Albinism is an inherited genetic condition that reduces the amount of melanin pigment formed in the body, feathers and eyes of birds. Albinism is caused by a mutation in genes that interfere in the expression of the type and concentration of a pigment (i.e., melanin) Adimallaih et al 2012, and Avizanda et al 2010.

The tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an agricultural important pest species. S. litura has a wide host range of approximately recorded 150 plant species worldwide (Chari & Patel, 1989). In Punjab, this pest attains sporadic status primarily on cauliflower, Brassica oleracea (L.). This pest destroys vegetable crop and particularly prefers the cruciferae family (Charoensak et al., 2009). However, it is also observed feeding on other crops such as arbi, Colocasia esculenta (L.), mung bean, Vigna radiata (L.), sunflower, Helianthus annuus (L.), cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), castor, Ricinus communis (L.), etc. (Kumar, 1992). Larvae of this pest completely devour the leaves of infested plant resulting in huge crop losses which ranges from 50 to 70 per cent. Indiscriminate and continuous use of insecticides has contributed in development of insecticide resistance in insects and caused the environmental degradation as well. Moreover, a base line data regarding the toxicity of the newer insecticides would help in understanding the level of resistance developed in this pest and any possible cross-resistance there in, which could be assessed in advance. Therefore, present studies on development of resistance in S. litura against four new chemistry insecticides (emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad) were carried out in the Toxicology laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India during the year 2011-12. Various stages of S. litura (eggs, larvae) were collected from four different locations (Malerkotla, Hoshiarpur, Amritsar and Samrala) of Punjab. Resistance is developed in third instars of lepidopterous pests (Anand et al., 2011). Therefore, larval bioassays were conducted to estimate the response of field populations of thirty third-instar larvae of S. litura under laboratory conditions at 25±2°C and 65±5 per cent relative humidity. Leaf dip bioassay technique with diluted insecticide formulations recommended by Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was performed in the laboratory with seven to ten treatments depending on the insecticide class, respectively. LC50 values were estimated by probit analysis after correction to record control mortality data which was used to calculate the resistance ratios (RR). The LC50 values worked out for emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, spinosad are 0.081, 0.088, 0.380, 4.00 parts per million (ppm) against pest populations collected from Malerkotla; 0.051, 0.060, 0.250, 3.00 ppm of Amritsar; 0.002, 0.001, 0.0076, 0.10 ppm for Samrala and 0.000014, 0.00001, 0.00056, 0.003 ppm against pest population of Hoshiarpur, respectively. The LC50 values for populations collected from these four locations were in the order Malerkotla>Amritsar >Samrala>Hoshiarpur for the insecticides (emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad) tested. Based on LC50 values obtained, emamectin benzoate (0.000014 ppm) was found to be the most toxic among all the tested populations, followed by chlorantraniliprole (0.00001 ppm), indoxacarb (0.00056 ppm) and spinosad (0.003 ppm), respectively. The pairwise correlation coefficients of LC50 values indicated that there was lack of cross resistance for emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, indoxacarb in populations of S. litura from Punjab. These insecticides may prove to be promising substitutes for the effective control of insecticide resistant populations of S. litura which were collected from Malerkotla region of Punjab state, India.

The women of today have the capability to analyse, organize and mobilize the surrounding situation for social transformation. Because of participation in social activities, leadership qualities and technical skills are developing in women. Of late, service sector has played a significant role in providing employment opportunities to women. Besides, lot of measures have been taken to promote women entrepreneurship in urban, semi-urban and rural areas. It is observed that women can establish business units in those areas where they have core competency. Women have proved their core competency in the areas of entrepreneurship. Educated women who do not find suitable job and who do not feel comfortable to work in their houses, uses their core competency by becoming entrepreneurs. The present study is based on the primary data collected from 350 women entrepreneurs of five taluk’s of Dharwad district. The data thus collected has been analysed by using statistical tools like percentage and paired t-test to examine status and skill development among women entrepreneurs of selected district. Appropriate training and up-gradation of women network are some major suggestion to increase the entrepreneurial skills among the women entrepreneurs.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is generally understood as being the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives (“Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach”), while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders. In this sense it is important to draw a distinction between CSR, which can be a strategic business management concept, and charity, sponsorships or philanthropy

Public Sector Banks (PSBs) are banks where a majority stake (i.e. more than 50%) is held by a government. The shares of these banks are listed on stock exchanges. There are a total of 27 PSBs in India [19 Nationalized banks 6 State bank group (SBI 5 associates) 1 IDBI bank (Other Public Sector-Indian Bank) total 26 PSBs 1 recent Bhartiya Mahila Bank.

Recently, the corporate world has witnessed many ups and downs. The stock markets have crashed, and the corporate sector has been plagued by huge business scandals. Today forensic accounting is a highly talked about topic all over the world and is the fastest growing area of accounting. In most of these corporate scandals and failures, accounting fraud has been the main problem. Accounting fraud can come in a variety of ways. The way accounting is practiced or the interpretations that may give different prescriptions in similar situations are some dark areas that may open some scope for the corrupted accountants. The paper discusses various aspects of forensic accounting, the need and the role it can play in solving the annoyed problems of the corporate world. An important accounting technique that is being strongly advocated and much talked about Forensic Accounting

A successful organization is one in which the goals of the organizations are achieved,individuals are satisfied and they are more likely to be productive. Individual and organization enters into some kind of “Psychological contract”. This contract is implemented by the organization through assigning tasks to individuals, imposing certain obligations on individuals to perform their duties efficiently and by subjecting the employees to authority system etc. From his side, individual tries to put in his ability, loyalty, hard work and commitment to influence positively organizational objectives. As a result of interaction between individual and the organization, “fusion Process” takes place. Thus, individuals enter or form organizations with many expectations and goals; they expect a good return from organizations. Organizations expect individuals to make contribution to achieve its own goals.

Academician are light holders of the nation and play a pivotal role in building, shaping, nurturing and taking the country and society forward.In our social setup they respected, revered and recognised for their efforts, the society places immense expectaAcademician are light holders of the nation and play a pivotal role in building, shaping, nurturing and taking the country and society forward.In our social setup they respected, revered and recognised for their efforts, the society places immense expectapressure of meeting and managing those expectations.

