes (SCs) is 16.66 crore amounting to 16.2% of the country’s total population of 102.86 crore. The population of Scheduled Tribes as per 2001 Census is 8.43 crore accounting for 8.20% of the country’s total population. Since Independences, the SC and ST have benefited by the reservation policy. This was made an integral part of the Constitution by the efforts of Dr. Bhimarao Ambedkar. Dr. Ambedkar gives reservation for SC/ST to development of socio-economic condition. Therefore, the SC/ST communities are done some educational development and economic development in India. In case of literacy among the SC/ST, till today the gap between SCs and STs literacy rate is high. In case of literacy rates of SCs gap between general literacy rate was 13.27 % in 1961. It was 11.71 % in 1981 and 10.11 % in 2001. The gap between general total literacy rate and STs total literacy rate was 15.59 % in 1961. It is increased to 18.15 % in 1971, 19.88 % in 1981 and 22.6 % in 1991. After some affords the gape of literacy is declined to 17.7 % in 2001. But till gap between general total literacy rate and STs total literacy rate is not more declined. Dropout of SCs students in higher secondary (I-X) level among boys is 74.2 % and girls students is 71.3 %. In STs boys students dropout is 77.8 % and 80.7 % in girl students. The dropout of SCs and STs is higher than all dropout rate data i.e.62.69 % In case of infant mortality of SCs children’s is 66.4 , STs child is 62.1 , OBC s child is 56.6, Others child is 48.9 and all India mortality of children’s is 57.0 . If compare to India’s mortality rate with SCs and STs children’s mortality, it is higher than the Indian level i.e.74.3 %. In case of percentage of children under weight under age five years, SCs children’s are 47.9 %, STs children’s 54.5 %, OBCS children’s 43.2 % Others children’s 33.7 % and India level 42.5 % children’s are under weight. In case of IAY provided houses for SC/ST, in 2011-12, total 6,37,828 houses were completed for SCs and STs. Among them 42,4,327 for SCs and 2,13,501 for STs. The total number of constructions completed houses are declined. According to NSSO 65th round survey (2008-09), about 90 % of rural households obtain their drinking water from improved sources. In rural area drinking water is provided through the tube-well and hand pump is 54.7 %, tab is 30.1 %, protected well is 5.5 % and 9.7 % of unimproved sources.

This study aims toexaminethe working capital management and profitability: a study of selected cement industry in India. Working capital is defined as a major issue in financial decision-making given that it is being a part of savings in asset which calls for appropriate financing investment. The source of financial and economic data of the selected companies is based on the NSE (national stock exchange). Five companies are randomly selected from all listed companies in the NSE, but financial companies are excluded while drawing the sample. The timedimension of panel data runs yearly from 2011 to 2012. The findings confirm that correlation between long-term debt and other independent variables has been checked.The results shows that longer the current assets, operating profit, liquidityand interest coverage ratio is negative relationship with LTD (long term debt) and other three components of working capital management have a positive relationship LTD. Accordingly, the findings of our results indicate that debt used by the firm are negatively associated with firm's profitability. Results show that companies could make a low debt ratio tend to have a shorter period to keep their inventory.Company will use the internal finance may earn the high profitability.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis in relation to assess the 10-year probability percentage of Major Osteoporotic Fracture Risk and to assess the10-year probability percentage of Hip Fracture Risk using FRAX country specific algorithm with bone mineral density. Method: 74 older osteoporotic postmenopausal females ranging the age between 40 to 90 years were randomly selected as the subject of the study. Bone mineral density T-score were obtained by using Ultrasound Bone Densitometry (Omnisense) at distal radius by the experts and technicians. WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) INDIA was used to assess the fracture risk probability. FRAX probability calculated with distal radius Bone mineral density was obtained by reference method. Results: There were significant relationship between Body mass index and Bone mineral density. The correlation was highly significant between Bone mineral density and Major Osteoporotic Fracture Risk as well as Bone mineral density and Hip Fracture Risk. Conclusion: The results provide a framework which enhances the assessment of fracture risk in women in combination with Bone mineral density. Fracture risk feedback based on Bone mineral density could potentially make an important contribution to osteoporosis prevention and treatment in postmenopausal women irrespective of age and BMI.

Man has progressed step by step from the cave age to the jet and nuclear age. Now the world has ushered a new age, which is rightly called the 'Technetronic' Age, which is shaped not so much by the tradition as by the impact of modern science and technology. Mrs. Indra Gandhi, addressing 38th United Nations General Assembly Session on behalf of India and 100 other Non-aligned nations very aptly said, “Our plea for peace is not out of superior virtue but because peace is indispensable, because the present military technology threatens the extinction of the human race. No peace today, no life tomorrow. We must realize that in our world, the only form of existence is co-existence with all peoples and countries”.1

Schools are not merely physical constructions; children and teachers are major participants in school process. Students spend more than six hours a day in classes and school related activities. Therefore teachers and schools are important source of information for children. Schools do play key part in transmitting knowledge and skills to the children. Children in school through curricular and extra- curricular activities imbibe various principles of life. As schools are regarded an important agency of socialization they educate children for adult life. Certain habits are acquired by children at schools which do influence their personality. In the development or incarnation of attitudes and aptitudes physical and social environment do play central role in the life of a child. After the child's home, school represents the second most in? uential environment in a child's life. Environment which can be broadly categorized into 'natural' environment and 'socio-cultural', environment determines the interaction pattern of individuals. The environment a child is surrounded with at school has wide ranging implication on her/ his outlook. A child at school is involved in the process of learning. In this process he/she systematically explores his/her surroundings. He/ She develop certain habits and behavior which are directly having bearing on the health or health awareness of a child. Education is considered as a magic wand for many social maladies. It has been argued that schooling produces citizens which are not only armed with skills of three R's but aware and conscious of their health. However, this paper argues that physical and social environment prevalent in schools in Kashmir does not instill health and environment awareness among children. The physical and social environment prevailing in schools of Kashmir is apart from the environment required for the healthy and conscious beings .

