Education can be defined as a systematic process of learning and teaching that involves transferring of knowledge by training, schooling or preaching. It also involves the flow of knowledge from one person to another followed by curiosity to learn more. The aim of education is to cultivate knowledge and mold children in such a way that they will contribute significantly in the welfare of the society. So there is very imperative responsibility on the shoulders of teacher and Secondary and Higher Secondary teachers have more responsibility because students are at the age of 13 to 17 at Secondary level, this is an adolescent stage and their character building age where their future is directly depends on the knowledge, understanding and concept clarity developed through Secondary Education and No education today can be accepted as being relevant unless it helps students to understand their potential with providing adequate facilities and favorable environment in the school. GSEB (Gujarat Secondary Education Board) and GSHSEB(Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board) have made lot of changes in the courses of different Subject, Examination Pattern and Evaluation Pattern also. It affects Students as well as Teachers. Here, researcher focusing on some educational Problem related secondary and higher secondary School and studied Opinionon some of educational problems of Secondary and Higher Secondary Teachers of Vadodara city of Gujarat State.

After the assumption of power in Tamil Country in the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, the British introduced many revenue settlements either with intermediaries like Zanindars and Mirasdars or directly with the ryots. Their interest changed from trade activities to the agrarian activities which they began to realize that it would give a fixed revenue to the Government. The Land revenue became the prime motive of the British Government. The suppression of the rebellious Poligars provided a loyal Zamindars to the Government. The Zamindars came forward to accept new revenue settlements which allowed to collect excess revenue from the peasants but fixed payment to the Government. Mostly the Zamindars were Land-holding communities which constituted castes belonged to the higher ranks in the social and economic ladder. In case of Thanjavur District, mostly the Zamindars belonged to the Brahmin and Vellalar Castes. In the second half of the Nineteenth Century, the western education and liberal ideas made the higher caste land holding communities to move to cities in seeking new professions like law , medicine and teaching. They left their lands to the control of Middle classes for Kuthagai (fixed rent). They cultivated the lands with the help of landless labourers. The condition of the labourers was continuous economic suffering . As the motive of the Government was increasing revenue, it did not bother about the welfare of the landless laboures who were indebted to capitalist land lords in many ways. Agrestic slavery continued till the end of Colonial rule in Thanjavur. Thus the paper attempts to highlight the triangle agrarian relation among the Government, Capitalist Land Lords and the landless agricultural labourers

This study is an attempt to discuss the Impact of Psycholinguistic strategy in Reading Comprehension at Secondary Level. Reading is the process of decoding a set of written symbols that have been assigned linguistic meaning for the purpose of communicating ideas. Children for the purpose of communicating ideas. Children typically come to the reading task with a foundation for learning to read. They have attained a substantial amount of oral language and they have accumulated a store house of personal background experience. A reader then is a user of language who contently seeks sense from what he reads. If the learner is asked to read the text, the learner should comprehend the meaning completely. For this the teachers should give proper guidelines and training to get comprehension skills thro some psycholinguistic strategies. The teacher should be very effective in helping struggling learner to successfully master reading comprehension skills.

Jammu and Kashmir State is a hilly state of the country. It occupies an apex seat in the beautiful destinations of the world. Deprived from other natural resources, the state has opted tourism as a means of its development. The state of Jammu and Kashmir has been an unending attraction of visitors down the ages. J&K has kept many things in her lap to bestow on the lover of natural beauty and its rich cultural heritage is attracting thousand and lakh of people from different part of the country and even from the world .Besides, cultural heritage, the state also occupies a unique geographical position. The state has exceptionally varied climate, ranging from the extreme cold in high altitudes to the hot summer in the plains. The wealth of cultural traditions extending over thousands of years, the natural surroundings the architectural master pieces, the Music, dances, Painting, customs and languages. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the tourist destinations in Patnitop area of Udhampur District of Jammu & Kashmir state.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is collection of multi-hop wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. The wireless links in this network are highly error prone and can go down frequently due to mobility of nodes. In recent years, several routing protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA). This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. In small networks with less than 10 nodes the four protocols have similar performance. On the other hand, when the number of nodes is increased the performance of the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR)protocol was poor in terms of power consumption and MAC load, while AODV, DSR and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector routing (DSDV) protocols produced very good results. DSDV routing protocol shows a very good performance in terms of power in all scenarios but suffers from poor packet routing in large scale networks.