Capital market plays as significant role as money market in the national economy. A developed, dynamic and vibrant capital market can immensely contribute for speedy economic growth and development. The present paper highlights of the working and the performance of financial markets and stock exchanges worldwide. It also covers the functioning of Indian stock market too. The Indian stock market is one of the top most stock exchanges worldwide and it registers the remarkable growth as time passes. In the present paper the researcher has tried to explore the performance of India in the field of financial market worldwide. The working, control and position of all stock exchanges in India have also been studied in the present paper.

Data mining is used to convert through very large amount of data for useful information. In Data Mining, some of the most important and popular techniques are used. Those are Classification, Clustering, Prediction, Sequential patterns and Association Rules. Heart disease is the term that assigns to a large number of medical conditions related to heart. These medical conditions are used to describe the abnormal conditions of health that directly influence the heart and all its parts. This paper aims at analyzing the various data mining techniques introduced in recent years for heart disease prediction.

A cane sugar mill is a factory that processes sugar cane to produces raw or white sugar. India has been known as the original home of sugar and sugarcane. The Indian sugar industry uses sugarcane in the production of sugar and hence maximum number of the companies. Sugar recovery is the most vital economic indicator of any sugar factory. It indicates the sugar production from per metric ton of sugarcane. A soil test is the analysis of a soil sample to check nutrient and contaminated content, composition, and other characteristics such as the acidity or pH level. A soil test can determine fertility, or the expected growth potential of the soil which indicates nutrient deficiencies. Soil testing is used to facilitate fertilizer composition and dosage selection for land.

Accurate location of each ode is highly desirable to achieve high performance of WSN and various optimization techniques are used like as Particle Swarm Optimization, Biogeography Based Optimization, Pollination based algorithm for the optimizes location determination of nodes in WSN. In this paper we have proposed PBO to determine the optimized location of target node. Here the nodes that get localized in iteration act as anchor node. A comparison of the performance of PBO& Hybrid (BBO&PSO) in terms of number of nodes localized,localization error and localization time,end to end delay, end to end loss ratio is presented..

India has been an agrarian economy which depends extensively on adequate water supply for its cultivation.But today this essential requirement of water supply is getting scarce and country is still dependent on monsoons which are both irregular and inadequate. Due to this scarcity our economy is getting trapped in the vicious circle of economic problems and thus hindering the economic growth and development of the country

Limitation on access to data and resources to collect the necessary data has limited the institutional capacity to develop information baselines. There are various models available having varying level of complexities, which allow cities to develop their inventory. However most of these models are data intensive, only delaying the process of building a baseline. This paper endeavours to highlight various simple methods to quantify emissions from vehicles using commonly available data with local authorities. These methods are not alternative to existing established models. The aim of this research paper is to jump start the analytical process in order to establish a robust information baseline based upon which effective decisions could be taken to reduce automobile emission significantly

The research reported in this paper is directed towards the experimental determination of the stress - strain curνe of concrete confined by spiral and rectangular ties. The experimental study involved the testing of 4 cylindrical (150/300mm), 4 prismatic (150x150x300mm), 8 prismatic (150x300x300mm) and 2 cubic (300x300x300mm) specimens corresponding to different confinement provisions. From each category, two additional unreinforced specimens were constructed in order to demonstrate the improvement of the strength of the confined test specimens against the unreinforced ones. Specimens were subjected to uniaxial compression.

In this paper multi-objective reconfiguration of distribution network is performed to minimize real losses and improve power quality parameters. At first problem solve by using genetic algorithm method. Selection of weight coefficient in this approach is difficult and time consuming, therefore to fix this problem, Strength Pareto Evolutionary programming (SPEP) is used.in addition to this methods to investigate the constraints and restrictions of objective functions of the reconfiguration problem such as a radial distribution networks and transmission power to whole loads. Graph theory and adjacency matrix corresponding to the distribution network were used. Proposed methods were performed on 33 bus IEEE distribution system and observed SPEP method gives multi answers which user can select best answer based on his/her experience.

Shear walls are often introduced in multistoried buildings to resist lateral forces when frame systems alone are insufficient. The term “shear wall” as used for elevator shafts, stairwells and central core units, in addition to plane walls. Analysis for lateral loads of buildings containing shear walls is generally carried out by assigning all lateral loads to the shear walls, since it was felt that the very big difference in stiffness between the shear walls and the frame would cause the shear walls to accept the total lateral loads. Adding structural walls is one of the most common structure-level retrofitting methods to strengthen existing structures. This approach is effective for controlling global lateral drifts and for reducing damage in frame members. Shear walls resist two types of forces, shear forces and uplift forces. Shear forces are generated in stationary buildings by accelerations resulting from ground movement and by external forces like wind and waves. This action creates shear forces throughout the height of the wall between the top and bottom shear wall connections.

Vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi include among its members some of the majority widespread root symbionts species. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) are present in the roots of almost all vascular plants. These common, soil-borne fungi belong to the family, the Endogonaceae and generate fungal structures in the cortex of the roots. VAM play a decisive role in the mineral nutrition of plants by transferring phosphorus and other mineral deposits from the soil to the plant. Techniques for obtaining VAM samples from natural sources from cultivated land (summer and winter crops) around the Jaipur district are outlined. Methods of isolating spores, staining and clearing root samples and of identifying the fungal structures are discussed.

The rapid pace of urbanization has led to proliferation of automobiles in urban areas. Exponential growth of automobile has caused phenomenal increase in traffic congestion at most of the intersections. In this paper attempt has been made to consider Loni square formed by intersection of Mangal Pandey Marg and Loni road, in the North Eastern part of Delhi. Loni intersection lies in Zone E of Delhi Master Plan - 2021. Presently the intersection suffers major setback in terms of its efficient and safe traffic operation, resulting in traffic congestion, substantial long queue, vehicular delay and increase in pollution. In order to ensure smooth movement of traffic and pedestrian safety, various alternatives were worked out in order to optimize signal timing and prevent delay.

Flexural behavior of PUF cored sandwich beams made up of multi-layered core of different layer density were studied numerically using most versatile analysis tool i.e. FEM/ANSYS. To rate the performance of these structures, many engineering parameters such as face sheet stress (σf), core shear (τ) beam deflection (y) were considered. To pursue this task, a three layered core model with different layer configurations was generated and analyzed under 3-point bending. All the models were simulated at constant beam length, width, mid span loading with similar and identical face sheets. Various layer configurations (layer density) were examined and an attempt was made to identify the best layer configuration that can perform better under flexural loading. Foremost of above, the analyzing tool i.e. FEM/ANSYS was validated using bench marks. From the present investigation it is evident that for a given multi-layer configuration, layers of foams of increasing densities from bottom to top face can perform better under flexural load.

