:Sugarcane was used for chewing and its juice for drinking in ancient times. In India sugar making started between the fourth and fifth century A.D. The cane was cut into pieces, crushed by heavy weights and the juice boiled and cooled to get sugar in solid form. Malshiras tahsil is famous for the sugarcane cultivation and cooperative sugar industry. In this concern it is pertaining to understand the sugarcane cultivation trends in the Malshiras tahsil. The major aim of this research article is to find that,weather sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil doing the sugarcane cultivation in modern way. The data are colleted from the filed visits and unpublished reports and data colleted from the Tahsil Agriculture Office and Sugarcane Deptt. of all sugar factories in the Malshiras tahsil. It is intresting to find that, sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil adopted new methdologies and tools during the sugarcane cultivation.

:The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between occupational stress and job burnout of teachers working in primary schools. The sample consisted of 434 teachers from 40 schools in Mysore, India. The instruments used to measure the variables were: 1) The Occupational Stress Index by Srivastava and Singh (1984) and 2) Maslach Burnout Inventory by Maslach and Jackson (1981). The statistical techniques of descriptive statistics, Independent samples t test and Pearson's coefficient were employed to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicated significant positive relationship between job burnout and occupational stress. Occupational stress was found to be significantly and positively related to Emotional exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Lack of personal accomplishment. Higher the stress among the teachers, higher was the job burnout. Teachers working in private schools had higher job burnout in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than teachers working in government schools. School type did not influence the occupational stress of the primary school teachers working in government and private schools.

On February18, 1931 in the midst of Great Depression, Toni Morrison, a black American was born as a Chloe Anthony Wofford, in Lorain, Ohio. She graduated with honors from Lorain High School and went on to Howard University, where she studied English and Classics. In 1955 she received a master's degree in English from Cornell University. In 1958 she married Harold Morrison, a young architect from Jamaica, and their marriage ended in1964. She always wanted to be a dancer but fate compelled her to say the following words to Nellie Mckay, “All my work has to do with books. I teach books, write books, edit books, or talk about books. It is all one thing” (Bloom 51). In all she has written seven novels and has edited many books. For her unforgettable contribution in literature, she became the eighth woman and the first black woman to win the Nobel Prize in literature. She has also won the National Book critics Circle Award and the American Academy and Institute of Art and Letters Award.

The importance of a teacher in the educational process is unquestionable. However, the entire edifice of teacher is weak and ineffective. An effective teacher is amongst the foremost factors contributing to education improvement, which we are trying hard to achieve. After independence, crores of rupees have been spent to open new schools and provide them with adequate equipment and other facilities. Lacs of rupees have been spent on committees and commissions to deliberate and recommend methods of bringing about qualitative improvement in education. As a result, workers in the educational field have endeavoured to develop better curriculum, text/ books and teaching aids. Considerable effort has been made to devise teaching. But, all this is of no use and the development targets are bound to remain unachieved unless schools are staffed with effective teachers. It is they who influence and shape the competence and character of boys and girls

The rural Development is a very important issues in recent eras that needs a special attention as more than 60% of total population are live in rural areas and it is equally important to strengthen the rural economy which contributes significantly to the GDP of the country. In most of the rural areas of our country a mass of population used to migrate towards urban areas for searching a better quality life. This indicates a poor infrastructural development in rural areas whereas the economy of our country is mostly depended on agricultural activity. So a better quality infrastructure in rural areas will help not only in improvement of rural life but also will improve our economy by growing productivity in primary sector. Bharat Nirman is such an initiative taken by the Government for the development of Rural areas in a sustainable manner intensifying a better quality life by reducing rural poverty. Bharat Nirman aims to develop the basic infrastructure in rural areas through its six fold components. Research suggest that the incidence of rural poverty across Indian states is closely linked to the absence of proper rural infrastructural facilities under this circumstances Bharat Nirman emerged as an answer from the Government, designed exclusively for creation a develop rural infrastructure. The present study have been made to define all round Development in Rural areas through different components under Bharat Nirman.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by far the great majority of the people of Tamilnadu were Hindus belonging to both salivate and Vaishnavites sects. There were followers of Jainism also. There was a small population of Muslims also. The rulers of Vijayanagar worshipped Siva till they became Vaishnavites towards the close of the fifteenth century. Krishnadeva Raya was a devotee of Vishnu, but he also worshipped Siva. Vishvanatha Nayak, the founder of the Nayak line in Madurai and his successors were Vaishnavities. The Pandya rulers before the time of the Nayaks had been faithful saivites1.

t:Every tribal society irrespective of its folk and urban cultural elements would have been disappeared, had if not been recognized the notion of health Seeking behaviour. Siddhis in the state are small, homogeneous, typical language and isolated human group. According to the Bombay Gazetteer the Siddhis were escaped from Goa from their masters and settled in India and Yellapur Talukas, Uttar-Kannada District. They are described as having a black skin, curly hair, sloping forehead and thick lips. The people known as Khaphris are Goan Catholic Christians. They speak Konkani and are described as Siddhis in physical appearance. The Sidamo tribe in Africa practiced circumcision and grew a tuft of hair on the head. These practices in India continued among the Siddhis. This article deals with beliefs and practices, related to Siddhis with regard to their food patterns, ideas regarding hygiene, community sanitation and their concepts about illness and associated beliefs, their notions about supernatural and spirits as well as treatment in seeking behaviour. Explanation given on the above aspects is an attempt to make holistic approach towards the idea of understanding the knowledge, attitudes, Perceptions and practices relating to the overall health seeking behavioral system of Siddhis of Uttar - Kannada District in Karnataka state

The purpose of the present study was to compare the selected physical fitness variables of school level basket ball and cricket players in rural areas. Total 60 students (30 from Basket ball and 30 from cricket) male players from Gov. higher sec. schools, in Radhapuram block,Tirunelveli District were selected for this study. Their age ranged between 13-17 years. AAPHER youth physical fitness test was utilized to measure selected fitness components of players. It was hypothesized that no significant difference would be found between selected fitness variables of school level Basketball and Cricket players. For analysis of the data Mean & SD were calculated and to examine the significance difference between the group mean of different physical fitness variables 't' test was applied , and level of confidence was set at .05.level. Study concluded that significant difference found between the means of selected physical fitness variables such as speed and agility (shuttle run),explosive strength of legs (SBJ), speed of lower extremities (50 mts. dash ) and explosive strength, cardio vascular endurance (12 min run & walk ) and no significant difference found between the means of muscular strength (dynamic ) and endurance of arm & shoulders (pulls ups), muscular strength and endurance of trunk ( bent –knee sit ups ) of school level Basket ball and Cricket players.

:Sugarcane was used for chewing and its juice for drinking in ancient times. In India sugar making started between the fourth and fifth century A.D. The cane was cut into pieces, crushed by heavy weights and the juice boiled and cooled to get sugar in solid form. Malshiras tahsil is famous for the sugarcane cultivation and cooperative sugar industry. In this concern it is pertaining to understand the sugarcane cultivation trends in the Malshiras tahsil. The major aim of this research article is to find that,weather sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil doing the sugarcane cultivation in modern way. The data are colleted from the filed visits and unpublished reports and data colleted from the Tahsil Agriculture Office and Sugarcane Deptt. of all sugar factories in the Malshiras tahsil. It is intresting to find that, sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil adopted new methdologies and tools during the sugarcane cultivation.