Conventional algorithms for fingerprint recognition are mainly based on minutiae information. However, the small number of minutiae in partial fingerprints is still a challenge in fingerprint matching. In fingerprint recognition systems, there are frequently appeared partial fingerprints, such as incompletely touching in fingerprint scanning or latent fingerprints. In this paper, we studied the influence of the fingerprint area in partial fingerprint recognition. First, a simulation scheme was proposed to construct a serial of partial fingerprints with different area. Then, the influence of the fingerprint area in partial fingerprint recognition is studied. By comparing the performance of partial fingerprint recognition with different fingerprint area, some useful conclusions can be drawn: (1) The decrease of the fingerprint area degrades the performance of partial fingerprint recognition; (2) When the fingerprint area decreases, the genuine matching scores will decrease, whereas the im-poster matching scores will increase; (3) When the area of partial fingerprints is smaller than 20,000 pixels (about fifth of the normal full fingerprints), the performance of partial fingerprint recognition becomes very poor; (4) The threshold value of a given false accept rate increases when the area of partial fingerprints decrease a lot, but it remains almost the same if the area of partial fingerprints decrease not so much, e.g., greater than 50,000 pixels (about half of the normal full fingerprint). These observations can be helpful in improving the performance of partial fingerprint recognition in the future.

Bluetooth is a personal wireless communication technology and is being applied in many scenarios. Current existing MAC (Medium Access Control) Scheduling Algorithm. It is very challenging to provide QOS ( Quality of Service ) support for different connections due to the feature of Master Driven TDD ( Time Division Duplex). The proposed system addresses the issues of how to enhance the QoS in Bluetooth Network. The MAC scheduling Algorithm, which can provide different QoS for different connections based on priorities. The current Bluetooth implementations adopt Round Robin(RR) Algorithm which only provides Best-Effort Service to all applications, which leads to a low bandwidth utilization and increase in time delay, when one or more slaves have no data to transmit. To alleviate this problem, some scheduling algorithms have been proposed. The MAC scheduling algorithm can provide different QoS for different connections based on their priorities. Considering the feature of master driven TDD, it defines a token counters to estimate the traffic of real-time slaves, to increase the bandwidth utilization. A backoff mechanism is then presented for best-effort slaves to decrease the frequency of polling idle slaves. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm achieves better performance than existing Round Robin Algorithm.

The need of effective utilization geoinformatics technique has been providing city safety kind with tools to analyze and interpret such relations through GIS software. Recently, there has been increase in crimes of various types in Akola city. To prepare Maps offer crime analysis and graphic representations of crime-related issues. An understanding of where crimes occur can improve attempts to fight crime. The present study identified various crime patterns in Akola city and covers aspect of robbery, vehicle theft, and house theft safety for Akola city on a GIS platform and integrated with crime reason causes and effects. The system supports crime mapping and to minimize the crime conditions in Akola city.

This paper deals with level of morale among the employees in the plywood industry setting. The study mainly concentrates on the dimensions such as individual role, group role, welfare measures, employee-employer relationship, employee-employee relationship in respect to the demographic variables. The primary purpose of the present study was to identify the morale level of the employee in the small industry. And it also suggests various measures to build high morale there possible. The data for the research work was collected through the method of questionnaire schedule. To prove the research hypothesis the various tests such as chi-square, and ANOVA are being used. After applying these tests the researcher came to a conclusion that half of the employee has high morale and rest of the half has low morale.