The Job satisfaction being a complex phenomenon that interacts with personal, social and institutional dimensions in determining the personality of a good worker and also job satisfaction is the condition of establishing healthy organizational environment in an organization. The college libraries, which are described today as 'centers of learning' have suffered from neglect both by the government and college authorities in our country. This paper examined that Job satisfaction of the librarians, who have an important place in our society, will affect the quality of the service they render. It may be concluded that the job satisfaction of library professionals is related to an individual's expectation of different types of the profession and perception of how much is attained.

The 21st century has been witnessing an unprecedented growth and development in terms of information, communication, technology, globalization, liberalization and privatization leading to quick socio-economic changes in the world wide. The 21st century society has been succinctly portrayed by Thomas Friedman as a 'Flat World' driven by several intangible factors which have come together to transform work and productivity in the modern world. The educational institutions must aim at turning out integrated personalities. The world we are living in today is very different from the world that was a decade ago. The challenges facing young people today hae changed significantly from those affecting previous generations. The educational institutions have to gear their systems to meet such challenges. So the system has to change according to the needs of the learners.

A electromagnetic micro pulsation recording system, consisting of a core coil, input filter, shaping filter, recorder and a statistical analog computer is described. A major consideration in the design of the system is that it be duplicable with a minimum of available technical facilities. The present system of classification of geomagnetic micro pulsations is rather arbitrary based mainly on the morphological features observed in the records. A better method would be to base the classification on some physical parameters connected with their generation and propagation. An attractive possibility is seen in the measurements by satellites of the interplanetary magnetic field and magnetospheric quantities. Using interplanetary magnetic field parameters recorded aboard Explorer 28, an attempt is made to find a relation between these parameters and the geomagnetic micro pulsations of 120 to 20 sec periods (30-180 cph) observed in the Telluric current activity recorded in Alaska. It is found that pulsations in the range 30-120 cph behave in a different manner compared to the pulsations in the range 130-180 cph.

Insurance industry is in a turbulent situation. This study will facilitate the insurance companies to know the opinions of customers regarding insurance industry and specifically opinions towards traditional and ULIP plans. Along with this, the company and advisors would understand the exact demand of samples, the parameters of customer satisfaction, factors customers consider while selecting the policy and opinions on advisors advocacy by which company and advisors can design their sales program, sales speech, local strategies and the like. A study was conducted among policy holders in Kolhapur city, India. The researcher concluded that the LIC is the major player amongst sample customers. Traditional plans are preferred more by samples followed by ULIP and customer's preferences for selecting the insurance company are inclined towards service quality, reputation, trustworthiness and future plans/vision of a company.

Yoga is the activity that increases your flexibility, strengthens your muscles, centers your thoughts, and relaxes and calms you. Yoga is an ancient physical and spiritual discipline and branch of philosophy that originated in India reportedly more than 5,000 years ago. Psychological/Mental Benefits: Improved Mental health, Improved Concentration, Improved Attention, Reduced Stress & tension, Improved Overall Attitude, Improved Mood & Increased Subjective well-being (self), Decreased Anxiety & Depression, Improved Learning efficiency, Improved Memory, Improved Self-acceptance & self confidence, Decreased Hostility, Increased Social adjustment/skill, Increased Somatic & kinesthetic awareness. Yoga therapy is a big deal and can improve your mental health and beneficial is so many ways.

The research was motivated by the gap between expectations regarding the improvement of the quality of education through various innovations with real conditions. In this study, the authors tried to apply the model of contextual learning using Articulate Engage media presentations to enhance student learning activities in the Indonesian language, and to improve student learning outcomes.From the data obtained indicate that the student activity on the dimensions of the activity of drawing is the highest activity (80.2% of expectations), followed by motor activity (79% of expectations), hearing and visual respectively 77%, followed by the act of writing 72 % of expectations, and the lowest activity (64% of expectations) is an oral activity.

Women entrepreneurship development is an essential part of human resource development. Entrepreneurship amongst women has been a recent concern. Women have become aware of their existence their rights and their work situation. However, women of middle class are not too eager to alter their role in fear of social backlash. The progress is more visible among upper class families in urban cities. However it is observed the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India, especially in the rural areas. The present paper is based on primary and secondary data collected from different sources and specially focus on women entrepreneurship. For collecting primary data the questionnaire has been used. The researcher also used observation and note making technique to collect primary data. The present study intends, to know the Women Entrepreneurship Development in Karveer Taluka, and to know the role played by SHGs in Women Entrepreneurship Development. The study also focuses to find the answer to women backwardness and to suggest measures on it. The study is limited to only one Taluka i.e. Karveer Taluka and samples are selected only 55enterpreneurs from 25 SHGs of the Taluka.

India was confronted with one of the worst crises in the post independence period when our foreign exchange reserve level fell to such an extent that we had only enough to meet two weeks import requirements. This situation led to a sharp deterioration in the country's balance of payment position. After a long and hard struggle, this position has changed drastically. Now, our foreign exchange reserves have gone upto around Rs.15,000 crores which are considered adequate enough to cover about six months import. If we examine the developments during last few years, we shall find several measures initiated by the Government of India, like Import compression, schemes to attract funds from overseas, advancement of financial system, development of advance marketing infrastructure, change in commercial and economic policies etc. Through these changes, our exports have not yet been pushed up to the desired level. The value of export in 1989-90 was 17.6 per cent which went up to 40.78 per cent in 1993-94. The total value of exports in 1991-92 was Rs.44,041 crores which went up to Rs.84,0755 crores in 2008-09. It is our great achievement in foreign trade and we achieved this target with the help of export, especially export of manufactured products readymade garments and gems and jewellery. If we look at the share of manufactured products in India's total export during planning period, we will find that this share in our total export earning has been constantly going up.