This article examines the influence of gender and type of school on job performance among school teachers. The first aim of this study was to examine the differences between men and women teachers with respect to their job performance, and the second aim was to examine the influence of gender and type of school on job performance of teachers in primary schools. A total of 437 primary school teachers were selected from primary schools in Mysore city, India. The instrument used to measure the Job Performance was Job Performance Questionnaire adapted and translated by researcher (originally constructed by Shokrkon and Arshadi in 1990 in Persian). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and two-way ANOVA. The results revealed that male teachers significantly scored high on job performance than female teachers. Further, it was found that school type had significant influence over job performance, where teachers working private schools had higher scores compared to teachers working in government schools.

This article examines the influence of gender and type of school on job performance among school teachers. The first aim of this study was to examine the differences between men and women teachers with respect to their job performance, and the second aim was to examine the influence of gender and type of school on job performance of teachers in primary schools. A total of 437 primary school teachers were selected from primary schools in Mysore city, India. The instrument used to measure the Job Performance was Job Performance Questionnaire adapted and translated by researcher (originally constructed by Shokrkon and Arshadi in 1990 in Persian). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and two-way ANOVA. The results revealed that male teachers significantly scored high on job performance than female teachers. Further, it was found that school type had significant influence over job performance, where teachers working private schools had higher scores compared to teachers working in government schools.

:Pattern-making is an important stage in apparel manufacture. Indian apparel industry employs both fashion designers and pattern makers (FD&PM) for developing patterns for apparel production. Employed FD&PM possess varied qualifications, work experience, back-grounds and come from different geographical regions. Migratory nature of workforce has also contributed in use of self developed pattern making approaches. Numerous pattern-making approaches have been evolved since beginning of apparel manufacture and some are still in practice. Current non-standardized pattern-making approaches, including some computer based approaches, involve some manual operations. The prevalence of non-standard pattern-making approaches, diversity in skills and competencies among FD&PM are adversely influencing the growth of Indian apparel industry. A survey has been conducted in the Delhi and national capital region (NCR) cluster of Indian apparel industry to study current pattern-making approaches being adopted by FD&PM community, skills gaps, competency deficiencies and standardization aspect of pattern-making process. This paper presents the findings of the study which are expected to help apparel industry, vocational training institutes, educationists and policy makers to realign their efforts for improving performance and competencies of FD&PM community.

The whole geographical proceeding of the Kalika Purana is dominated by the description of rivers. More than fifty rivers of divergent identities have found their mention in this famous compilation of Kamrupa origin and naturally majority numbers of such references are about the rivers of Assam (Kamrupa). However, the treatise also speaks about the rivers beyond the territories of Assam which remains here as the core concerned of our study. Inspired by the ideal of “nadi stuti' of Rg Veda, the study intends to analyze the aspect behind those references of rivers that in appropriating the propositions regarding the domain or the extensiveness of the mercantile activities of Kamrupa. Accordingly, the study sum ups with some interesting resolutions like a declining tendency of Indian business with south-east Asian countries through the corridor of Kamrupa etc. etc.

Managing Diversity is a huge challenge in todays global world. Although women have made great strides in diverse fields , gender inequity still exists in various forms. Well gender distinction is not just a social concern. It could also create a competitive edge to address the global challenges that corporations are facing and will face. In corporate world, female representation falls with hierarchy. The limited female presence in leadership positions is an issue to be addressed. In Europe, females only average 12 % when it comes to higher positions i.e., companies' boards of directors. It is 15 % in the America and drops to 5% in India and down to 3 % in the Middle East and North Africa. Quotas have only recently arrived in the business world. The most widely known example of corporate board quotas is in Norway, where a 40% gender quota for public limited, state-owned and inter-municipality companies was introduced in December 2003. There has been use of voluntary gender quotas in the corporate sector. There is substantial variation in the proportion of female managers across industries. Some industries e.g. Primary sector, energy and water have no firms with a woman among their top CEOs or vice-directors, while other industries are more 'female-friendly' like private service and retail, hotels and restaurants. This clearly indicates substantial industry differences.

:Sugarcane was used for chewing and its juice for drinking in ancient times. In India sugar making started between the fourth and fifth century A.D. The cane was cut into pieces, crushed by heavy weights and the juice boiled and cooled to get sugar in solid form. Malshiras tahsil is famous for the sugarcane cultivation and cooperative sugar industry. In this concern it is pertaining to understand the sugarcane cultivation trends in the Malshiras tahsil. The major aim of this research article is to find that,weather sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil doing the sugarcane cultivation in modern way. The data are colleted from the filed visits and unpublished reports and data colleted from the Tahsil Agriculture Office and Sugarcane Deptt. of all sugar factories in the Malshiras tahsil. It is intresting to find that, sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil adopted new methdologies and tools during the sugarcane cultivation.

Reactive power and voltage control is very essential for the proper operation and control of power system. This paper presents an efficient Differential Evolution approach to solve multi objective and multi constrained reactive power and voltage control problem. The objective functions are minimization of real power losses, minimization of voltage deviation and minimization of voltage stability index for the most vulnerable bus. In this approach the generator voltages, the transformer tap changers and the switchable VAR sources are taken as the control variables to get the optimal solution. The effectiveness of the proposed system has been tested in standard IEEE 30 bus test system it satisfies all the equality and inequality constraints and successful results have been obtained.

The empirical pseudopotential method was developed in the 1960’s [1-3] as a way to solve Schrodinger’s equation for bulk crystals without knowing exactly the potential experienced by an electron in the lattice. Since electrons are interacting with the crystal lattice, an electronic band structure calculation is a many body problem (unlike the situation in photonic crystal calculations, for example [4]). Although other methods existed at the time for approximating electronic band structures, the pseudo potential method gives surprisingly accurate results considering the computing time and effort involved.

Café Coffee Day is a division of India's largest coffee conglomerate, Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd. (ABCTCL). ABCTCL grows coffee in its own estates of 10,000 acres. The land value of the coffee plantations is US$250–300 million. It is the largest producer of Arabica beans in Asia. Apart from this, the group also sources coffee from 11,000 small growers. V. G. Siddhartha from Karnataka is the founder-owner of the chain of Cafe Coffee Day outlets. Started off as a premium provider of broadband internet over a cup of coffee, CCD has evolved over the past two decades, expanded its beverage list beyond coffee, overhauled its food menu and is now in the process of re-inventing its easily recognized bright-purple-and-red identity. CCD is expanding its formats to include lounges and squares and creating sub-divisions for everything from highways to hospitals. This paper attempts to study the journey of CCD in brewing fresh formulations to stay relevant in the market.