Technology has turned into the vigor of the Indian co-operative banks since the past decade with the financial sector reforms providing the basis. The question of putting into practice the technology has now changed into 'how' from the former 'why'. It is a confirmed truth that technology lessens the cost of servicing. Furthermore, technology has resulted in enhanced quality of services, any time/anywhere banking, focused product delivery, cross selling opportunities, multi-channel touch points for using up of services, etc. As the triumph of the co-operative banks is more and more inclined on the proper adoption and utilization of technology, IT Governance has assumed immense importance. Merely, IT Governance is nothing but a division of Corporate Governance apprehensive about guaranteeing suitable track and management of IT activities to the advantage of a Bank. As the overseas banks operating in India made the start, the new banks assertively started offering services based on technology. Though, the public/cooperative sector banks had to move over from the load of the past inheritance. Nevertheless, the speedy walk made by the technology sector and their quick espousal by the competitors have enforced these banks also to get into the act by commencing to offer IT-oriented products and services. Today, nearly all commercial banks and some cooperatives are at some phase of technology embracement, be it Automated Ledger Posting Machines, Total Branch Automation or Core Banking solution (CBS). According to latest estimates, CBS covers around 40% of the bank branches accounting for nearly 70% of the business volume. ATMs (including shared ATMs aided further by the National Financial Switch initiative of RBI), internet banking, any branch banking, credit cards, debit cards, etc. are being increasingly offered. There are over 11,000 ATMs across the country and 11 million net connections with around 23 million users.

The present study was undertaken to determine the relationships between drainage characteristics and environmental aspects of Kurunda river basinusing the topographical maps on a scale of 1:50000. Environmental situations have affecting the morphometry of the basin. The combine outcomes have establishes the topographical and even recent developmental situations of the region. It will change the setup of the region also. It is therefore needs to analyze micro level parameters of drainage and environment for suitable planning and management of any developmental plan. The total area of Kurunda river basin is 102.17 sq km and it is divided into eight micro subbasins for in-depth analysis. Drainage pattern of this river is dendritic one. The Morphometric parameters of the stream have been analyzed and calculated by applying standard methods and techniques viz. Horton, 1945; Miller, 1953, Strahler, 1964. The results of primary leveled morphometric analysis have been correlated with soil and its physio-chemical characters. The Stream frequency and Stream length ratio of the basin is 1.55 and 8.39 respectively. The dimensional factors like Form factor (0.42), Elongation Ratio (0.36) and Circulatory Ratio (0.56) have also been calculated. In case of intensity of dissection, Drainage density, Drainage texture and Bifurcation ratio have calculated and it is 1.78 sq km, 0.98 and 13.61 with mean of 3.40 respectively. It is observed that the comparative analysis within the sub-basins have different types of situations and therefore it is recommended that micro-leveled analysis with environmental perspectives of the basin.

The objective of the present study is to explore the Diversity and Abundance of dragonflies and damselflies (Order – odonata, Class Insecta, phylum Arthopoda) in agro ecosystems around Amravati city in monsoon season (July 2012 to October 2012). Odonata fauna of agro ecosystem for present study was investigated, total 31 species belonging to six families of dragonflies and damselflies (order - odonata) were recorded, in which the most abundant family was Lebellulidae followed by Coenagrionidae, while Gomphidae, Lestidae Aeshnidae, Platycnemididae families were least abundant. Libellulidae family represents 17 species, coenagrionidae represents 9 species, gomphidae represents 2 while Aeshnidae, Platycnemididae and Lestidae were with one species each. We also calculated the Species diversity (H) and Evenness (E) which is 3.012 and 0.877 respectively. From above study we conclude that the present study area is rich in dragonflies and damselflies fauna in monsoon season.

BHILALI AVAM BARELI..............

This system is basically an application which enhances the communication between a library and its users, presently, almost all of the libraries are using Identity cards (ID Card or Smart cards) for this purpose like; photo-based, smart card based or RFID based etc. Biometrics can be used to identify the person. Tokens, such as smart cards, magnetic stripe cards, photo ID cards, physical keys and so forth, can be lost, stolen, duplicated, or left at home. Here, in our library scenario we have used an Biometric Finger Print Sensor. A computer that is connected to the micro controller unit determines the authorization and Access control rights. After the validation process is over, the user will be asked whether he is borrowing or returning any book. If he is borrowing the book the details like Date and Time of borrowing and the title of the book everything gets stored in the data base. While returning the book software will calculate the number of days the book has been borrowed, and fine if any etc.