We give a review on H.264/AVC video coding standard. We use diagram to show the encoding and decoding process. The aim of this review is to provide the succeeding researchers with some constructive information about H.264 video coding, those who are interested in implementing video codec in H.264.

The present study was conducted on the 225 unsexed day-old Khaki Campbell ducklings in the Regional Centre, CARI, Bhubaneswar during the period between March to June, 2013. The ducklings were randomly distributed into three treatment groups viz. T1, T2 and T3 supplemented with 18, 20 and 22 per cent crude protein and three replicates in each group to study the effect of feeding different levels of proteins on the performance of the ducks during starter stage. It was found that the mortality ranged from 2.67 to 4.00% during first four weeks of age (0-4 weeks) and 2.67 to 6.67% during next four weeks of age (4-8 weeks). The overall mortality (0-8 weeks) during the experimental period was low in T1 with 18% protein diet (5.33%) compared to T2 with 20% protein diet (9.33%) and T3 with 22% protein diet (9.33%). It can be concluded that with increase in the supplementation of protein in the Khaki Campbell ducks during the starter period significantly impact the health and productive traits of the birds by significantly increasing their mortality and thereby decrease the overall economic status of the farm.

Sustainable agriculture conserves our soil and water resources, protects our climate, enhances agro-diversity, ensures biodiversity, meets the demand for food and safeguards livelihoods. In short, it ensures that the environment thrives, the farm is productive, the farmer makes a net profit and society has enough nutritious food. Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture(CMSA) is one such initiative which is implemented in the state of Andhra Pradesh through the women SHGs and their federations. This paper highlights the major initiatives taken up under the project and their impact on the farmers.

A balanced management of nutrients in a crop involves several aspects, such as the application of the essential elements for crop growth, taking into account the soil conditions that influence their availability, time, sources and doses according to crop needs. The lack of any of these elements has both direct and indirect effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological parameters, such as photosynthesis (Pn) and maximum efficiency of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm), depending on the nutritional status of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants in the municipalities of Campoalegre and Garzón in the province of Huila, Colombia. The photosynthesis was primarily affected at the initial stages of the crop. Net photosynthesis, and maximum PSII efficiency of tobacco were affected mainly by the location evaluated. The fertilizer application rate influenced the Fv/Fm, and the fertilization source influenced Pn, y Fv/Fm.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is becoming an increasingly important source of edible vegetable oil throughout the world because of its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content and no cholesterol. The increasing demand for this oil may promote increased hectare of sunflower in the India, where some soils are saline or have the potential to become so. Effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth characteristics were evaluated for twelve Helianthus annuus L. genotypes in Five treatments of salinity including 0.0 (control), 0.0 (Control), 0.4, 0.9, 1.3 and 1.7 dS/m concentration of NaCl in a three replicated randomized completely block design (RCBD). ANOVA revealed highly significant differences for fresh weight and dry weight and leaf area etc., under various salt concentrations. However, the differences among the genotypes for all the parameters studied were highly significant. The findings suggest that, SFL-07 and PKVSH-27 genotypes were found to be tolerate moderate levels of salinity and can be tried for cultivation on marginal salted soils.

A study was carried out in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) with 123 F2 plants of cross PM 115 * LGG 460 to estimate mean, range, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance for 8 trait viz. height of the plant, number of branches, number of clusters, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of pods per plant, length of the pod, number of seeds per pod, single plant yield without any replication. Heritability in broad sense and genetic advance as percent of mean was high for number of pods per plant, single plant yield, plant height, number of branches per plant, pod length indicating that these traits were controlled by additive genes indicating the availability of sufficient heritable variation that could be made use in the selection programme and can easily be transferred to succeeding generations

Seeds of Crotalaria verrucosa L. were screened for their phytochemical constitution following hot continuous and successive extraction by Soxhlet apparatus. Qualitative assay and thin layer chromatography was done using a range of solvents. Extraction process was carried using different solvents successively in the order of increasing polarity. Qualitative analysis of the extracts using standard procedures, revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoids, phenols, steroids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides and phytosterols. TLC profiling of the extracts was performed using different solvent compositions, which yielded a wide array of compounds. Distinct qualitative manifestation of phytochemicals in screening test and chromatography of the seeds has demonstrated their potential for future drugs.

A field experiment was conducted at Dept. of Botany, Bangalore University, Bangalore, in 2010-2011 to evaluate the response of microbial inoculants and organic manure (vermicompost) on growth of Amaranthus. Combined inoculation with vermicompost and bioinoculants Frateuria aurentia (Potassium mobilizer), Trichoderma viride, Azospirillium brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly increased plant biomass, yield and nutrient content. Plants inoculated with vermicompost and Frateuria aurentia was showed highest nutrient uptake than vermicompost and Azospirillum brasilense inoculated plants followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Flowering often associated with senescence and death. The senescence of flowers involves a coordinated series of complex physiological and biological events leading to eventual collapse and death of the petals. Petals are an excellent model system for the study of fundamental aspects of senescence. The need of present study was felt with the aim to study the changes taking place during petal senescence in uncut flowers of Tagetes erecta L. Estimation of total protein and protease activity was studied from first stage to senescent stage of Tagetes erecta L. Total protein content had a decreasing trend in Tagetes petals. This reduction of protein is due to the breakdown of the proteins might have created an internal environment suitable for the senescent change which leads the flower towards senescence. The protease activity registered a consistent increase with the simultaneous decrease in total protein content.

Synthesis of N-pyridin-2-yl-p-totuene sulphonamides 6a-e is reported. This was achieved by first reacting p-toluene sulphonyl chloride 1 with various amino acids in basic medium to afford the p-toluene sulphamides 3a-e. p-Toluene sulphonamides upon refluxing with thionyl chloride were converted to the corresponding acyl chlorides 4a-e which on further reaction with 2-amino pyridine 5 in basic medium of triethylamine gave the N-pyridin-2-yl-p-toluene sulphonamides 6a-e. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), proton and carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR and 13CNMR). The antimicrobial properties of the sulphonamides were determined on Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using agar diffusion technique. The intermediates 3a-e and the N-pyridin-2-yl derivatives 6a-e were found to be more active than tetracycline against the tested organisms.