The present study gives importance to special strategy (computer-assisted instruction, CAI) for teaching the mathematical disabled children. This study was investigated in a town (including urban and rural area). Study included forty (40) participant of class-III level from government school who were mathematically disabled. They were randomly divided into matched group (experimental and control) with twenty (20) participants each. Mean, Standard Deviation and t-test were employed for data analysis. The result indicated that the use of computerassisted instruction have an effect on mathematical disabled children. The result concluded that the early use of the strategy helps to gain improvement in mathematical skill.

The aim of the present study is to develop a new scale to measure the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in male and female at college students in Iran. The main research question is whether we can explore a special structure for Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in college students. By using all of the aspects of Daily Spiritual Experience a primarily questionnaire with 53 item was developed and piloted based on a sample of 520 students. Analyzing the data extracted three factors of different aspects of Daily Spiritual Experience. Psychometric data of reliability and validity has shown significant results and is improved remarkably that this instrument can be considered as a suitable criterion for prospective workr and interventions.

The present investigation was undertaken to produce pectinase enzyme from waste residues of different agricultural wastes by using Aspergillus species in submerged fermentation. The maximum amount of pectinase (90units/ml) was obtained from citrus peels followed by Watermelon (80units/ml), Pineapple (70units/ml), Sorghum straws (60units/ml). The minimum amount of pectinase was obtained from Corn cobs (50units/ml). Optimization of different parameters such as substrate concentration, pH, temperature and incubation time for pectinase production was studied. The maximum amount of pectinase was produced by the Aspergillus spp. at 6% Citrus peels substrate concentration, pH 6, temperature 350C and incubation time 24 hrs by submerged fermentation .

Weather and Climate are two important aspects in the agriculture economy of the world. After introduction of new technological known how new discoveries invention emerge in various sectors. The effects of adverse in climate and weather condition noticed in the 21th century very seriously. Climate study got importance due to global warming, green house effect and the spread of industrialization all over the world. Climate study belongs to physical geography as a separate discipline. Climate is a sum of various variables that is temperature, rainfall, air pressure, wind, humidity etc.

Tourism is one of the important economic activities of different countries, state, or region of the world. The present study deals with the tourism potential in Bhaderwah tehsil of the district Doda in Jammu and Kashmir, which is popularly known as the Mini- Kashmir. The natural beauty of the Bhaderwah attracts number of tourists from different part of the country. The beautiful valley of Bhaderwah having its own nature and characteristics. Due to some factors that are responsible for the low potential in tourism in the study area as well as scenic beauty of the region, attract large number of tourists increase day by day. But after the efforts of Mr GulamNabi Azad, Bhadarwah is being developed into a model tourist destination. Bhadarwah Development Authority set up by Govt. of J & K is acting as a nodal agency to bring Bhadarwah into the tourist map of the country. Apart from the natural scenic beauty, Bhadarwah also has numerous historical and religious places.

Healthy body and healthy mind are prerequisite of all meaningful existence. Healthy mind is required to govern and appreciate ones social action, to maintain mental peace and self-confidence. Health and well-being are important factors as it affects almost every single aspect of life and determines what activities or tasks one emerges in or not, and the likelihood of which tasks or activities one is able to complete successfully. Poor health can make individual dependent on others even for the basic necessities of life and can affect individual's perception of oneself. In essence, health seems to be one of the most significant factors affecting well-being and emotional intelligence. In other words, in order to develop a healthy personality and emotional intelligence one of the ways is the practice of yoga exercises which provides peace of mind, energize and balance of the body ultimately leads to a sense of control, happiness and well- being. The present research makes an attempt to ascertain the impact of yoga on the emotional intelligence and subjective well –being. The sample of 30 males and 30 females were selected purposefully. The present research takes into consideration the two psychological tests. First is Emotional Intelligence Scale and the second is Subjective Well-being Scale. The positive impact of yoga exercises has been found on the variables emotional intelligence and subjective well –being.

ICT has changed the lives of both normal and differently abled students. Penetration of ICT in all walks of life can be felt by all including differently abled. Population of blind can be bifurcated into totally blind and low vision. The population of low vision is more than 70% among population of blind in India. We are going to deal about the USE of ICT for acquisition of pre requisite skills for children with low vision. This type of children who can read large print letters. Education of low vision children must have solid foundation viz identification of pre requisite skills ----- learning of pre requisite skills ----- mastery of pre requisite skills ----- acquisition of print reading skills

Though teaching is a joyful activity, it is a highly complex process. Teaching is a coin with both the sides of Humanity and Education. It will challenge the best efforts of the best teachers. A teacher's day alternates between smiles and sighs. It moves from excitement to pleasure, from optimism to depression and anxiety. From this stuffy life how the great teachers emerge and create their notable place in the teaching field? To get answer to this question one must has to understand the teaching life or profession.

The Bhagavad Gita is the spirit of Ideology. It is an episode in the Mahabharata. Lord Krishna recited The Bhagavad Gita to His friend and devotee Arjuna. It is an epic of philosophical wisdom. It is the spirit of faith and the supreme gospel of spiritual wisdom. It is the philosophy of Vedanta and a spiritual vision of reality. It is the life of yoga, a metaphysic and a system of spirituality. It is searching ultimate truth and a vision of reality and Idealism in action. The Bhagavad Gita particularly reflects the realm of Vedanta that lays down the plan of life for realizing the ultimate goal. The Upanishads, Brahma Puranas and The Bhagavad Gita are the basic classics of Vedanta. The Bhagavad Gita represents the re-revelation of the truth emerging out of the justification.