India accounts for only about 2.4 % of the world's geographical area and 4 % of its water Resources, but has to support about 17 % of the world's human population and 15 % of the livestock. Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy, accounting for 14% of the nation's GDP, about 11% of its exports, about half of the population still relies on agriculture as its principal source of income and it is a source of raw material for a large number of industries. Accelerating the growth of agriculture production is therefore necessary not only to achieve an overall GDP target of 8 per cent during the 12th Plan and meet the rising demand for food, but also to increase incomes of those dependent on agriculture to ensure inclusiveness.

Biodiesel is one of the promising renewable, alternative and environmentally friendly bio-fuel that can be used in diesel engine with little or no modification in the engine. A theoretical thermodynamic model is necessary to analyze the performance characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engine .In this paper we are using theoretical thermodynamic study of single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine with biodiesel .The result of the model are to be compared with experimental values for reasonable agreement .A dual Wiebe's function was used to model the heat release, and also described a 0-D single-zone thermodynamic model that takes into account the heat transfer to the chamber walls, the blow-by leakage, the fuel injection and engine deformations, along with the instantaneous change in gas properties. A combustion model is to be developed for the diesel engine combustion, when biodiesel and diesel are used as blended fuel. A theoretical method based on various existing process models has to be developed for the performance evaluation of a compression ignition engine by using diesel and Jatropha straight vegetable oil as an input fuel. The output from the model includes the apparent heat release, fraction of fuel burned, and fuel burning rate, heat losses, indicated parameters and average gas temperature.

Infanticide is the custom of killing girls at birth. The female child unborn and born was unwelcome to such an extent that parents were event willing to kill. Various methods like poisoning the milk, strangling , burning alive or even drowning were used to do away with female babies. In Tamil Nadu, the Kallar community were practising this evil. Even though they liberalized their womenfolk within the caste rules, they committed female infanticide due to the problem of poverty. This practice is not confined to the Kallars alone. Tribal people like the Todas have practiced female infanticide. The steady growth of this evil forced the British Administrators to take some preventive measures. Two regulations were passed by the Government to suppress infanticide, namely, Regulation XXI of 1795 and Regulation III of 1804. During the first half of the Nineteenth Century, a few British Officials took an active role in abolition of female infanticide. In 1890, the Infanticide Act (Act III) was passed which required for its working special police surveillance of the suspected. Statistics shows that in Madras in 19920 out of every thousand babies born as 199 die within the year of birth. The cause for such death rate are early marriage, poverty, low standard of living, bad nourishment, low vitality of mothers and overwork in the case of expectant mothers. This evil has occurred not only in several cultures across history, but is known to occur in contemporary societies as well. Female infanticide in India has been documented for period of British colonial rule by several scholars. In the period since infanticide, the gruesome practice has been reported as occurring in many parts of the country including Tamil Nadu, where the phenomenon is of recent origin, and was not known to exist before independence , except among the Todas.

The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum products. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude oil. Hence, it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. In addition, the use of vegetable oil as fuel is less polluting than petroleum fuels. This paper reviews the production and characterization of cotton seed oil as well as the experimental work carried out in various countries in this field.

The conventional approach to Effect of stress at workplace has always overemphasized the impact of stress without really examining in depth the different routes to reducing this stress. The purpose of this research has been to explore if a Positive Psychology based intervention such as Appreciative Inquiry would aid in stress reduction at workplace. In the present study, 90 officials at top and middle level from the Videocon Industries participated in a two-day Appreciative Inquiry workshop. Action Research design was used in the study and nature of Intervention used was Appreciative Inquiry. The hypothesis taken in this particular case was 'A Positive psychology-based intervention, such as Appreciative Inquiry, would reduce stress for those who participated in the study.' To quantitatively measure the effects, the OSI-R PSQ was administered to participants to assess stress levels prior to the intervention. During the course of the current study, Appreciative Inquiry was found to reduce stress levels in all areas vis-à-vis, physical strain, interpersonal strain, vocational strain, and psychological strain listed by the Occupational Stress Inventory areas for the experimental group. Interpersonal strain was seen to be significantly reduced after participation in the Appreciative Inquiry workshop. Hence the research reveals a correlation between a positive psychology-based intervention and reduction of stress in the workplace. Lastly, Appreciative Inquiry has proved to be an effective stress reduction tool which could be used extensively across a variety of workplaces in the future.