According to De Jong, Parker S K, Wennekers & WUI 2011 Intrapreneurship behavior refers to the entrepreneurial behavior shown within the existing organization that focuses on the employee initiative in an organization to start or undertake something new although he or she is not being asked to do so. In recent years, it is argued that internal organizational factors play a very important role in developing Intrapreneurship amongst employees. The systems of the organizations play an important role in developing entrepreneurial orientation of the employees. Various theories have suggested that there is a positive relation between the Intrapreneurship and organization culture. The objective of this study is to establish an empirical investigation in the relationship between the intrapreneurial behaviour of employees and organization culture in Indian software industry. Methodology: The present study was done on a sample of 350 managers belonging to private sector organizations in software industry. Variables in the study were assessed through descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Linear Regression Analysis. Findings: It was analyzed that there is a positive and significant relationship between culture and Intrapreneurship in software industry. Implications: The findings of this study can assist organizations to develop intrapreneurial mindset of employees by providing a favourable culture to the employees. There should be more encouragement and innovation with enterprising attitude of the organization to encourage innovation by the employees.

The socio-cultural background is an important factor with all the novelists as they have used Indian motifs around 1970s and 1980s. The image of India that emerges in the novels of Salman Rushdi, Rohington Mistry and Bharati Mukherjee highlights their cosmopolitan Indian origin. However, it is interesting to consider the different ethnic origins of these novelists. Bharati Mukherjee is a Bengali Brahmin Hindu settled in America. Her novels also reflect an image of India but she does not consider herself as Indian. She calls herself an American.

The present study was undertaken to study the effectiveness of creative teaching of environmental awareness for sustainable development among the students of STD X. The objective of this study is to develop in students the ability to recognize problems, to be flexible in thinking, to invent and originate ideas of products, to find new uses for old without affecting the future resources and construct new and original solutions to problems. A descriptive survey was conducted. The sample of the study included 60 students .The investigator took group consisting of 36 female students and 24 male students. A pre-test was constructed by the investigator. The study revealed that the success of the creative teaching of environmental awareness is helpful in enhancing the sustainable development. Efforts in awareness is essential for the action as it is necessary to acquaint and sensitize the young minds to the environmental problems and concerns, so that they can play their role effectively towards environment.

According to Nyaya Vaisesika Universals are real, independent, ubiquitous and eternal entities which inhere in individual c, qualities and notions. The term Universal or samanya used in the Vaisesika philosophy in the sense of 'Common features. Things must be admitted to posses common features which enable us to classify them and give them a common designation. These Common features are what the Nyaya Vaisesika Calls samanya. The universal cow must be different from the Particular cow, because, it is designated by a distinet name 'Cowness'. The Sanskrit word that Goutama used is jati, etymologically associated with the notion of natural kinds. Goutama said that jati "Seems to be what we should call a natural class."1 Vatsyayana, the commentator of Nyayasutra, used the term Samanya and jati in two different senses. According to him a samanya is a "pure" universal, like Being, which assimilates without differentiating, while a jati is an Ordinary Property like horseness or tableness one which both assimilates and differentiates.

:Agriculture occupies most important place in Indian economy. It is of a crucial importance in order to delineate Agriculturally developed and under deloped areas within the region .In Fact Agricultural change can not be understood separately from general process of development .However, Agro-technical determinants like irrigation .Mechanization High Yielding Varieties of Seed and Chemical Fertilizers form a development farm a developed kind of agricultural land scope and provide a farm of parameter to measure the level of agricultural development a region .In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the levels of agricultural development of satara.

:Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and Diarrhea are the major causes for the under 5 mortality. Two thirds of the IMR is being contributed by the Neo-natal mortality (NMR). The present paper highlights the correlates of major childhood morbidity like ARI and Diarrhea of children in Tamil Nadu using Chi Square and Logistic Regression analysis. The underprivileged population groups like Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribes are the targeted population and the determinants of childhood morbidity like illiterate women, children residing in Kachcha houses and the family not covered under health insurance scheme need more attention to reduce childhood morbidity.

The Competition Act was passed by the parliament in 2002. Due the economic development of the country the need was felt to repeal the Monopolistic Restricted & Trade Policies Act and bring in a bigger and more comprehensive form of competition law that protects the consumers. The Competition Act prohibits anti- competitive agreements, prevents abuse of dominance, regulates combinations (mergers & acquisitions) and empowers the ten member Competition Commission of India (CCI) with different powers in various sections contained within the ambit of the Act.

Flood is a natural phenomenon in response to heavy rainfall but it becomes a hazard when it inflicts loss to the lives and properties of the people (K.Siddharth 2001). Flood is a relatively high flow which overtakes the natural channel provided for the run off. (Chaw, 1956). Flood is most common disaster occurred in all over the world. Many countries faces flood in the world. History of flood is discussed in this paper.

:India has become the preferred manufacturing destination for many multinational automobile industries due to high quality and low cost operations. The emergence of India as manufacturinghub paved way to growth opportunities for Indian industries. Almost all major automobile giants purchase the required material, components and sub-assemblies from vendors as per horizontal supply chain integration strategy. Any disturbance in supply chain results in to derailment of delivery schedule of automobile manufacturing company and ultimately incurred losses.This paper attempts to explore conceptualities and realities in automobile industries in India. The identified conceptualities and realities are the result of a survey conducted ineight companies and fifty executives of automobile industries in India. The paper expresses the insight received from the executives, managers of automobile industries through the personal discussion, interviews and questionnaire. The research work is useful to the academician and practitioners in the domain of supply chain.

A Portfolio is a combination of different investment assets mixed and matched for the purpose of achieving investors goals. Items that are considered in the portfolio can include any asset shares, debenture, fixed deposits mutual fund units to items such as gold silver and even real estates etc. However for most investors a portfolio has come to signify an investment in financial instruments like shares debentures, fixed deposits and mutual units.

Value education is of having great significance as it helps in the full development of child's personality in its physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects, and inculcate good manners and responsibility and cooperative citizenship and develop respect for the individual and society. Such value education should help to eliminate obscurantism, religious fanaticism, violence, superstitions and fatalism. In every individual, there is not one value but many and often in contradiction. When different values make claim on man at the same time and in the same situation, then he makes use of processing of values. The value processing skills in this study are; choosing freely, choosing from alternatives, choosing after consideration of consequences, prizing and cherishing, publicly affirming when appropriate, acting when situation demands, and acting with consistency and repetition. The experimental method was carried out for a sample of 248 secondary school students. The tools used in this study are the comprehensive instructional material based on value analysis model of teaching, worksheet for this model, and value processing skills scale. The major findings of the study revealed the comprehensive instructional material based on value analysis model of teaching is effective in developing value processing skills of secondary school students than activity oriented method of teaching.