Mycorrhiza is the species of fungi associated with plant root forming symbiotic relationship. Mycorrhizal technology stands one of promising tool in age of farming to promote sustainable crop production. In this study is based on different methods of isolation of mycorrhiza from rhyzosporic soils and its effect on growth and development of wheat seeds. The result shows that when wheat seeds inoculated along with mycorrhizal spores after two to three weeks it shows higher branching growth and development as compare to seeds inoculated along with distilled water so, that mycorrhiza can proven to be improved quality and growth of plant.

This paper describes for the first time that an anaerobic marine bacterium is capable of producing gold nanoparticles. A marine purple non-sulphur bacterium was isolated from mangrove sediment and identified as Rhodopseudomonas sp. . The bacterial culture was tested for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles by using aqueous HAuCl4 solution as substrate in darkness. The gold nanoparticles synthesized were found to be of cubical structure in the size range of 10–20 nm.

The present research was conducted to determine the suitability of cabbage as a raw material for the production of probiotic cabbage juice by lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii). The cabbage juice was inoculated with a 24 h old culture of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and incubated at 30°C for 72 h and observations were made for changes in pH, acidity, sugar content and viable cell counts during fermentation under controlled conditions. The probiotic cabbage juice have an initial pH value of 5.6. The findings of the current research showed that Lactobacillus plantarum actively fermented the cabbage juice and reduced the pH 3.5 and increased the total acidity to about 0.98 per cent. Lactobacillus delbrueckii reduced the pH 3.6 and increased the total acidity 0.94 per cent. After 4 weeks of cold storage at 4°C, the viable cell counts of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii were still 3.10x107 and 7.30x106 cfu ml-1 respectively. The outcome of the present research in the form of fermented cabbage juice could serve as a healthy beverage for vegetarians and consumers who are allergic to dairy products.

The post-liberalization price-hike in India is caused by various factors. The Indian inflation rate was high in the first half of the nineties, due to imbalance of demand-supply, increased money supply, huge fiscal deficits, rise in prices of petroleum products, hike in indirect taxes, wage-rates, salaries, low domestic production, import of food-grains and other products. This inflation rate was low during the second half of the nineties due to reduction in public investment and demand. It was stable during the Tenth Plan period i.e. 2002-07. But there is again hike in the prices of primary commodities since 2007. The recommendations for the control of post-liberalization price-hike in India are 1] The Reserve Bank of India should combine monetary, fiscal and demand supply management measures. 2] Government should cut down undue expenditure and subsidies. 3] Reserve Bank of India should focus on the control of CPI. 4] The PDS should be used for the essentials. 5] The food security should be ensured through agricultural growth.

Indian Auto Industry has undergone a noticeable transformation over a past few decades owing to presence of global auto manufacturers. As a result it is very interesting to understand what transformation took place in the buying behavior of consumers for automobile products with the help of small car segment in SATARA DISTRICT. Indian consumers have also become more selective and demanding. This can ensure bright prospects for Indian automobile Industry in days to come. This all can constitute a major challenge to every auto maker to attract consumers. Hence to create a distinctive image of one's products in the mind of consumers one has to make the best use of IMC Mix. Since the key to success of any business lies not only in having good products but also in being able to use an ideal communication mix that can modify consumer behavior in the favor of marketer. Thus it is believed that use of the ideal mix of IMC tools may help bring about desired change in consumers' buying behavior. IMC is one of the crucial factors in the marketing efforts, responsible for product identification by the public & creating awareness among target customers for a firm's products. The reason for focusing on small car segment is that it has the largest contribution (i.e. almost 68%) amongst total vehicle segment.

Marriage which is considered as a social institution of paramount importance, is inter-alia recognized by all the civilizations across the globe as a legitimate means for procreation leading to the perpetuation of the very existence of the society. But there are thousands of couples who are deprived of the bliss of procreation due to infertility of one of them or both or for the reason that they are physically incapable of involving themselves in sexual intercourse. The barrenness so caused has grave psychological, social and emotional impact on both the couples. Generally it is the wife being branded as barren becomes a prey of social contempt, though at times not for her fault. In conservative and traditional societies a childless woman's position becomes so pathetic that because of the wrath of in laws the matrimonial home becomes a hell for her as against her expectation of it to be a heaven. Adoption is one legal solution for the problem of issueless couples, which enables them to have a son or daughter subject to the fulfillment of the conditions contemplated in the relevant adoption laws.

The poets of the first half of the 20th century (or Eliot's generation) gave an exuberant of literature imbued with vigorous and energetic response to the war besides philosophical questions and spiritual quests following the consequences of the First World War. In comparison to Eliot's generation, the poetry of the second generation (after WW-II) is dormant, inert, and the poets seemed to recoil from the destruction, horror and disorder of the war years. While some of the poets of the 1940s adopted a neo-romantic attitude, the poets of the 50s, reacting against such attitude, made a conscious effort to focus on the real person and event. By choosing the real person and event, the poets of the 50s endeavoured to make poetry less scholarly, sophisticated and show the poet as the man next door communicating with man in the street. Consequently, most of the poets, apparently, failed to explore beyond the surface reality. But delving deep in their poetry, it is found that underneath their mundane form and content lies their deeper concern to reflect the profound and philosophical in easy and commonsensical way. The paper is an analysis of this aspect of the postwar British poetry with reference to the poetry of Phillip Larkin and Ted Hughes.