As a useful and innovative educational technology tool, podcasting can be applied like a pedagogic gadget to progress students' learning. Podcasting has a lot of advantages which is helpful in educational setting. It is not limited to students; everyone can use it for learning. This article speaks about the role of podcast in education for better learning.

Today is a global age. Every country has been accepted the policy of industrialization and globalization. In India, Globalization process has started in 1999.As per the policy of Government of India,every taluka and district must have some industries. Means various social problems in India can be solve and expected progress and development will be takes place in Indian society. In current scenario we have started industries most of the state in India. In industrial organization, there is always two lobbies' i.e. Industrial management and trade union organization.

The functioning of Panchayat Raj Institution in chitradurga consist of mainly transfer of funds for specific purpose from State as well as Central governments and local revenue mobilization by way of power to levy certain tax, fees and rates. As per the provisions of Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993, the Grama Panchayats in Karnataka are empowered to have independent source of revenue in addition to the specific purpose grants which they receive from State and Central governments. Whereas, Zilla Panchayats and Taluk Panchayats do not have independent sources of revenue, instead they depend for finance on devolution of fund from the State and Central governments. The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 was the following provisions pertaining to financial powers of Panchayat Raj Institutions in chitradurga district

The computer is one of the most important and outstanding inventions that has made an increasing and powerful impact on the working methods of research and development in the field of science and technology and has revolutionized everyday social life in the advanced countries of the world. Computers are being used in the areas of Transportation, Communication, National Defence, Food material production, Scientific research and Education. Present study deals with construction and effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Programme for Commerce stream students having different educational achievement level. Effect of High , Middle, Low educational achievement level of students of standard XI on CAI programme was checked in the study . Total 96 students were selected by purposely from 4 Higher Secondary Schools of Modasa town ( S.K.- Gujarat). It is an experimental based research work . Mean, S.D. and Standard Error and 't' value were calculated for testing hypotheses. It was found that CAI Programme was effective for students having High and Middle educational achievement level. While more effective for students having Low educational achievement level

Providing Information security is a fast moving technology in the field of computer science. The success and growth of the Internet has become fertile ground for malicious attackers and abusers, unauthorized users. With the increasing number of security devices and protocols in the information, the complexity of detecting and tracing the information security become a very challenging task. Information security and cryptography is a branch of knowledge too varied to coverage almost how to protect data in digital form and to allow protection avails. Cryptography is the science of writing in cipher code. Cryptography is where security engineering meets mathematics. It provides us with the tools that underlie most modern security protocols. The basic terminology is that cryptography refers to the science and art of designing ciphers; cryptanalysis to the science and art of breaking them; while cryptology, often shortened to just crypto, is the study of both. The input to an encryption process is commonly called the plaintext, and the output the cipher text. As applied to computer information security, cryptography protects data from theft or alteration and can also be used for user authentication. Rapidly rising cyber crimes and the growing prospect of the Internet being used as a medium for terrorist attacks pose a major challenge for Information security. Cryptography is a solution to this challenge, since it underpins privacy, confidentiality, and identity, which together provide the fundamentals for trusted e-commerce and secured data communications. Three general types of cryptographic schemes typically used: secret key (or symmetric) cryptography, public-key (or asymmetric) cryptography, and hash functions. These schemes are used to create encrypted data known as cipher text that is usually much more secure than non-encrypted information. The security mechanisms are primarily based on cryptographic algorithms like symmetric-DES, asymmetric-RSA. The logical conclusion is to use both kind of algorithms and their combinations to achieve optimal speed and security levels. For the purposes of computer and information security, cryptography and data encryption must satisfy the following requirements: Authentication, Privacy, Integrity, and Nonrepudiation. It is shown by experimental results that this system of secret codes provides a valuable model and algorithms to help to find the security rules, adjust the security measure and improves the security performance

In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the status of wastelands for its management through optimum utilization of existing natural resources. With this objective, a detail study of the major terrain and morphometric parameters that influence land management is made through preparation of thematic maps using satellite imageries and toposheets in GIS environment. A multi criteria evaluation of the study area is carried out adopting GIS tool to obtain a land suitability model for cropland, grazing land, forestry and woodland forestry landuse options.