Now a day's dengue becomes an epidemic in almost all over the India covering 80% districts in Assam. The study was carried out at lakhimpur district of Assam which is a place considered to be the 'Gateway to Arunachal Pradesh and important for transport and communication. Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out the diagnostic performance of different commercially available kits for early detection of dengue infection during an outbreak. Methods: Dengue NS1 an IgM card test was done to detect acute dengue infection in all the collected samples (SD Bioline Dengue duo Dengue NS1 + Ab Combo). IgM Mac Elisa Test was used as a gold standard method. Result: Out of 340 nos of clinically suspected dengue patients, SD BIOLINE Dengue Duo kit showed 89 cases were found Dengue IgM positive and 142 nos were Dengue NS1 positive. Whereas only 47 nos of samples were found to be positive in Dengue IgM Elisa test and 13 nos was Dengue NS1Ag Elisa positive. All the NS1Ag Elisa positive samples were found Dengue IgM Elisa positive. Adult males are more affected with dengue. More nos of dengue cases were reported from urban area as compared to rural. All community has equally affected with dengue infection. Economically backward people are more pretentious to dengue infection. The sensitivity and specificity of SD BIOLINE Dengue Duo kit was 95.92% and 22.50% respectively.

t:Life skills are the abilities that help and promote mental well being and competence in people that they face the realities of life. According to World Health Organization, life skill education is designed to facilitate the practice and reinforcement of psychological skills in a culturally and developmentally appropriate way. It contributes to the promotion of personal and social development, the prevention of health and social problems and protection of human rights. Since life skills are the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour, it enables individual to deal effectively with demands and challenges of everyday life.

Health is considered as a major determinant of happiness. The link between health and development is very close. Creativity of human being is depended on his health condition. In this context, Medical Geography as a branch of human geography deals with such aspects. Tuberculosis remains a global public health problem even though it's causative organism was discovered and highly effective medicines and vaccines are available for cure them, have been known for a long time. India is the highest TB burden country in the world and accounts 20 percent of global burden of tuberculosis. The data regarding TB has been collected from vital statistics published by government of Maharashtra. The present study attempts to evaluate the Spatio-temporal analysis of Tuberculosis mortality in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. The objective of this research paper is to study the distributional pattern and correlation between various geographical and socio-cultural factors and mortality of tuberculosis in the study region. The researcher proposes to analyze the available data at various stages is being calculated using various statistical methods. The collected data has correlated with different physical and socio cultural variables. The distributional pattern of Tuberculosis is to be investigated at district level. The data collected for 35 years period has been analyzed by Choropleth methods, Standard Mortality Rate (S. M. R.), simple ranking technique and Karl Pearson's correlation method is used for understanding comparison, distributional pattern and correlation between various factors and Tuberculosis. Class intervals for distribution is decided by percentile method.

Gulbarga District is geographically, historically, religiously and culturally rich and diverse. It has many forts built by the rulers who ruled in this region. The forts were the defense architectures that were recommended by the ancient Indian politicians, law makers and seers. Majority of the forts in this area are hill forts (parvata durga), forest forts (vana durga) and Island forts (Jaladurga) as represented by Surapuara, Shahapura, Wagingera, Rayanpal, Yadgir; Vanadurga, Sannati, Malkhed, Sedam, Malkhed, Gulbarga, Chinmalli, Ijeri, Chincholi and Ferozabad etc.

The present study is about environmental awareness of higher secondary school students in Cuddalore district. The environmental awareness tool standardized by Dr. G. Suthakar was administered to a random sample of 300 higher secondary school students in Cuddalore District. This study reveals that the environmental awareness of higher secondary school students have average level of environmental awareness and significantly differs with respect to boys and girls, living place, and parents education. There is significant relationship between environmental awareness. There is no significant relationship between. Type of school, parents income and parents occupation.

Education is one of the most important component of social sector and the role of education in facilitating social and economic progress is well recognized. Himachal Pradesh has acquired the status of a highly literate state in the recent year. According to 2011 census data Himachal Pradesh with 83.8% observed 5th rank in term of literacy in India after Kerala (93.9%), Mizoram (91.6%) Tripura (87.8%) and Goa (87.4%). In present study an attempt has been made to analyze the growth of education sector in Himachal Pradesh and district constitutes the basic unit of study. The study is entirely based on secondary data collected from Directorate of Elementary Education, government of Himachal Pradesh. The study revealed that Himachal Pradesh experienced significant improvement in education sector and its various indicators such as Number of schools, Pupil teacher ratio in Primary, High and Senior secondary schools, and Dropout rate in primary and in High Schools.

Nigerian children continue to embrace multidimensional issues in schools and within their communities. Such issues include societal negative perceptions and teacher expectations. Unfortunately, there are no legal mandates requiring both the regular and special education teachers to identify, assess, place and instruct these children with exceptionalities in a humane way that neither labels nor destroy their self-concepts. Therefore, in this article, the authors mention and discuss multidimensional issues that confront children with exceptionalities in Nigeria and render techniques that will help in reducing labels and enhance their self-concepts.

:Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) and Business process outsourcing (BPO) has gained its magnitude after Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization policy announced by the Government in the recent economic policy 1991. After a decade, gradually it is trailing its allure and very few are choosing BPO sector as their career option. KPO is on the same line with BPO. With the advent of new technology, updated knowledge is required. Within short span of time technology is changing, concepts are changing and the meaning is ever changing. Everyone has to follow the order of the day, until the next adaptation, segment, and notion will come in our way. Crowd sourcing is one such segment which changing the shape of the technology recently. In spite of the jargon name, crowd sourcing is a very authentic and imperative business design. The basic idea is to tap into the collective intelligence of the public at large to complete business-related tasks that a company would normally either perform itself or outsource to a third-party provider. Yet free labour is only a narrow part of crowd sourcing appeal. More prominently, it enables managers to expand the size of their talent pool while also gaining deeper insight into what customers really want. The present paper focuses on the concept of Crowd sourcing, to what extent people aware of crowd sourcing and about the crowd sourcing industry.

Education is the nourishment of the mind with knowledge this is practiced purposefully and productively. Education disciplines the mind, sharpens the intellect and refines the spirit. It's the development of integrated personality that unfolds itself to the highest wisdom. It's a continuous process. Higher education has a critical role to play particularly in the developing countries in the context of globalization and emphasis on market driven economies. Contributions of higher education to the nations' human resource development take many forms: training to middle and higher level professional, technical and managerial staff; creation of new knowledge through research and scientific study, training and dissemination, forgoing a cultural identify and fostering democratic processes by encouraging independent ideas and informed opinions.Broadly speaking, knowledge which is imparted through Higher Education provides skills to its practitioners. When discussing career options with the emphasis needs to be placed more on what they are interested in and what they enjoy rather than the job opportunities. It is at least possible that working women may also be learning valuable skills, accumulating experience, bringing in resources, establishing independence, supporting their family, enhancing their confidence and rising labour productivity. The estimated type of employment and level of education co-efficient of linear function indicated that level will increase by increasing in income. Adjusted R2 value implies that according to linear function 41. 9 per cent of change in earnings function is give to increase income. The result that there is significant relation between income and type of employment and level of education is proved.

The study was designed to investigate the effect of Plyometric training on explosive power of Basketball players. For this purpose of the study (N=30) thirty male Basketball players were selected from mannar district their age group of 18 to 23 as subjects and divided into two groups of fifteen subjects each as experimental group and control group following random procedure. The experimental group underwent Plyometric training over a period of nine weeks where as control group did not participate in any of the training except their regular activities as per the curriculum. Explosive power was assessed before and after the experimental period for both the groups by using c. Independent 't' test was used to analyze the collected data. The results of this study showed that there was a significant improvement of explosive power on plyometric training group comparing than control group.