Herein this article, a critical study of Thomas Hardy as a novelist has been discussed. Thomas Hardy was born on June, 1840, in the village of Upper Bockhamton, three mile away from Dorsetshire. His father was a master mason from whom he derived his love of music and his introduction to architecture. From his mother he inherited his inclination towards literature. The thatched cottage in which his parents lived stood on the western edge of Puddleton Heath, “a vast tract of unenclosed wild”, which was to become a powerful influence upon his mind and to figure in his novels as Egdon Heath.

Child labour is a conspicuous in India and also every part of the world, especially in developing countries, child labours usually means work that is done by children under the age of 15, which restricts or damages their physical, emotional, intellectual, social or spiritual growth as children. The international labour organization estimates that there are 250 million children worldwide, between the age of 5 and 14, who are now working. There are many seasons that these children working severely, lack of education lack of knowledge of one's rights and cultural tradition are all contributing factors. These children are often working in severe and hazardous conditions. These children are deprived and mistreated. They are often beat or severely punished for making even the slightest mistakes. Children are an asset to society. The welfare of the society is closely related to the welfare of the child. India has the largest work force of children in the world. They are made to work as shares in fields and factories in homes and in cottage industries. They are deprived of their childhood. Children are also self-employed as shoeshine, milk boys, rag pickers and rickshaw pullers. They are overworked and under paid. They miss the benefits of education. The objectives of this research paper is to understand the problem and perspective of child labour, legal approaches for prevention, rights of children under International Law and National Laws and Role of Judiciary.

This research paper tries to analyze the role of state bank of India in agriculture loan waiver scheme to figure out the problems in the scheme, and if the scheme is capable of doing what it intends to do. The huge amount of money that would be spent for this scheme has caught everyone's attention, and that is not the major concern of this paper. This paper tries to find out the actual problems in Indian agriculture, if the present scheme solves some of these problems, and what steps should have been taken to address these issues.

Lawsonia inermis L. an ethnomedicinal plant. The ethnic groups of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India are extensively using to cure leucoderma. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out from leaves aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis 10 ml root extract was mixed to 90 ml of 1 mM aqueous of Ag(NO3)2 and was heated at 60-800C for 20 min. The colour change of aqueous solution from orange to dark brown color was observed. For characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and AFM. AFM, UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed the formation of silver nanoparticles with spherical shape and average size 27.66 nm. SNPs have good antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms.

WEEE (waste from electrical electronic equipments) comes under a special category of waste which is the result of industrialization and ever increasing demand of electronic waste products in daily life, with increasing usage waste production is also increasing. Now, the situation is alarming as a huge quantity of waste is generated by India as well as other countries. The condition of India is much worse because about 80 percent of the e- waste generated ion the u.s.is exported to India, china and Pakistan under the name charity. Only 3 % of the total e waste generated is recycled proper in India. The rest of it is handled by workers who work with bare hands, without makes under unhygienic conditions, informally recycling tons of e-waste for about 12-14 hours a day. It causes both environmental as well as health problems. Number of laws are framed but none is able to stop this informal recycling in this paper, National and International scenario along with hazards caused by e-waste and bit about its recycling.

Old age is one of the problems of Indian society, when joint family system was broken while industrialisation and urbanisation were evolved. India like many other developing countries in the world is witnessing the rapid aging of its population. Urbanization, modernization and globalization have led to change in the economic structure, the erosion of societal values, weakening of social values, and social institutions such as the joint family. In this changing economic and social milieu, the younger generation is searching for new identities encompassing economic independence and redefined social roles within, as well as outside, the family. The changing economic structure has reduced the dependence of rural families on land which has provided strength to bonds between generations. Today the old age are neglecting by the families, consequently, they are suffering socially, economically and psychologically. The study has been conducted to study the problems of the old age with special reference to some selected units in Gulbarga .The major objective of the study is to find out the living conditions of old age and their social, economic and psychological barriers and possible solutions. All the old age people are being studied from old age day care center in Gulbarga.

Paper investigates the significance of Spiritual Intelligence in ensuring psychological well-being of individual and collective life. Influence of four components of spiritual Intelligence(SI) on Psychological Well- Being(PSW) is thoroughly analyzed to get a clear picture of aspects of spiritual intelligence that are likely to optimize psychological well-being. Sample consisted of 126 college students selected from three colleges. Correlation and ANOVA results substantiated the significant role played by SI in the PSW of the participants. Components of SI namely, Transcendental Awareness, Personal Meaning Production, and Conscious State Expansion proved to be highly significant in the psychological well-being while Critical Existential Thinking was only moderately significant. To determine the predictive power of different components of SI taken in pairs in the PSW of individuals, step by step regression analysis was carried out. Finally, it was noticed that that SI of different religious groups differ significantly.

It has been raining cats and dogs. Flashes of lightning followed by big roars of thunderbolt all indicate an imminent deluge. I keep all windows and doors of the house closed and in a state of tranquillity retrieve to bed unusually tonight. Repeated knocks at the door are heard. A stern voice of command echoes before mom could ask me to open, Certainly it is dad, who makes his entry after a month as usual. Now something like tempest is inevitable at home. The very purpose of his visit on first of every month is to extract the hard earned money from mom. How he became liquor-addict and why he absolves responsibility ...I am unable to find answers. I became restless and hide myself in a blanket. Mom hurriedly reaches the threshold and opens the door only to acknowledge his curses. Tradition and honour make her endurable and she assists him to get in. Lights are off in the visiting room and so dad looks unclear. As usually he is in drunken state.