Worldwide, there are approximately 0.8 million road accident fatalities and 20-30 million people injured annually, many with long term disabilities (Jacobs and Aeron-Thomas, 2000). Almost 70 percent of these occur in the developing or emerging world. Whilst there is a general decline in the number of fatalities in industrialised countries the opposite is true elsewhere. The public transport in India is characterised by a wide range of vehicle type from non motorised modes such as cycle rickshaws to surface rail and metro. Moderation in the growth of accidents, fatalities and injuries during 1990s has taken place in the backdrop of lower growth in the number of registered vehicles and step up in the growth of road network. However, in the decade 2000-2010, the growth in fatalities edged upwards vis-à-vis the preceding decade (1990-2000). Out of 25 National Highways in Tamil Nadu, 12 NH's runs inside the Tamil Nadu within this the NH7A named Palayamcottai – Vagaikulam – Tuticorin highway has been selected for presenting views. The Thoothukudi also known as Tuticorin which is said as “Pearl City” due to the pearl fishing carried out in the town. It is a commercial seaport which serves the inland cities of Southern India and is one of the sea gateways of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the major seaports in India with a history dating back to the 6th century AD. This highway is very hardly known by road accidents. This road is a favourite destination for riders to burn the rubber at high speeds. Since most accidents on this road is caused by speeding vehicles. The reporters of various press has said that approximately they are more than 20 to 30 road accidents and fatal road accidents has been happen in a month on this road.

Philosophical systems have a concern on the doctrine of action and its effects. The Indian systems of philosophy always show a special interest on the concept of karma, whether they support Vedas or go beyond the authority of Vedas. All the systems of philosophy refer the concept of karma to validate their very foundation of arguments and provide a deterministic view based on moralistic or naturalistic interpretations. The six systems of Indian philosophy, namely, Nyaya, Vaisesika, Mimamsa, Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta differ in their explanation of the concept of karma. However, they imply that the concept of karma is embedded in the doctrine of causation. The ultimate aim of the concept of karma is to validate rebirth or liberation. This paper examines these issues in the orthodox system of Indian philosophy.

Women education in India has a major anxiety of both the government of India and the social society who played a very important role in the enlargement of women education in the country. Education is a target of enhance the women empowerment because it makes them strong to face the challenges, to deal with their traditional role and to improve their life. So that we shouldn't neglect the importance of education in women empowerment India is floating to becoming superpower, to developing country by 2020. The improvement of women's education in rural areas is very slow. This means “women folk in our country are illiterate, backward and exploited.” The Education of women is the most powerful tool to change the position in society. Education also brings to decrease the inequality and to improving their status within the family.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of speed training on selected physical variables among Handball players. For the study 30 healthy male handball players with age of 19-23 years were randomly allocated into a speed training. Their life style and living condition were not taken into consideration. The selected subject was divided into two groups within 15 subjects in each group namely one experimental group' i.e speed training (Group I) and one control (Group II). The experimental group undergoes selected speed training for 12 weeks, trained three days per week for duration of 60 minutes every day. The training was given in the evening hours between 4:30- 5:30 pm. The control group did not undergo any training program expect their routine work. The pre test and post test on speed and agility was measured and the data was statistically analysed by using ANOVA to find out the significant difference among the two groups. The finding of the study revealed that there was a beneficial effect on speed and agility for experimental group when compared to the control. The training was more effective for speed training practice