The Study investigated the perception of secondary students towards Open Text based Assessment . Descriptive research design of the survey type was used. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A total of 200 secondary school students were selected from four schools through stratified random sampling technique. A validated questionnaire vetted by experts in measurement and research was used as an instrument for data collection. Independent t-test statistic was used for data analysis. The study revealed that students' towards Open Text based Assessment were significantly positive; that gender and school location significantly influenced students' attitude towards Open Text based Assessment. The results further revealed that there are significant differences between attitude of male and female students in rural and urban schools towards Open Text based Assessment

“Sarvodaya” is an offspring of Gandhi's thinking. There was a great impact Jainism on Mahatma Gandhi. He borrowed the term Sarvodaya from the writings of Jaina sage 'Acharya Samantabhadra' and used it first in his autobiography. Though the term Sarvodaya is popularly related to the political and social thinking of Vinoba Bhave, we find its seeds in Gandhian philosophy. Even the translation of Ruskin's Unto the Last into Guajarati by Mahatma Gandhi contains the title 'Sarvodaya'. Some believe that Sarvodaya means the rise of all but it also means 'Welfare of all'.

Abstract:Today, with growing competition in educational field, the students have to be very particular regarding their studies as well as presentation of the studied matter in the perfect way. Many times, while going through the answer books of the students at different levels, it is frequently observed that students are not conscious regarding the matter which they write as the answers. There are certain drawbacks in their writings. This paper aims at high lighting those drawbacks with reference to the co operative principles of the well known pragmatician -H.Paul Grice. Co-operative principles play a vital role in pragmatics. Pragmatics is the study of meaning formation in communication, based on context. Initially, it is necessary to explain that Grice provides the co-operative principles with reference to communication which is generally oral and face to face. Here, with respect to written examinations, we need to consider the students as the senders who transmit their message in the form of the answers. On the other hand; the assessor will be the receiver. The written examination is the way to communication between the students and the assessors. In this sense, it's simple calculation that the score in the written examination depends upon the effectivity of communication between them. The violation of the co-operative maxims as stated by Grice will result in students' poor performance in the written examinations and obviously in poor score.

The fragmentation pattern of halomethane (CF4) has been studied by electron impact with reference to Jain-Khare semi-empirical formula in the energy range from threshold to around 350 eV. Absolute cross-sections for electron impact single ionization of CF4 ions leading to the formation of CF3 + , CF2 + and C+ are measured, having the corresponding threshold energies are 14.63 eV, 18.97 eV and 31.65 eV respectively.The present results are compared with the previously measured results of Ce Ma et al [11] and K.Stephan et al [12]

The paper attempts to highlight the announcement of the implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations, the stand of the V.P.Singh,the then Prime Minister of India , the opposition from various quarters, modification done during the Prime Ministership of Narasimha Rao ,the recent Supreme Court's ruling over the implementation of 27% reservation in the Central Educational Institutions and in this regard the stand of the prominent Dravidian Parties in Tamil Nadu

The suspension pH has considerable effect on the settling behaviour of iron ore particles. The settling rate decreases substantially in the alkaline condition compared to the acidic or neutral pH region. The suspension is stabilized at pH 10 when no flocculent is used. The role of increasing zeta potential with the increase in suspension pH in affection the inter-particle repulsion as well as varying degree of ionization of the polymers with pH in settling of the particles are discussed. . Water from slime ponds overflow remains contaminated with very fine particles which are difficult to settle and cause environmental pollution. The above problem necessitate to study foculation settling and filtration behaviour with flocculants.Generally Homopolymers are used as flocculants in treatment of industrial effluents

Environmental deterioration has taken place along with excessive extraction of ground water as a result of industrialization and urbanization. Pollution load due to industrial effluents is also a matter of serious concern not only for the quality of nearby aquatic body but also for living being residing there. It seeps into the aquifers and pollute the ground water, which has adverse effects on users health. Hence industrialization offers a wide scope of ground water contamination and depletion of ground water level through excess extraction. GIS has been found very useful in establishing the spatial relationship between pollution level and its source. Now it is a readily available spatial analysis tool which gives unique and unparalleled insights into the natural and manmade environments due to its strength to link the "generic information" with its "location". It not only analyses the present environmental scenario but also helps in projecting the future, in other words, one can effectively use the GIS tool for past, present and future studies on environment and its protection for the generations to come in future GIS can be effectively used in environmental management and planning, ground water quality analysis and mapping, fresh water and saltwater interface, solid waste and waste water management, air & water pollution, natural hazards and their mitigation etc. This paper primarily focuses on the brief history, benefits and utilities of GIS in different field of environmental sciences

Man is a social animal and Education moulds his personality in a systematic manner. Education is a dynamic concept. It's meaning changes from time to time. The broad based meaning of education implies an educational process which is “Man gains educational experience from cradle to grave”. Swami Vivekananda, a modern philosopher and educationist perceived, “Education as a manifestation of divine perfection already existing in man'. By man making he implies the formation of character increase in the power of mind and expansion of the intellectual capabilities.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic, non-essential heavy metal and constitutes a real threat to fish because of its widespread occurrence in the aquatic environment. The present study is carried out to know the effect of calcium (Ca) in reducing the Cd bioaccumulation levels in the selected tissues of fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) exposed to Cd. The fish were exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl ) at a sub lethal 2 th concentration of 1/10 LC50/48 hrs i.e. 5ppm for 7, 15 and 30 days (d) time periods. After 15d Cd exposure, the fish were supplemented with trace element Ca (1ppm) and observed for again 7, 15 and 30d long sojourn. After the specified time periods, the test tissues like liver, kidney, muscle, brain and gill were isolated and tested for Cd bioaccumulation by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS – Schimadzu AA6300). There was a significant elevation in Cd concentrations in all the test tissues with increased period of exposure to the heavy metal. Maximum Cd accumulation was found in 30d Cd exposed fish kidney (22.353±0.41 ìg / gm wet wt. of the tissue) than the other tissues. However there was significant reduction in Cd bioaccumulation with Ca supplementation suggesting their vital role in heavy metal detoxification. Maximum decrease in Cd accumulation was found in 30d fish kidney (6.996 ± 0.284 ìg / gm wet wt. of the tissue) supplemented with Ca. Our findings clearly envisages that 30d Ca supplementation is more effective in reducing the Cd body burden when compared to other time periods in the fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus.