Globally, micronutrient malnutrition alone afflicts more than two billion people, mostly among resource-poor families in developing countries, with Zn, Fe, I and vitamin A deficiencies most prevalent. More than five million childhood deaths occur from micronutrient malnutrition every year. Currently, mineral malnutrition is considered to be among the most serious global challenges to human kind and is avoidable. Among different micronutrients, zinc deficiency is a well-documented problem in food crops, causing decreased crop yields and nutritional quality. Generally, the regions in the world with Zn-deficient soils are also characterized by widespread Zn deficiency in humans. Recent estimates indicate that nearly half of world population suffers from Zn deficiency. Cereal crops play an important role in satisfying daily calorie intake in developing world, but they are inherently very low in Zn concentrations in grain, particularly when grown on Zn-deficient soils. The reliance on cereal-based diets may induce Zn deficiency-related health problems in humans, such as impairments in physical development, immune system and brain function. Among the strategies being discussed as major solution to Zn deficiency, biofortification appears to be a most sustainable and cost-effective approach useful in improving Zn concentrations in grain. Scientific evidence shows this is technically feasible without compromising agronomic productivity.

Financial institution specially banking industry is one of the areas where many public, private & foreign banks are operating their businesses to different customers in every nuke of the country. This study is undertaking the customer preference towards Tamilnadu Mercantile bank at Dharmapuri Town. Banking is considered to be the nerve center of trade, commerce and business in a country .It plays a vital role in distributing the money for the development of trade, industry and commerce. Therefore we may say that banking is the life blood of modern commerce. A banker is not only dealers in money but also leaders in economic development of a country. The fundamental aspects of banking i.e. trust and the confidence of the people on the institution remain the same. The majority of the banks are still successful in keeping with the confidence of the customer even though the main problems of the customer are not well aware of the service provided by their bank. Financial institution specially banking industry is one of the areas where many public, private & foreign banks are operating their businesses to different customers in every nuke of the country. In the process to attract customers these banks are providing the highest level of service quality to satisfy the varying needs of today's customers, but service quality is not alone sufficient trust among the customers is another important factor which is a predictor of consumer preference.

In the era of Information technology, where the world is increasingly becoming a global village, and English becoming a global language, it is expected from everyone to have Effective Communication Skills, especially from Professional students. Keeping the huge importance of English language in the mind, many universities have introduced ELCS laboratories for professional courses to the extent possible. The language laboratory plays an important role in the language learning process which focuses on student-centred learning. The main objective of the English lab is to prepare the students for campus recruitment and making the students to enhance their LSRW skills. The teacher’s role is that of a facilitator of learning. By being creative, innovative, and designing many useful activities the teacher of English will undoubtedly motivate and encourage the students to learn English language in an easy manner. The Role of English teachers also includes – removing the fear of speaking in English and assisting students in developing more positive perceptions of communication activities. The present paper of mine discusses in detail the active role of English teacher as a motivator, diagnostician, counsellor, soft skills trainer.

The important requirement in data grid environment is replicas utilization. In general replicas are used as proactive (i.e. failure considered before scheduling of a job) and post active handles the job failure after it has occurred. We used centralized and local replicas within agents. In this paper, we address the probabilistic models of Fault tolerance, communication, efficiency and reliability of simple job submission. We have shown an autonomous, self adaptive agents model to model replicas in distributed environment for long execution of jobs. The applicability of the proposed agent’s architecture in data grid is able to setup some parameters of replicas such as centralized and local replicas search rate with mean time failure and number of objects used in it. The search values of centralized and local replicas are measured when computing happens. The Metrics used for search value are number of replicas, replication objects with different states and processing capability. The metrics we considered are to reduce complexity in search rate of replicas due to their huge computing and storage capabilities. On the basis of centralized and local replicas search value we predict the unreliable agents computing model as result of that we can increase computing reliability or we can avoid unreliable model into computing. Hence we showed an autonomous, self adaptive agent model in order to reduce service failures of replicas in large scale distributed environment.

Nagerbazar’s transport crisis has been exacerbated by deteriorating public transport services, limited and outdated transport infrastructure, sharply rising motor vehicle ownership and use, and a wide range of motorized and non-motorized transport modes sharing roadways. In Nagerbazar non-motorized modes of transport and public transport/para-transit constitute a significant proportion of trips. Due to poor and unreliable supply of public transport, the share of private automobiles is ever increasing. Growing number of automobiles has increased congestion, travel delay and accidents. To reduce these negative externalities both public and non-motorized forms of transport has to be given importance. It will be difficult to increase the share of NMV and public transport unless these modes are made much more convenient, safer and reliable. This article summarizes Nagerbazar's transport system and travel behavior, analyzes the extent and causes of the most severe problems, and recommends policy improvements that would help mitigate Nagerbazar's transport crisis. Key Words: Non-motorized modes, Public transport, Traffic congestion, Pollution, Safety

In general, PID controller is designed to suit for offline conditions based on certain algorithms put in the process. But controllers used in online conditions are unable to reject the nonlinear disturbances which occur in the system during entire range operation. In order to overcome this drawback in conventional design, this paper proposes an intelligent approach like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for disturbance rejection in the system by designing the controller in online conditions the PID controllers gains are altered i.e. online in accordance with the disturbances to reject .The proposed intelligent PID controller design method is based on pessen’s tuning algorithm for rejection of different disturbance. To validate the proposed method, a liquid level control of a process tank is considered and an intelligent PID controller is designed using the Artificial Neural Network .The designed intelligent PID controller is simulated under different disturbances using MATLAB/Simulink and results are successfully verified.

Credit is one of the critical inputs for agricultural development. It capitalizes farmers to undertake new investments and/oradopt new technologies. The importance of agricultural credit is further reinforced by the unique role of Indian agriculture in the macroeconomic framework along with its significant role in poverty alleviation. Realizing the importance of agricultural credit in fostering agricultural growth and development, the emphasis on the institutional framework for agricultural credit is being emphasized since the beginning of planned development era in India.

There has been an exponential growth in the use of mobile communication services over the years and this growth is expected to continue in the future with the introduction of the 3rd Generation (3G) mobile technologies.