The present investigation was earned out to explore the challenges faced by urban & rural working women with regard to their child bearing & child rearing. A random sample 200 working women from urban (100) & rural (100) area of (Chennai), Kundrathur, Gudiyatham were selected. A questionnaire was formulated by the investigator consisting of fifty questions with five domains, having 10 questions, in each domain, which was administered to the subjects and responses were collected. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis and the results were interpreted. The results revealed that both urban and rural pregnant working women experienced the discomforts of pregnancy alike. The support services available to urban pregnant women were less compared to the rural pregnant working women. Urban pregnant women enjoyed the privilege of availing 6 months maternity leave, whereas the rural working women, resorts to work after a month or 40 days after delivery. It is interesting to note that rural women get the opportunity to breast feed their babies till 2 or 2-1/2 years, than the urban working ladies. With regard to stress experienced at work accompanied by feeling of guilt in child rearing, rural women were at ease at their work place than the urban women, who work in shifts and are away from home, spending less time with the growing child.

The present study was undertaken to study the role of parents during adolescence. The sample size for the present study consists of 60 parents of the adolescent boys (n=30) and girls (n=30) and Parenting Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ) was used to gather the data. The major findings of the present study shows an average level of attachment of parents with their adolescents, an average level of- communication, disciplinary practices, parent's involvement with their child, parenting confidence, their satisfaction with school and relational frustration. Significant differences among fathers and mothers of boys and girls were observed in 'disciplinary practices' in the present research.

Microfinance is a type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who would otherwise have no other means of gaining financial services. Micro finance through Self Help Group (SHG) has been recognized internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty and for rural development. Micro finance and SHGs are effective in reducing poverty, empowering women and creating awareness which finally results in sustainable development of the nation. The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. In this paper the role played by Microfinance in women's empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical. The objectives of the study is i) to understand the performance of SHG's in India ii) to analyze the freedom women members get in SHG's, iii) to study the problems women members face in SHG's, iv) to analyze the empowerment of the women psychologically, economically and socially and v) to offer suggestions for the betterment of women's empowerment in SHG's. The data is collected from NGOs' reports, Newspapers Journals, Magazines and Internet etc.

Right from the ancient days India is continuously facing many problems. In the present world, due to Industrialisation and urbanisation, people are facing the lack of basic facilities .the residents of the villages and cities have polluted the environment without the sense of cleanliness .Due to this reason the people are attacked by various diseases is a common thing. The reason for this may be poverty, lack of nutrition's food, weakness due to hereditary or else illiteracy which may be the main reason.

Child labour is a persuasive problem throughout the world, especially in developing countries. Africa and Asia together account for over 90% of total child employment. Child labour is especially prevalent in rural area where the capacity to enforce minimum age requirements for schooling and work is lacking. Children work for a variety of reasons, the most important being poverty and the induced pressure upon them to escape from this plight. Though children are not well paid, they still serve as major contributors to family income in developing countries.

Hyderabad-Karnataka area was ruled by the Nizams of Hyderabad before 1948. During their rule, people were suffered due to the atrocities from the Razakars and the rule of the Nizam. Many of the organizations and leaders were fought against the rule of the Nizam and atrocities of the Razakars. Arya Samaj is one such organization founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Under the leadership of Swami Ramanand Teerth, Arya Samaj opened its branches in Hyderabad-Karnataka region and organized many forms of movements and agitations to liberate the region. Due to the efforts of Arya Samaj and leaders, finally Hyderabad-Karnataka was got liberated in 1948 and merged into the Indian Union.

A fire extinguisher, flame extinguisher, or simply an extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. Fire extinguishers are further divided into handheld and cart-mounted, also called wheeled extinguishers. Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1 to 30 pounds), and are hence, easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh 23+ kilograms (50+ pounds). These wheeled models are most commonly found at construction sites, airport runways, heliports, as well as docks and marinas.

Hagiographical documents are valuable source materials to understand the popular culture and local history of a region. So this paper tries to locate and document some of the hagiographical documents produced in Kerala by the Muslims about the Sufis, martyrs and other Gnostics.