Education is the nourishment of the mind with knowledge this is practiced purposefully and productively. Education disciplines the mind, sharpens the intellect and refines the spirit. It's the development of integrated personality that unfolds itself to the highest wisdom. It's a continuous process. Higher education has a critical role to play particularly in the developing countries in the context of globalization and emphasis on market driven economies. Contributions of higher education to the nations' human resource development take many forms: training to middle and higher level professional, technical and managerial staff; creation of new knowledge through research and scientific study, training and dissemination, forgoing a cultural identify and fostering democratic processes by encouraging independent ideas and informed opinions.Broadly speaking, knowledge which is imparted through Higher Education provides skills to its practitioners. When discussing career options with the emphasis needs to be placed more on what they are interested in and what they enjoy rather than the job opportunities. It is at least possible that working women may also be learning valuable skills, accumulating experience, bringing in resources, establishing independence, supporting their family, enhancing their confidence and rising labour productivity. The estimated type of employment and level of education co-efficient of linear function indicated that level will increase by increasing in income. Adjusted R2 value implies that according to linear function 41. 9 per cent of change in earnings function is give to increase income. The result that there is significant relation between income and type of employment and level of education is proved.

:In this paper, delinquent behavior is studied in terms of emotional stability. Emotional instability is one of the most significant causes that lead to delinquent behavior. Emotional Stability of delinquent and Non-delinquent is measured through Emotional Stability Test. Emotional Stability Test for Children by Dr. H.A. Sengupta & Dr. A.K. Singh (Hindi) was used. A total 100 subject sample was used. For this study two main groups' namely delinquent group (study group) and non-delinquent group (comparison group) was used, each group consisting of 50 subjects. Delinquents and non- delinquents as a group show a significant difference on emotional stability. Majority of delinquent suffers from emotional problems.

A Woman is identified as a mother, a wife daughter-in-law or a daughter but never as an independent person. To be born as a woman means to inhabit, from early infancy to the last day of life, a psychological world that differs from the world of the man. Much of the exasperation and discrimination in woman's life stems from this fact. The overall picture is one of greater disadvantage for women workers in general and those belonging to unorganized sector in particular. As a matter of fact, the problem of female worker is the index of the status of Indian labour in both organized and unorganized sector. Unorganized or informal sector constitutes a pivotal part of the Indian economy. More than 90 per cent of workforce and about 50 per cent of the national product are accounted for by the informal economy. A high proportion of socially and economically underprivileged sections of society are concentrated in the informal economic activities. Informal employment is generally a larger source of employment for women than for men in the developing world. The informal economy in India employs about 86 per cent of the country's work force and 91 per cent if its women workers .

Most of India's trade with the western countries was carried through the port towns situated on the west coast. So the contribution of these port towns is major in the maritime trade. At the same time the role played by Inland emporiums is also equally important because the commodities which were exported were obtained through these centers.

The term 'slum' came into vogue since the beginning of the 18th century. It was used to describe squalid housing in densely populated areas of industrial cities. A slum is a compact area of overcrowded population, poorly built congested dwelling condition, unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. Living conditions in slums have a direct impact on people's health. One of the major challenges that face urban planners globally is the proliferation of slums in urban areas and the host of health hazards that they bring along with their wake. However, the prolific spread of slums has been a rampant problem in urban areas worldwide. Eventually, the extent and spread of slums in India not only help us to recognize that they are not anomalous and pathological phenomena on the urban landscape but also a manifestation of urban poverty that is still predominant in the urban economy.

The present study on reading habits of faculty members is based on a user survey carried out at Padmabhushan Vasant Dada Patil College of Patoda. Factors affecting the reading habits, avarage time spent in library, sources used in library, etc. were studied.

Due to lack of awareness and connectivity and many other reasons Tourism Industry in Maharashtra is still unexplored and it is still hovering at its infancy stage. Unsecured condition of law and order, economic blockade on National Highways, lack of infrastructure, and lack of trained manpower are the main causes, threats and obstacles in the development of Tourism industry in the state. But it has the potential to become a major tourist destination in our country provided its potentials are streamlined in a proper direction. This study focuses on famous and interesting sight-seeing places of Maharashtra. This study also attempts to identify the problems and prospects for the development of Tourism Industry and also tourism industry and employment generation in the state. A few suggestions regarding the strategies that may be adopted by Government and Private Sector are also given in this paper.

Due to lack of awareness and connectivity and many other reasons Tourism Industry in Maharashtra is still unexplored and it is still hovering at its infancy stage. Unsecured condition of law and order, economic blockade on National Highways, lack of infrastructure, and lack of trained manpower are the main causes, threats and obstacles in the development of Tourism industry in the state. But it has the potential to become a major tourist destination in our country provided its potentials are streamlined in a proper direction. This study focuses on famous and interesting sight-seeing places of Maharashtra. This study also attempts to identify the problems and prospects for the development of Tourism Industry and also tourism industry and employment generation in the state. A few suggestions regarding the strategies that may be adopted by Government and Private Sector are also given in this paper.

VANET have become a big research area with contributions split between government and industrial consortia, as well as the academic community. VANET is the special case of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) [2]. VANET is mobile ad-hoc networking technologies which provide the facilities such as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication. A vehicle is assumed to be an intelligent mobile node in VANET which can communicates with its neighbor's node and other vehicles in the network. As in MANET, it is necessary to identify each vehicle in the VANET with a unique reference [3].Vehicular Ad Hoc Network is the new kind of ad-hoc networks that is implemented between vehicles on a road [1]. VANET is self-organizing communities of moving mobile nodes having large numbers of traffic such as trucks, buses, cars and small number of fixed infrastructure nodes such as highway rail grade crossings, traffic lights, and informational signals within radio broadcasting range.

This paper is concerned with the role of energy in the sustainable development. Energy is central to improve social and economic well-being, and is indispensable to most industrial and commercial wealth generation. It is the key for relieving poverty, improving human welfare and raising living standards. But, however, essential it may be for development, energy is only a means to an end. The energy supply sector can best advance sustainable development by producing and delivering secure and environmentally-friendly sources of energy and by increasing the efficiency of energy use. Greater use of clean energy obviously contributes to sustainability of the development process, and this issue will become more important in the years that lie ahead. Developing countries account for 82 per cent of the world's population and they use 55 per cent of the available global supply of energy. They must aim at faster growth of their GDP to improve the living standards of their populations and this will entail an expanded demand for energy.

:Empowerment in its simplest form means the manifestation of redistribution of power that challenges patriarchal ideology and the male dominance. It is both a process and the result of the process. The concept of women's empowerment, throughout the world, has its roots in women's movement. It is since the mid 1980s that this term became popular in the field of development, especially in reference to women. In India, it is the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980- 1985) which can be taken as a landmark for the cause of women. Ills here that the concept of women and empowerment was introduced for the first time

Indian society is heterogeneous, wherein people belonging to various castes and communities reside. Pallan caste is among the 76 scheduled castes of Tamil Nadu. The struggle of the Pallans for justice had happened even during the time of British and after independence. The Pallans are suffering with many disabilities. This paper is aimed to bring out the social change among Pallans in three generations

In India the production of mango is taken in large extent. In world India is number one in mango production. Uttar Pradesh state the production of mango is large compared to the other states. Also Maharashtra has different varieties of mango production. Especially the Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board (MSAMB) has promoted the organization of Mango growers in the name of Mahamango. In order to boost the export of Alphonso mangoes as well as for domestic marketing, "MAHAMANGO", a co-operative partnership society has been established on 8th March, 1991. Researchers aspire is to analyze the production of mango in India with the special reference to MAHAMANGO Cooperative. Also researcher wants to know the state wise varieties grown and overall production of mango in India and the world.