In recent years researchers have pointed out that low quality of Primary level education is the main reason for downfall in overall education level of country. State Government of Uttar Pradesh with the help of Government of India have done its outmost effort in improving Quality of education at primary level but most of the effort were based on providing infrastructure in schools, opening new schools, recruitment of teachers etc. Although teacvher5 plays an important role in our education system yet none of the effort were directed toward the welfare of teachers, they remain neglected assuming that satisfaction of teachers do not affects the quality of education. Although their salary have been increased as per 6th pay commission but in absence of some allowances and facilities such as medical reimbursement facility, transport allowance, absence of new pension scheme etc, it failed in bringing satisfaction among primary school teachers employed in Government primary school run by Basic Education Council of Uttar Pradesh. With the help of survey this research paper will try to focus on the problems of primary school teachers and reasons behind these problems.

Rashtiya Rajdhani Kshetra Delhi me Madhyamik Shiksha Stara per Jativar Vidhyarthi  Namankan ki Pravruti ka Adhyayan

The investigation was carried out on a random sample of 500 students of 9th class of secondary/senior secondary schools of Chandigarh. The teaching material consisted of some concepts of English and the lesson Plans were prepared through the techniques of Modular and Multimedia Instructional Strategies. Two different modes of Instructional Strategies were developed. These modes pertained to the use of Instructional Strategies Modular and Multimedia. For the purposes of the present study both these modes were combined into one format. The other variables consisted of the Cognitive Styles and Achievement Motivation. The effect of teaching through Modular and Multimedia Instructional Strategies was observed on the Achievement of the students. The results revealed that the intercorrelation coefficients among the variables of Instructional Strategies, Cognitive Styles, Achievement Motivation and Achievement were positive and significant at .01 level of confidence.

All living organism have their aim to reach heights of their own interest and feel satisfied. To be content in their work the motivating factor should be satisfactory. This view is more suitable for teachers who aspire to fulfill their needs by educating their children.

The present revolution in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) necessitates a total overhaul of inclusive schools and special education curriculum to reflect the change. Most schools and service delivery systems for learners with learning disabilities now adopt the use of ICT. Hence, there is urgent need to integrate ICT to special education curriculum in order to train special education teachers who can stand the test of time.This paper highlights the need for reform ofspecial education curriculum. Various changes brought about by ICT in special education curriculum, advantages of ICT, the training models, strategies, skill acquisition for effective operations. It highlights the various challenges of integrating ICT to special education curriculum and finally suggests some strategies that could be adoptedfor effective reform and integration of ICT to special education curriculum.

Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) is one of the alternative energies developed from the use of small-scale wind wurbine.WECS capacity is less than 10 kW. Indonesia winds changing and relatively low. To overcome these problems required the control system of wind turbine pitch angle. In this study designed a control system of wind turbine pitch angle based imperial Competitive Algorithm (ICA). The control system is expected at varying wind speeds, can provide rotor angular velocity remains stable and working at optimum area. ICA is a novel evolutionary algorithm to optimize a system inspired from competition rule (imperial Competition). Optimization for ICA-based control system designed using ITAE (Integral Time Absolute Error) as the objective function in determining the PID control parameters. The results showed ICA-based PID control responds well to all set point tests, and the test results set point 10 peps provide the best response when compared to a higher set point. With Kip, Kid, and Kid sequentially 1:49, 3:13 and 0:03 gave the maximum overshoot (maximum overshoot) 11:30% with down time (settling time) for 1.85 seconds and quantitatively ITAE=0.42 for 10 seconds.

Contribution of livestock towards global food security cannot be denied, but environmental issues associated with livestock production needs immediate attention. Application of innovative approaches in nutrition, breeding, management, and knowledge of information technology are required to be adhered to reduce emissions from animal facilities. The compassion in world farming suggests that policy makers should look afresh at the whole issue of how we should rear animals for food in ways that protect the nutritional needs of people, the livelihoods of farmers, the welfare of farm animals and the global climate and environmental degradation.

This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a water-to-water heat-pipe heat exchanger (W-W HPHE) experimentally. Methanol (CH3OH) is used as a working fluid. The analysis is based on the effectiveness (∈) –NTU (number of transfer units) approach to deduce its heat transfer characteristics. The experiment was carried out with various mass flow rate of water, inlet temperature of water in the evaporator section and heat input (Q) to the heat exchanger. The mass flow rate of water to the evaporator section varied from 30 lph to 60 lph, while in the condenser section it has been varied in the range of 10-60 lph. The mass flow rate of water in the condenser section has been altered in the ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5 and 1:3 as that of evaporator section. Several experiments were carried out under different operating conditions by varying the heat input to the heat exchanger from 1 kW to 4 kW. By varying the heat input to the heat exchanger, it is found that the inlet temperature of water to the evaporator section is varying in the range of 50-800C. In this study, the variation of overall effectiveness (∈) of W-W HPHE with heat capacity ratio (Ch/Cc) was presented and the effect of mass flow rate of water to the evaporator section and inlet temperature of water to the evaporator section were analyzed. The effect of mass flow rate of hot water to the evaporation section with respect to the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) also determined. It was shown that minimum effectiveness of W-W HPHE took place at Ch = Cc. Therefore equal value of mass flow rate of water in the evaporator and condenser section should be avoided. The optimum effectiveness is obtained when Ch = 2Cc for all heat inputs and mass flow rate of water to the evaporator section.

A lab trial was conducted during 2012-13 at Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh to study the bionomics of rose thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. Laboratory studies revealed that the female laid their eggs in the leaf tissues by sharp ovipositor. The average incubation period was found 5.28 day. The larva passed through two distinct instar and average duration of each instar was 1.72 and 4.76 day, respectively. The total larval period was on an average of 6.48 day with the total pupal period of 3.96 day. The average pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period were 3.12, 32.68 and 4.20 day, respectively. The number of progenies produced by a single female varied from 28 to 69 with an average of 58.8. The average longevity of male and female was 21.60 and 42.36 day with entire life span of 25.52 and 48.40 day, respectively. The sex ratio of male to female was worked out as 1:1.73 at a constant temperature of 25 ± 1°C.