The study is intended to find how the primary Health Centers in the Pandharpur tahsil of solapur district are functioning and to reveal their problems and prospects. Functioning are concerning to visit of physician, required facilities, level of service delivery at PHCs etc. Cross-sectional, Observational study done in an all eight PHCs.A total of 35 medical and 50 Para-medical staff were interviewed with per tested questioners. For qualitative data, 100 beneficiaries were selected (100 men, 100 women).Group study and data analyzed by using statistical methods. This study is based on secondary data collected from Public Health department of solapur District as well as Primary source. The study found that non availability of essential facilities, ill- manned behavior of the staff, and absence of adequate man power, long hours wating,Absence of Doctors, on availability of medicine, No lady staff etc.are the some problems facing at PHCs in study area. Health is an essential input for the development of human resource and the quality of life. Disease free nation leads to high level of productivity of human being and so it is an important element can be attained by improving the health and nutritional status of the population. Hence that is necessary to concentrate to rural population. Present study gives an idea of real situation of Health Care service Delivery and helps to remove problems in Primary Health Center in Pandharpur tahsil of Solapur District and also helps to planners, Health scientists and research scholars. Further, this study has shown that there is a need of policy change regarding working style of PHCs.

The trends and patterns of margin of victory for the BJP in Indian parliamentary elections (1996-1998) studied which examines the geographical spread of the party. The constituency-wise analysis of the margin of victory for the BJP reveals that the main area of Strength of the party was North India in general and Hindi Speaking Heartland in particular. The party performed appreciably well in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Recently the party also has shown its presence in North-Eastern States and in Orissa. Gujarat has emerged as the key state for the party in these parliamentary elections.

Face recognition has received a great deal of attention from the scientific and industrial communities over the past several decades owing to its wide range of applications in information security and access control, law enforcement agencies, surveillance and more generally image understanding. Most of these methods were initially developed with face images collected under relatively well-controlled conditions and in practice they have difficulty in dealing with the range of appearance variations that commonly occur in unconstrained natural images due to illumination, pose, facial expression, aging, partial occlusions, etc. Unfortunately, facial appearance depends strongly on the ambient lighting conditions. This paperpresents a robust technique for identifying the faces in the various lighting conditions. The proposed method normalizes the acquired images under different lighting conditions in the first step. In the next step it captures as much as possible of the available information with relatively few training samples. The results show that our proposed method outperforms several existing preprocessors for a range of feature sets, data sets and lighting conditions.

Motivating factors is to create conditions in which people are willing to work with zeal, initiative, interest and enthusiasm, with a high personal and group moral satisfaction, with a sense of responsibility, loyalty and discipline and with pride and confidence in a most cohesive manner so that goals of an organization are achieved effectively. Most companies operate in an environment in which employee motivation has become more essential for improving employee productivity. Indeed, the absence of an employee motivation program can seriously hinder a company's ability to attract and keep good personnel. Employers must be aware of these issues and be ready to make informed decisions when they select employee benefits. Designing the right motivation plan for employees is a complex task. Encourage team building activities among employee groups to create trust and acceptance. Strong, loyal teams provide one level of acceptance and teamwork between departments provides another. Employees will be more motivated to do their jobs well if they have ownership of their work. This requires giving employees enough freedom and power to carry out their tasks so that they feel they “own” the result.

The Deccan volcanic, representing basaltic flows of Cretaceous-Eocene age, are the most extensive geological formation of Peninsular India. They cover total area of 80% area of Maharashtra state.

Existentialism, a literary critical and moreover a philosophical term , is emerged in the post Second World War period though it has its roots in the 19th century writings and ideas of Soren Kierkeggard and Nielzsche, respectively the Danish theologian and the German philosopher. Kierkeggrd had voiced against the evils of the materialistic approach of the Western and thought man as a slave of the machine age. Frederich Nielzsche stood against the social, moral and questioned about the ethnical values regarding the existence of god. Both marched at two direction with a flag of revolt: the Atheistic and the Theistic. The Atheistic approach believed in the ability of man to decorate and carve life out of the situations he encounters. While the Theist man moves ahead by believing in the existence of god. The impact of Existentialism was echoed in the mid 20th century in France and Germany ;by paving the seeds and creating a fertile land for Jean Paul Sartre ;by Martin Heidegger and Karl Yaspers.

The Lord Vitthala at Pandharpur is a favourite deity of the Maharashtra's working classes Pandharpur town is regarded as the 'Heaven on Earth' by the Vitthala's devotees across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa etc. these devotees undertake regular pilgrimage to Pandharpur throughout the year. In colloquical Marathi, this particular pilgrimage is known as Wari.

It has been raining cats and dogs. Flashes of lightning followed by big roars of thunderbolt all indicate an imminent deluge. I keep all windows and doors of the house closed and in a state of tranquillity retrieve to bed unusually tonight. Repeated knocks at the door are heard. A stern voice of command echoes before mom could ask me to open, Certainly it is dad, who makes his entry after a month as usual. Now something like tempest is inevitable at home. The very purpose of his visit on first of every month is to extract the hard earned money from mom. How he became liquor-addict and why he absolves responsibility ...I am unable to find answers. I became restless and hide myself in a blanket. Mom hurriedly reaches the threshold and opens the door only to acknowledge his curses. Tradition and honour make her endurable and she assists him to get in. Lights are off in the visiting room and so dad looks unclear. As usually he is in drunken state.

The unexpected and lump sum expenditures on health care are a cause of impoverishment and constant sense of insecurity to the poor. The Right to Health necessitates the availability of health care for all. The Community Based Health Insurance Schemes (CBHIs) are an innovative exercise towards participative contributory health insurance mechanisms designed to meet local needs. This paper explores the significance of CBHIs and understands the factors associated with the viability and sustainability of such organisations. The paper points out the role of social work interventions in the success of such micro health schemes to provide for the ultimate goal of health protection for all. The paper thus brings to the forefront the much needed collaboration between specialised interdisciplinary interventions in relevant aspects of policy implementation including the discipline of social work.