The study investigated the influence of study skills on academic achievement of senior secondary school students. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. A structured study skills inventory (SS1) consisting of 29 items, and a standardized English language achievement test (EAT) were administered to 400 SSIII students (200 boys and 200 girls) in Nsukka urban area of Enugu state, Nigeria. The data collected were presented using mean scores and standard deviations. The t-test statistics was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 probability level. Findings indicated that study skills had a significant influence on students' academic achievement; students' academic achievement was significantly influenced by gender; the males students had a higher mean score than their female counterparts. It was recommended that students, teachers, parents and guidance counselors should be abreast of the most effective study skills and work in tandem to improve both school and home study environments of students.

“An avidity to punish is always dangerous to liberty. It leads men to stretch, to misinterpret, and to misapply even the best of laws. He that would make his own liberty secure must guard even his enemy from oppression; for if he violates this duty he establishes a precedent that will reach to himself.

In this paper the details about community organization is discussed. In Social work profession community organization is one of the crucial methods to deal with large number of people on various issues simultaneously. The community organization has its deep roots in social relations of its members. The sociological perspectives of community organization and its social significance are elaborated in detail. Coming together to solve common problems is a social phenomenon where people work together for the common cause. The organization of community whether it is formal or in\formal helps to develop the common goals of development on humanitarian ground. This is an enabling process which helps the communities for developing the strengths. Adjustment between various groups and their interactions always brings development in social life. The collective thinking always helps in utilizing the available resources very efficiently for the upliftment of socially weaker sections of the society. Various groups and their interactions built mutual understanding and mutual help for a common cause. Various dimensions of community plays a predominant role in organizational process which is gradual but it continues for longer time. Various definitions are explained in this chapter. The pioneering work of Marry Ross has also discussed briefly.

In this paper the details about community organization is discussed. In Social work profession community organization is one of the crucial methods to deal with large number of people on various issues simultaneously. The community organization has its deep roots in social relations of its members. The sociological perspectives of community organization and its social significance are elaborated in detail. Coming together to solve common problems is a social phenomenon where people work together for the common cause. The organization of community whether it is formal or in\formal helps to develop the common goals of development on humanitarian ground. This is an enabling process which helps the communities for developing the strengths. Adjustment between various groups and their interactions always brings development in social life. The collective thinking always helps in utilizing the available resources very efficiently for the upliftment of socially weaker sections of the society. Various groups and their interactions built mutual understanding and mutual help for a common cause. Various dimensions of community plays a predominant role in organizational process which is gradual but it continues for longer time. Various definitions are explained in this chapter. The pioneering work of Marry Ross has also discussed briefly.

In this paper the theoretical base of community is given in detailed. The concern of community work in professional social work and the roots of human behavior are deeply rooted in community life as the bahaviour is highly influenced by the local culture and every community has its own culture where every individual develops web of social relations for meeting his social needs. The method of social work has its own premises in community work is illustrated in this paper. The present scenario has the communities being influenced by technology, communication, mass media which has direct bearing on human problem is discussed the in detailed. The concept community and its dimensions are also explained in detailed. The social functions of community for well-being of individual are also explained in detailed. The essential elements of community and its relevance to social work helps in understanding how effective community work can solve the social problems. The sociological aspect of community work states that that in any society, in any community, in any institution, in any interaction between individuals, there is an element of culture, and that includes something of each of those six cultural dimensions. All of these are learned from birth. The new-born child is like an animal, not yet a human being, but he or she begins learning culture (humanizing) immediately (for example, when drinking from the breast) by interacting with other humans, and thus starts becoming human. (Many say that this humanizing process begins in the womb). This process of learning, and thus of becoming, continues until death. If you are not learning, you are dead. When you are at a community meeting, when you are in a classroom, when you meet someone face to face, wherever you are, you are part of culture, part of the sociocultural system, and you can find all six dimensions.

In this paper the theoretical base of community is given in detailed. The concern of community work in professional social work and the roots of human behavior are deeply rooted in community life as the bahaviour is highly influenced by the local culture and every community has its own culture where every individual develops web of social relations for meeting his social needs. The method of social work has its own premises in community work is illustrated in this paper. The present scenario has the communities being influenced by technology, communication, mass media which has direct bearing on human problem is discussed the in detailed. The concept community and its dimensions are also explained in detailed. The social functions of community for well-being of individual are also explained in detailed. The essential elements of community and its relevance to social work helps in understanding how effective community work can solve the social problems. The sociological aspect of community work states that that in any society, in any community, in any institution, in any interaction between individuals, there is an element of culture, and that includes something of each of those six cultural dimensions. All of these are learned from birth. The new-born child is like an animal, not yet a human being, but he or she begins learning culture (humanizing) immediately (for example, when drinking from the breast) by interacting with other humans, and thus starts becoming human. (Many say that this humanizing process begins in the womb). This process of learning, and thus of becoming, continues until death. If you are not learning, you are dead. When you are at a community meeting, when you are in a classroom, when you meet someone face to face, wherever you are, you are part of culture, part of the sociocultural system, and you can find all six dimensions.

Technological development in this 21st century has advanced to the level that nothing is secret affair for youngsters. Social networks, mass media, and peer group influence have overtaken some of the parental responsibilities. Most of the adolescents nowadays have delved deep into all areas of life. Thus they tend to interpret and practice what they learnt wrongly. As a result, immoral acts, teenage pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases are rating high among adolescents. Therefore, this paper examined the roles sex education and HIV/AIDS education in school will play to save the youngsters from these troubles. Thus this paper was examined under these sub-heads: what is sex education and HIV/AIDS education, effective school based sex and AIDS education, importance of sex and HIV/AIDS education, and recommendations.

'I don't have a philosophy I have a temperament' There are some authors who are more sensitive to their cultural scenario. The conception of art as growing solely from the ego, from artist without any reflection of social realities is obviously, a superficial view1.It seems that an artist always portrays culture with his multiple point of views. His comprehensive approach comes form his imagination and his faith in culture. This imagination might be linked to the people living outside native boundaries or their perseverance power for their culture which forms the rubrics of return.As Warren and Wellek says 'the writer has been a citizen, has pronounced on question of social and political importance, has taken part in the issues of his time'(Wellek 97).If art and society mirror each other, it is not merely the enjoyment which is reflected but the cultural web that makes art more pungent. Individual liberty and cultural instability have been the preamble of AghaShahid Ali's writings.

'I don't have a philosophy I have a temperament' There are some authors who are more sensitive to their cultural scenario. The conception of art as growing solely from the ego, from artist without any reflection of social realities is obviously, a superficial view1.It seems that an artist always portrays culture with his multiple point of views. His comprehensive approach comes form his imagination and his faith in culture. This imagination might be linked to the people living outside native boundaries or their perseverance power for their culture which forms the rubrics of return.As Warren and Wellek says 'the writer has been a citizen, has pronounced on question of social and political importance, has taken part in the issues of his time'(Wellek 97).If art and society mirror each other, it is not merely the enjoyment which is reflected but the cultural web that makes art more pungent. Individual liberty and cultural instability have been the preamble of AghaShahid Ali's writings.