The present study was conducted to obtain quantitative information about the translocation of lead (Pb) in a soil culture experiment with wheat. The solutions of lead nitrate (500, 1000 and 2500 µM) were applied to achieve stress conditions in comparison to unstressed, water treated control variant. Plants were exposed to Pb solutions for 7 days under experimental dome conditions and various observations were recorded. Growth parameters, such as root length, shoot length and dry weight, exhibited a significant decline with increasing Pb treatment. In addition, the level of photosynthetic pigments decreased upon exposure to Pb in a linear manner. These results suggested manifestation of Pb-induced stress, which was confirmed by reduced Photochemical Efficiency of PSII (Fv/ Fm). After 7 days of treatment, malondialdehyde accumulated in the range of ~11-38% with respect to control over 500-2500 µM Pb exposure. Further, superoxide dismutase activity increased with increasing concentrations. On the other hand, a significant decline was observed in guaiacol peroxidase activity in wheat roots in a concentration- dependent manner. The study concludes that short-term Pb treatment alters growth and physiology of wheat grown under soil culture.

In the last period the Slovak agricultural landscape went through vivid changes, which have conditioned in arising of new problems such as agricultural subjects decomposition, changes of agricultural structure, leaving the agricultural land, declining of the intensity of agricultural production, negative influences of leaving agricultural grounds on landscape biodiversity, overmultiplying of synantropic species, increasing pressure on occupation of agricultural soil as a result of increasing pressure on enforcement of particular invested contemplations. All of these changes are also reflected on the changing landscape structure and landscape character of the agricultural landscape. The original traditional agricultural landscape is gradually changing to an artificial intensively used landscape. The paper is focused on the evaluation of the traditional agricultural landscape and specification basic landscape types of historical landscape structure of the Slovakia.

Pollution is the biggest menace to the living being on this planet today. The pollutant eradication through exploiting the enzyme potential by using the various techniques is being revolutionized in the present global scenario. Enzyme bioremediation is a breakthrough technology that has the potential to offer numerous benefits over conventional technologies. Enzyme bioremediation have greater positive effects and propose significant promise to pollutant bioremediation. In conclusion, the enzymatic bioremediation open the new era of pollutant eradication for clean, safe and green environment.

The present study investigated the potential of the selected bacterium, a natural Bacillus Subtilis isolated from the soil which was found to be more useful in degrading the Dimethylformamide (DMF) based effluent generated in pharmaceuticals industries. On the assessment of physico-chemical parameters like pH, Turbidity, COD, MLSS and ammonia released during the degradation process. DMF degradation was estimated in the form of reduction in the COD. Continuous increase in turbidity and biomass was also observed during the treatability study. During study it is reported that 70-80% reduction in COD and 7-20% increase in MLSS was recorded, which indicates the degradation of DMF

Trafficking in women is one of the worst manipulations of human rights. Anyway it is exceptionally hard to gauge the scale of trafficking is nearly identified with child labour, bonded labour, Child marriage, abduction and kidnapping and prostitution despite the fact that these phenomena can exist also independent of trafficking. This has subjected to investigate the nature, causes, modes and volume of trafficking in a nation that has turned into a vulnerable objective for trafficking. India has neglected to follow certain international standards to battle the crime. There is a need to create a multidimensional approach and centresfor consideration on structural variables of trafficking for suggesting significant schemes to counter the social abhorrence.

The study aimed at finding the access variations to e-resources pertaining to Science, Arts and Vocational genre in the libraries of Chennai region. For this study a questionnaire was framed and distributed among 100 regular visitors of the libraries in Chennai region, out of which 80 were returned. It includes the aspects like purpose of visiting the library, types of services provided by the library and users satisfaction level of library services. The present Paper examines the existence of various E-resources, awareness about E-resources, preference to E-resource format, Access points of e-resources, problems faced while accessing the E-resources, user satisfaction of Science, Arts and Vocational genre population in the libraries of Chennai region.

Love and hatred are perennial themes for every writer worth his ink and they equally fascinated the readers down the ages. What is love?, why one loves? and why one loves? are the questions that battered the brilliant minds for a long time. For Shakespeare ‘love is not time’s fool,’ for John Keats love is the ultimate truth as he said, ‘Beauty is truth, truth is beauty’ and for M. K. Gandhi love is God. Love, Truth and God serve as synonyms and whoever wanted to pen something, cannot escape them. Love or its absence constitutes the whole of our world literature. Toni Morrison is no exception. Her master work Song of Solomon is perhaps the greatest novel ever written by Afro-American which has a close affinity to Alex Haley’s Roots. The protagonist, Milkman, in a transcendental stage finds himself metamorphosed – discovers his identity, ancestral legacy and capacity for love and joy and learns to fly without ever leaving the ground.

The major objective was to determine influence of leadership styles and competency on performance of fabric manufacturing Industries at Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India. Major leadership styles were considered for the study. The data were collected from 55 fabric manufacturing industries. A sample of 188 project leader/manager was considered purposely for the study. The study was descriptive and found that Democratic Leadership, laissez-faire Leadership, Transactional Leadership and Servant Leadership are significant and having positive effect on organizational performance, which reveals the employees freedom of work, little supervision and cordial relation with the leaders. Competency has a positive and significant influence on the organizational performance.

Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing particular job .The training is to acquire new skill, technical knowledge, problem- solving, etc. Training improves the performance of employees on present jobs and prepares them for taking up new assignments in the future. Training also helps in the development of the employees. The main objective of the study is to identify the Training & Development Practices adopted by a Public Sector Undertaking - BSNL that has an impact on employee performance.

E Banking in India is still in the early stages of growth and development. Competition and changes in technology have changed the face of Banking. The changes that have taken place impose on banks tough standards of competition and compliance. Electronic banking is the use of computer to retrieve and process banking data and to initiate transactions directly with a bank via a telecommunication network. In other words-banking is the wave of future. E Banking is likely to bring a host opportunities as well as poses new challenges for authorities in regulating and supervising the financial system and in designing and implementing the macroeconomic policy This paper aims to present A Study on Emerging E-Banking opportunities & challenges in India.

Basic HRM issues in UAE are acquiring employees, developing employees, motivating them and retaining employees. Acquiring Employees is very important issue in HRM as the selection of correct employee directly affects performance of the whole organization. The main alternatives existing in international management is based on Perlmutter’s (1969) early work on ethnocentric, polycentric and geocentric managerial perspectives and behaviours (Doherty, L., Klenert, A, & Manfredi, S, 2007). Emiritization or host country nationals employment is one of the main key issues in private and public sector both.