This paper deals with the credit to agriculture sector in India. Agriculture is an important sector in India which is still the primary source of livelihood for majority of the people in rural areas and this lively hood needs to be made sustainable for many. Therefore the growths this crucial sector this key detriment in overall economic development of country. Credit is an important input the agriculture development. In recent past since the initiation of financial reforms the flow of credit to agriculture in relation to its demand has declined. The investment in agriculture also declined much in this period. It resulted in declining the growth of agriculture sector and reduction in its contribution to GDP. The severe crisis in the vital sector led many farmers to attempt suicide in many advanced states in the country. Despite the robust growth of banking sector the informal sector still plays vital role in credit needs of the rural people.

The study was initiated to determine the influence of VAM fungi on a Rhizobium- legume interaction. The pot culture experiment was conducted during rabbi season with seed of Phaseolus radiatus.L.and Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq. and Leonard jar experiment was conducted for Phaseolus aconitifolius .The different inoculations of Rhizobium and Mycorrihiza were incorporated. During the period of experiment, samples were analysed for nodule numbers, dry weight of nodules, fresh weight, dry weight of plant, yield of pods, and length of plant and percentage of Mycorrihizal colonization. The results revealed that dual inoculation of Rhizobium with VAM enhanced seed yield of chickpea and golden- green gram.

Programmed learning is one of newer technique of effective for Chemistry (Organic and other branches) Communication in class-room and laboratory. Programming of Chemistry content to be learned by the students is the process of arranging visualaids like Charts, Models, and Diagrams. This is proved by conducting Post-test for Controlled and Experimental groups by using Statistical methods. Testing by hypothesis usingt = 􀯗 􀴤 √􀯡 􀯦 and applying ANOVA TABLE-MODEL -1.

Though some reports suggest that in-service training of library personnel started first time in India in the beginning of 20th century, yet the LIS education as university course started quite late as compared to other disciplines in undivided India. Geographically distribution of LIS education centres in India presents an interesting feature. Calcutta, Baroda and Lahore (in undivided India) set the motion and then Andhra and others followed. 1940s and 1950s have been the turning point so far the progress of LIS education is concerned. Spread of LIS education has been so that during last one century more than 100 universities have been imparting LIS education with quite a few colleges offering LIS education too. The preset study makes an Endeavour to trace the chronology of development of and chorology of distribution of LIS education in India.

The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the reasons for road traffic accidents in Tamil nadu. Also this study investigates the different causes of accidents occurred in past years in Tamilnadu. Tamilnadu was reported in one of the accident prone zone in India with having highest rate of road accidents. This study investigates why Tamilnadu reported in top number of accidents. What are the reasons for occurring accidents and how con resistance the accidents.

India is on the first rank in sugar production with 20.2 Million tones followed by EU, Brazil, USA, China, Thailand, Mexico, Australia, Cuba and South Africa. Out of the 453 sugar mills in the country, 269 are in the cooperative sector, 184 in the private sector and 67 in the public sector. Besides, 136 units in the private sector are in various stages of implementation. In India sugar production follows a 5-7 year cycle. Sugar production increases over a 3-4 year period, reaches a high, which in turn, results in lower sugar prices. As a result of lower sugar price, realizations of sugar mills, the sugarcane arrears increase. The increase in sugarcane arrears results in lower sugarcane production, resulting in lower production for the next 2-3 years. Because of lower sugar production, the prices shoot up resulting in increased area under sugarcane cultivation during the next season.

Among the 10 bacterial isolates were obtained from Acorus calamus rhizospheric soil of Melaiyar and Nagapattinam districts in Tamil Nadu. All the isolates were identified as Azospirillum spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Azotobacter spp. These bacterial strains were tested on morphological, biochemical and screened for their direct growth promoting activities (IAA production, production of Ammonia and Phosphate solubilization) and indirect growth promoting activities (HCN production, Siderophore production). The results obtained showed that among the 10 isolates of Melaiyar and Nagapattinam districts (M-M15) of ranged from (4.10 - 5.66 and 4.40 - 7.80) of Azospirillum spp., (3.00 – 6.00 and 3.20 – 6,.30 ) of Bacillus spp., (5.00 – 8.40 and 5.10 - 8.20) of Pseudomonas spp., and (3.00 - 6.00 and 3.30 - 6.30) of Azotobacter spp. The IAA production of Pseudomonas spp. (94%), Azospirillum spp (80%), Azotobacter spp. (65%) and Bacillus spp. (40%). Ammonium production of the isolates, Bacillus spp. (96%), Pseudomonas spp. (92%), Azospirillum spp. (65%) and Azotobacter spp. (55%). The siderophore and HCN production produced by all the isolates make it suitable for further investigation of pot and field trials by Acorus calamus cultivation

A world wide foodborne illness due to viruses remains a major concern, despite improving hygienic conditions. Magnetic nanoparticles have attracted recent researchers for their intensive applications as biomaterials and magnetic storage materials. The goal of this study is to synthesize Mg- NP's by using ultrasonic-assisted chemical coprecipitation method under different conditions. The Synthesized Mg- NP's was coated with chitosan for capturing the bacterial concentration from contaminated food sample. Chitosan from amine group specifically binds with bacteria on their surface of most food pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The binding characteristic of chitosan coated Mg- NP's with bacterial cell wall was obtained by using UV-Visible spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. UV-Visible Spectroscopy gives the reading of absorbance when the binding of receptor proteins occured with the sample. By using TEM, the Mg NP's shape and size was investigated. The product consisted of ferrous, ferrite (Fe3O4) nanosized cubic particles with a high level of crystallinity. This kind of Chitosan-magnetite nanocomposite has the potential to be used in biosensors to identify and to detect foodborne pathogens.