The paper is an empirical attempt to explore the significant influence on the aggressive behavior of the sportsperson. A sample of 400 sportsperson in the age group of 19 to 25 years studied by using semi-structured interview schedule. It is explored that the sex variables of the sports person has something to do with the aggressive behavior of sportsperson.

:In recent years, dalit assertion emerged one of the most significant factors affecting politics in Indian states. Kanshi Ram studied the failures of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's mission. He reached on this conclusion that society which has no strong non-political roots, can not get success politically. On 14 April, 1984 he made Bhaujan Samaj Party. BSP was the fruit of success of BAMCEF and D-S4, 'Elephant' is the election symbol of the BSP. Elephant is the symbol of power and much encouragement. Party flag is of blue colour. The colour of the sky is also blue. It represents the nature of the sky which is common for all natural things. Party recognized as a state party of Haryana in 1996 and as national party on 25th Nov 1997.

Health is regarded by World Health Organization (WHO) as a fundamental human right, and correspondingly, all people should have access to basic resources for health. Health education is a process of transmission of knowledge and skills necessary for improvement in quality of life. Oral health education, an important part of oral health promotion, has been considered as essential & basic part of dental health services. The goal is to improve knowledge, which may lead to the adoption of favourable oral health behaviours that contribute to better oral health. This was the fundamental and seminal concept that shaped various dental health programmes in the initial stages. The initial enthusiasm in oral health education faded because these programmes failed to produce successful long term outcomes. Need to make health education more effective, interesting and appealing to the recipients was recognized. Oral health education can be planned for the community at large or high risk group based on the resources available. Priority should be given to expectant mothers, preschool and school going children, physically and mentally challenged and the elderly.

:Since Second World War many sociologists devoted their energies to the study of educational problems from sociological perspective. In India, the Five Year Plans were organized with specific social and economic objectives. One of their objectives was the transformation of Indian society from traditional and agrarian pattern to modern industrial one. Education was rightly considered to be the most important instrument to bring about a social change. The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of modern education on Indian society.

Human right of a woman means her liberation from the traditional oppressive bonds and discrimination, improvement in the concept of self and her in relation to the environment and the people around her. Social justice is an essential component of sustainable development of a nation. Women are often denied social justice, and hence, are not allowed to enjoy human rights.

The present study on reading habits of faculty members is based on a user survey carried out at Padmabhushan Vasant Dada Patil College of Patoda. Factors affecting the reading habits, avarage time spent in library, sources used in library, etc. were studied.

Increased frequency and severity of natural disasters by climate change over the past recent years are not only displacing people physically but also exposing to enhanced poverty by threatening their livelihoods temporarily and permanently of Bilaspur city. Growing number of people rush to city's slums creates urban crisis in Bilaspur city. Climate change threatens peoples' access to food as they become socioeconomically susceptible. Displaced people living in urban slums are in search of better and secure life. But urban slums located mostly in low lying environmentally hazardous area coupled with inadequate facilities like food, shelter, sanitation, health care make their life even worse. Socio-economic factors characterizing living conditions, physical environment (mode of waste disposal), households' health behavior particularly dietary practice and health outcome (disease occurrence) have been analyzed by applying statistical technique, frequency distribution.

Chaman Nahal is the one of the outstanding novelist of the Seventies (1970's) he worked as a professor of English at Delhi University: he wrote eight novels four of them constitute the Gandhi quartet. Azadi (1975) is one of these four novels and is added the epilogue (1993) which serve as the epilogue to the whole quartet.

:In the industries where bulk material is to be transferred from one place in the process plant to the other, material handling systems are required. Various types of conveyors are available in the market having their own characteristic features. But in the industries where very high mass flow rates are required, pneumatic conveying system can be very useful. Various other conveyors are also present but some occupy a lot of space in the plant whereas some cannot give such high mass flow rates. Pneumatic conveying system is not a very new concept. A vast literature and research is available on pneumatic conveying system. But despite of such large literature available on pneumatic conveying system, we don't have a general design procedure for any such system since in pneumatic conveying system every problem is a unique problem. But definitely some general principles can be applied while designing a pneumatic conveying system which can lead to an optimum system design. A variety of materials can be conveyed using a pneumatic system with certain changes in the design of the system. We cannot predict the behavior of any pneumatic conveying system. The behavior of any system can only be known by fabricating the system and testing the conveying characteristics of the system for the particular material.

The purpose of the study is assessment of selected psychological variables between rural and urban cricket players. For the purpose of this study a total of 140 male cricket players were selected randomly from rural and urban area of Uttar Pradesh with 70 subjects in each group and their age ranged from 14-18 years. Self concept and Anxiety was chosen as testing variable for the present study. To find out the significant difference on the selected psychological variables of the urban and rural cricket players't' test was used and analyzed statistically at 0.05 level of significance. Insignificant difference is found between the urban & rural cricket players in relation to anxiety. On the other hand significant difference is found between the rural & urban cricket players in relation to self- concept.

The Poona Pact of 1932 actually is an agreement between the Hindu leaders and the Dalit representatives. It took place on 24th September, 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune. The British Government which thought of giving independence to India invited the delegates of India from various classes to assemble at the London's Round Table Conference. In the first Round Table Conference Gandhi and Congress hadn't participated and therefore the British Government organized the second Round Table Congress which involved their participation. The participants of this conference were Gandhi, Ambedkar, Nehru, Madan Mohan Malviya, Rajgopalachari and others. But in this conference the actual representative on behalf of Dalits was only Ambedkar. Due to this, a inbread theoretical conflict emerged between Ambedkar and the other delegates of the conference.

Due to lack of awareness and connectivity and many other reasons Tourism Industry in Maharashtra is still unexplored and it is still hovering at its infancy stage. Unsecured condition of law and order, economic blockade on National Highways, lack of infrastructure, and lack of trained manpower are the main causes, threats and obstacles in the development of Tourism industry in the state. But it has the potential to become a major tourist destination in our country provided its potentials are streamlined in a proper direction. This study focuses on famous and interesting sight-seeing places of Maharashtra. This study also attempts to identify the problems and prospects for the development of Tourism Industry and also tourism industry and employment generation in the state. A few suggestions regarding the strategies that may be adopted by Government and Private Sector are also given in this paper.

Due to lack of awareness and connectivity and many other reasons Tourism Industry in Maharashtra is still unexplored and it is still hovering at its infancy stage. Unsecured condition of law and order, economic blockade on National Highways, lack of infrastructure, and lack of trained manpower are the main causes, threats and obstacles in the development of Tourism industry in the state. But it has the potential to become a major tourist destination in our country provided its potentials are streamlined in a proper direction. This study focuses on famous and interesting sight-seeing places of Maharashtra. This study also attempts to identify the problems and prospects for the development of Tourism Industry and also tourism industry and employment generation in the state. A few suggestions regarding the strategies that may be adopted by Government and Private Sector are also given in this paper.