Evolution of metal matrix composite has evoked towards hybridization in the study of composites. The custom made characteristics of MMCs can be designed according to the usage. From this potential, the desired conceptions of the designer are fulfilled by the metal matrix composites. Because of their high wear resistance and intensity level to weight ratio the Al/Al alloy based Metal Matrix Composites have been widely employed as a backup material in structural, automotive and aerospace technology. The objective of this paper is to review the Wear behavior of Al matrix based MMC with different reinforcements and various parameters such as load, speed, sliding distance, etc. Sic based MMC offers great resistance to wear because of its self lubricant property.

Experimental study of performance and emission characteristics has been done with methyl ester of cotton seed oil and its blends (5%B,10%B,15%B, 20%B,25%B, 30%B,100%B and %, 50%, 60%, 80% and 100%B) with diesel. and study of performance and emission characteristics has been done with methyl ester of maize oil and its blends (5%B,10%B,15%B, 20%B,25%B, 30%B,100%B with diesel on single cylinder, four stroke, Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Diesel engine study is conducted at different compression ratio. Performance characteristics include brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, specific energy consumption aAfter experimentation we conclude that, volumetric efficiency, brake thermal efficiency of cottonseed and maize oil as compared to diesel is same at higher compression ratio but vary when compression ratio decreases, also at lower compression ratio maize oil blend create more sound pollution than diesel. Fuel consumption of diesel is less as compared to cottonseed oil and maize oil methyl ester blend.

The study conducted with entrepreneurs of TANSIDCO, Coimbatore, to find out the level of Entrepreneurial Self Efficacy and the relationship of that with their intension in continuation of their business. Fifty two entrepreneurs responded and the structured questionnaire with the selected variables was used and the through interview schedule the data collected. Search, Planning, Marshaling, implementing in personal and finance were taken in ESE. Their continuity intension of business measured with their future plans of the business in profit increasing, expansion and innovative or creative ideas in crises management, and passion towards their business. The level of self efficacy and the relationship between ESE and the intension in retaining in the business was analyzed. The results were predominant towards the objectives.

The HR managers are laying the path map for the right working conditions which would inspire the employees to be engaged give their best go their extra mile and persist in the face of difficulties. The challenge faced by the management is therefore not just in retaining the talented employees but in engaging them. Thus HR coined the term Employee Engagement when the organization takes measure for an engaged workforce the profit and the efficiency spikes. On the other hand disengaged workers are typically impassive in the job or organization they work for. As a result their competence decreases their disapproval increases and their poor attitude spread like a virus throughout the organization. In a decent economy these employees typically find a new manager where they recuperate interest and their productivity spikes until they become disinterested six months later.

In this paper ‘Various method are compared for finding an optimal solution. The methods are NWC, LCM, VAM, NMD and Zero Suffix Method all gives an optimal solution. In this paper the best optimality condition has been checked. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the condition.. The Simplex method is not suitable for the Transportation Problem especially for large Scale transportation problem due to its special Structure of the model in 1954 Charnes and Cooper was developed Stepping Stone method for the efficiency reason. An Initial Basic Feasible Solution(IBFS) for the transportation problem can be obtained by using the north-west corner rule row minima, Coiumn minima, Matrix minima and Vogel’s Approximation Method [Reinfeld and Vogel 1958,Goyal”s version of VAM ..Kirca and Stair developed a heuristic method to obtain an efficient initial basic feasible solution. Sudhakar etal proposed zero suffix method for finding an optimal solution for transportation problem directly in 2012

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1) To study the incidence, the efficacy and safety of attempted vaginal birth after previous one cesarean section.2)To study the maternal and perinatal outcome in vaginal birth after previous one cesarean section. Method. All women with previous one cesarean section for non-recurrent indications admitted in labor room of our hospital during the period from November 2011 to August 2013 were studied. RESULT Out of 727 patients 67.26% delivered vaginally and 32.74% required repeat cesarean section due to various reasons. The rate of successful VBAC is significantly more in patients with H/O prior vaginal delivery. There was more no. of patients delivered vaginally when the previous indication was abnormal presentation Rate of cesarean section was more when the previous indication was failed induction Conclusion we concluded that trial of labor after one cesarean section should be undertaken in selected patients in well equipped hospitals. Vaginal delivery is much safer than repeat cesarean section.

Background: Mobile phone holds the great importance in everyday life. Mobile phone and internet usage have become universal practice especially among the student community. Mobile Phone usage has both pros and cons .This study focused on the cell phone usage among medical students in an urban setting in Gujarat. Methods: 330 medical students participated in the study. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect data and analysis was done using MS Excel and Epi Info. Results: Out of the total 330 sample, 119 male and 211 female from first ,second and third year MBBS and Post Graduate students . In 59% of the students, Age of initiation of phone usage was around 17 to 19 years. 86.36 % of students had smart phones. 37.88 % students spent Rs.100 to Rs 250 per months.

Fanconi's anaemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder associated with pancytopenia, congenital anomalies and chromosomal instability. Identification of the disease at birth is based on charecteristics physical malformations, as hematological menifestations at birth is very rare. Only very few cases were identified in the first month of life and reported in the world literature. We report a case of fanconi's anaemia in a newborn. Who presented with right radial ray defect, absent left kidney, left lumber region herniated sac and mild thrombocytopenia.