Climate change is currently a hotly debated topic and one of the major challenges for society, economy and environment today. As a result of climate change, and in an effort to adapt to a changing world situation, people will need to moodily the ways in which. They live and behave, and these aspects are fundamentally related to people's perception of the climate change phenomenon. This study assesses levels of awareness and concern in relation to climate change and its impacts within the Maltese population. Climate change has become a commonly debated topic in the news media and in every day political discourse. It is now almost impossible to pick up a news paper without reading about a new climate- related study or initiative, whether from political, business, nongovernmental or policy making communities. The public interest in climate change is not surprising, given that, not withstanding controversy and uncertainty about the causes and extent, it is increasingly clear that impacts may be for-reaching and could affect all sectors of society, with potential effects on various aspects of human welfare.

The Cooperative Movement in India was formally introduced with the promulgation of Cooperative Societies Act in 1904. Even before formal cooperative structures came into being through the passing of a law, the practice of the concept of cooperation and cooperative activities were prevalent in several parts of India. Some of them were named as Devarai or Vanarai, Chit Funds, Kuries, Bhishies, Phads. Cooperatives in India function in different sectors face diverse problems. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Cooperatives is a State subject under the Constitution of India and State cooperative laws and their implementation have vastly differed. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Cooperatives is a State subject under the Constitution of India and State cooperative laws and their implementation have vastly differed. The global economy, and in particular the Indian economy, has gone through transformation. The positive dimension of globalization included liberal economic policies, reduction of state intervention, and easy access to monetary capital and consequently new opportunities for economic participation. This is already evidenced in India in the form of increased economic growth and State withdrawal from many economic and social domains. Cooperatives are the best channels to keep the spirit of collectivism and democracy afloat. The presence of a large network of social organizations, like cooperatives, would aid in the generation and utilization of social capital and 'greater the social capital greater would be the possibility of development'. Therefore, cooperatives have a futuristic role of fostering collectivism and preserving the social capital base of the country.

Rohinton Mistry has emerged as a significant literary figure during the 20th century. He is an Indo- Canadian writer. Mistry was born on July 3, 1952 in Mumbai, India. Rohinton earned his Bachelor's Degree in Mathematics and Economics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai in the year 1973. In 1975, he along with his wife migrated to Canada where he worked in a bank as a clerk for a short time before returning to his studies. He earned his degrees in English and Philosophy from the University of Toronto in the year of 1982.

The purpose of this study is to outline the development of the idea of “stakeholder management” as it has come to be applied in strategic management. We begin by the distinguishing characteristics of a stakeholder approach. We then suggest that traditionally the stakeholder approach to strategic management has several related characteristics that serve as distinguishing features. We review recent work on stakeholder theory and suggest how stakeholder management has affected the practice of management. We end by suggesting further research questions.

India adopted a liberal economic regime, particularly in the areas of trade, since 1991. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of liberalization on the country’s industrial growth by analyzing the 1970- 2010 data with the help of cointegration and error correction methods. The empirical results suggest that long-run industrial growth in India is largely explained by its major determinants of the real capital stock, the labour force, real exports, the tariff collection rate and the secondary school enrolment ratio. The short -term dynamic behavior of India growth function of industrial value added has been investigated by estimating an error correction model in which the error correction term has been found to be correctly signed and Statistically significant.

The present study is an attempt to identify the environmental education awareness of upper primary school teachers (Grade VI to VIII) in relation to type of school, gender and subject streams. Environmental Awareness Test was used for collecting data from a random sample of 200 upper primary school teachers. Statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation and t test were applied for analysis of data. The results revealed that upper primary school teachers have average level of environmental education awareness. However, no significant differences were observed in environmental education awareness of these teachers in relation to type of school, gender and subject streams.

When we look at the history of the Indian English novel, we understand that the social and political reformers of modern India have also contributed to Indian writing in English literature. The works of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Rabindranath Tagore, Aurbindo Ghosh, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were changing the face of India. The works of Raja Rao, R.K.Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand reveal the aspects of changing India in their works. We come to know the development of Indian English novels traced out from pre-independence and post-independence era. Pre-independence Indian novel is characterized by the social awareness and desire for social and political changes. We see Gandhian impact on pre-independence Indian literature. The humble beginning of Indian English novel with Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's 'Raj Mohan's Wife' in 1864 has come to an age where it can compete with the British and the American novel, in style and narrative.

The scenario of educational progress in rural India began to change rapidly due to the new thrusts given by the Government's New National Policy of Education (1986) and the Programme of Action (1992), which aimed at improving access, reduction dropouts and improving learning achievement for all children between 6 -14 years of age. This study seeks to know the interest of the children towards the primary education in rural area, to make aware of parental education in rural area and to analyze the education system in rural area of Birbhum district of West Bengal.

Rumen fluid samples were collected to study the taxonomy of rumen ciliate protozoa belonging to genus Entodinium, from stomach adult Indian cattle (Bos indicus). The present paper deals with the morphology of Entodinium simplex (Dogiel, 1925) and is described for the first time from rumen of Indian cattle in India. It's Body measurements, frequency distribution and Variation of characters are recorded. Critical comments are made on it's specific identity. The observations are based on a study of 50 specimens taken at random from different samples E.simplex is an medium size elongated species with an elongated macronucleus. The posterior end is slender without any indication of spine or lobes.