The objective of the study was to explore the nature and extent of association between alexithymia and spirituality and also to explore how alexithymia varies across demographic variables. Even though research on the relationship between alexithymia and spirituality may have implications in mental health services, the studies in this area are very little. So the hypotheses formulated for the study were: there will be no significant relationship between alexithymia and spirituality; and, there will be no significant differences in alexithymia across gender, age classifications and locale. The tools used for procuring data were: Alexithymia Scale and Spirituality Index. Data were analysed using Carl Pearson Product Moment correlation, t-test .One way ANOVA and Duncan Procedure. The results show that there is a significant negative correlation between alexithymia and spirituality. Again, alexithymia is found to vary significantly across the age categories and locale, but no such difference was found for gender. The results of the present study have implications in the treatment of alexithymia and may guide future research in this area

Indian Economy is mainly based on agriculture, as nearly 70 per cent of the population engaged directly or indirectly in it. But agriculture alone is unable to provide adequate employment, income and creation assets of the people. Our country has had a rich tradition in dairying since the time of Lord Krishna. Dairying has been inherent in Indian culture, for centuries. Milk and milk products have always been an Integral part of our consumption habits. It constitutes an important activity of the rural population, mostly as a subsidiary occupation. In India more than 80 per cent of the cattle population is in rural areas and about 75 per cent of the rural population is contributing towards milk production.

All the parameters were done for fresh, boiled, preserved & boiled preserved milk of goat. Milking was carried early in the morning between 6.00 to 7.00 am. PH of Goat milk is less than 7 .So pH of goat and cow milk is slightly acidic. The fat content in goat milk ranged from 2.3 to 6.4 mg%. And the fat content in cow milk ranged from 3.0 to 5.4 mg%. As compared to cow milk fat content in goat milk is slightly higher than cow milk. That results also observed (“Simsek O” et.,al 2000)The protein content in goat milk ranged from 3.2to 3.9mg%. And in cow milk ranged from 2.9to 32.3 mg%. Protein content also slightly greater than cow milk. Density in goat milk ranged from 28.38 to 38.57-g/l. & in cow milk ranged from 28.30to 29.95 g/l. highest density was observed in boil milk of goat. Sodium content in goat milk ranged 417.9. To 570.6 ppm & in cow milk ranged from 497.5 to 585.0ppm. Sodium content in cow & goat milk same. Potassium content in goat milk ranged from 942.1 to 1192.9ppm & in cow milk ranged from 1030.2 to 1194.8ppm. That results also observed (“Barnes R. B et,,al 1945)

Rumen fluid samples from adult Indian cattle (Bos indicus) were observed to study the morphology of rumen ciliate protozoa belonging to genus Entodinium. The samples were collected from the Hingoli District Marathwada region (Maharashtra, India). The present paper deals with the morphology of and new species Entodinium conicospinum identified from the rumen of ccattle. The body measurements. Frequency distribution and variations of the charecters are recorded. Critical comments are made on its specific identity. Entodinium consicospinum (sp.nov) is characterized by having small conical, elongated peg shaped body. The ventral surface is terminated postericrly into a sharp, pointed caudal spine. The wedge shaped macronucleus is located highup near the base of the adoral lip.

Child labour is a persuasive problem throughout the world, especially in developing countries. Africa and Asia together account for over 90% of total child employment. Child labour is especially prevalent in rural area where the capacity to enforce minimum age requirements for schooling and work is lacking. Children work for a variety of reasons, the most important being poverty and the induced pressure upon them to escape from this plight. Though children are not well paid, they still serve as major contributors to family income in developing countries.

The present study will mainly try to explore the position of a woman in our modern society, which is technologically so advanced and updated. It can be stated that technology is giving us a signal of a post human future without having the traditional limitations of time; space and quantity on the availability and openness of information and communication. But the most important point is that though our society is showing tremendous growth but from the ancient time to the present women in most cultures has had to face lots of challenges to prove their potentialities. Not only in the real world but also within the virtual world women have been neglected from decades. The most interesting example of the same can be found within the video games. Thus, the article will try to focus some issues like the above and will seek to provide the philosophical interpretation of body and how the body as well as the female body has been neglected from the earlier philosophical tradition and how the present phenomenological interpretations are trying to overcome those problems. Finally, the article will try to find out a solution of the given problems by following the feminist ethics as well as the computer ethics.