Background: Anemia is defined as decreased hemoglobin level, or circulating red blood cells and it is the most common hematological disorder during pregnancy. There are different types of anemia commonest being iron deficiency anemia which affect mostly pregnant and lactating women and children in developing countries. Present study was conducted at P. D. U. Hospital, Rajkot. Aims and objectives : 1) to find out the prevalence of anemia of different types, 2) to grade the severity of anemia, 3) to detect any other abnormality. Methods : In Present study, 100 pregnant women attending antenatal out patient department, obstetric and gynecology department were selected as subjects. After taking detailed history (including age, gravid status, trimester status, chief complains), preliminary blood tests like complete blood count by automated cell counter (nihon kohden) and peripheral smear examination was performed. Results : Pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic were selected. Total 100 pregnant women of 15 to 35 years of age have been studied. Among them, 48 (48 %) women were anemic. Out of 100 women, 36(36%) women were having hypochromic microcytic peripheral blood smear, 1(1%) woman was having normochromic macrocytic peripheral blood smear and 63(63%) women were having normochromic normocytic peripheral blood smear. Among 100 women, 39 women were having 1st trimester pregnancy, 40 women were having 2nd trimester pregnancy and 21 women were having 3rd trimester pregnancy. Among those having 1st trimester pregnancy, 23(58.97%) women were having normochromic normocytic peripheral blood smear, 15(38.46%) having hypochromic microcytic peripheral blood smear and 1 (2.56%) was having macrocytic peripheral blood smear. Among those having 2nd trimester pregnancy, 30(75%) women were having normochromic normocytic peripheral blood smear, 10(25%) women were having hypochromic microcytic peripheral blood smear. Among those having 3rd trimester pregnancy, 10 (47.61%) women were having normochromic normocytic peripheral blood smear and 11 (52.38%) women were having hypochromic microcytic peripheral blood smear.

bjective: To evaluate the characteristics of unexpected sudden mortalities (USMs) observed at an intensive care unit (ICU) in terms of patient demographics and frequency, etiology and timing of deaths Methods: A total of 1424 patients who admitted to ICU between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2012 were included in this retrospective study conducted at a 20-bed capacity ICU that works as closed system within a 345-bed training and research hospital. Of 1424 patients, overall mortality was determined to occur in 249 patients (mean(SD) age: 60.4(22.4) years, ranged 1-105 years, 57.0% were females) including 19 patients with USMs during ICU hospitalization. Patients with mortality (overall, USMs and expected mortalities) were evaluated in terms of data on patient demographics, reasons for referal to ICU, predictable mortality scores of APACHE II and SOFA, admission diagnosis, type of admission as well as the time period (08.00-17.00 or 17.00-08.00) and the day (weekdays/weekend) of deaths. Results: USM was noted in 7.6% of patients (mean(SD) age: 68.5(24.8) years, 52.6% were males). Main reasons for ICU admission were postoperative surgery (26.3%) and pulmonary disease (21.1%). Overall, most of USMs was determined to occur on weekdays (73.7%) and within 17.01-08.00 o’clock (63.2%). Hypercarbia and severe asidosis (31.6%) secondary to airway problems and endotracheal tube obstruction with secretion (21.1%) were the two common factors likely to underlie USMs. Mean(SD) age (p=0.015), SpO2 (p=0.000), heart rate (p=0.036), body temperature (p=0.000), mean arterial pressure (p=0.012) and length of stay at ICU (p=0.009) were significantly higher, while APACHE (p=0.036) and SOFA (p=0.001) scores were significiantly lower among patients with USMs compared with patients with expected mortalities. Conclusion: The present single center restrospective study revealed that USMs constitute approximately 7.6% of overall mortalities in ICU, while occurring almost invariably occur due to failure to maintain a secure airway and thence could be avoided.

Though brain abscess is observed rarely in pregnancy, it is a complication that may result in a poor prognosis for both mother and baby. Its symptoms are usually nonspecific; however, central nervous system findings such as headache, attack, neurologic anomalies and changes in consciousness may also be observed. In this study, we aimed to present a 26-year-old patient, pregnant for 24 weeks, requiring mechanical ventilation support in the intensive care unit due to brain abscess, who was successfully treated. For similar cases, a multidisciplinary approach and an early and adequate antibiotic treatment are required.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of HCV infection on MSI in cancer bladder. Tissue samples from 100 (50 HCV infected and 50 non-HCV infected) patients (aged 17- 89 years). Surgical specimens were obtained by radical cystectomy of bladder tumors. The frequency of MSI +LOH in D9S162 locus (40%) was higher than that of D9S171 locus (34%). Moreover, there was positive correlation between HCV infection and MSI in D9S171 and D9S162 loci 9. LOH and MSI of D9S171 and D9S162 loci were more frequent in cancer bladder tissues than normal tissues as well as the frequency was higher in HCV infected patients.

Although much is known about the pyogenic liver abscess, the gold standard of investigations and treatment is still debatable in developing countries in the paediatric population.Liver abscess in the paediatric age group is uncommon in developing countries, except in cases of septicemia, children with major debilitating diseases, granulocyte dysfunction, or immunosuppression. We report the case of a 3-year-old child from India, with no medical history, with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant& pyrexia, tachycardia & tachypnoea. Ultrasound and CT scan showed a large,hypo dense, non-enhanced area in segment V& VII. Final diagnosis was pyogenic liver abscess based on negative serology, recent liver lesion, blood culture was negative. A percutaneous aspiration under anaesthesia was performed after 3 days of intra venous antibiotic treatment.Cultures of pus isolated E. Coli. She was started on oral antibiotics according to culture.Ultrasound showed a gradual decrease in size of cavity & complete resolution 9 months later. Even if liver abscess is uncommon in developing countries, the diagnosis must be raised in cases of isolated SOL in liver with fever. Management modality should be chosen depending on the abscess location and first day's progression between intra venous antibiotics, percutaneous aspiration, and exploratory surgery.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with an increased cardiovascular risk profile with multiple underlying factors. Psoriasis has been associated with abnormal plasma lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has been implied in cardiovascular disease and has been reported to be elevated in patients with psoriasis. The present study was to determine the serum lipid disturbances and to assess the significance of Lipoprotein (a) levels in subjects with psoriasis. 30 patients with psoriasis in the age group of 15 to 75 years were studied and compared with 30 healthy controls matched in terms of age, gender and body mass index. Serum TC, TG, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio levels were significantly higher in the psoriasis patients compared to controls. LDL-C was higher and HDL-C was lower respectively in the cases compared to controls, with the difference which was statistically insignificant. Patients with psoriasis showed significantly higher serum levels of Lp(a) compared to controls. Thus Patients with Psoriasis could be considered as a high risk group for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases because of susceptibility in lipid profile, Lipoprotein content and increased oxidant stress.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the levels of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in serum of healthy individual and in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 20 individuals. 10 from healthy individuals and 10 from chronic periodontitis patients. The samples were used to determine the tissue non – specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (TNSALP) level.Results:Evaluation and comparison of the tissue non – specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzymeactivity between the control and chronic periodontitis patient group showed a decrease in tissue non – specific alkaline phosphatase levelamong chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusion: The measurement of tissue non – specific alkaline phosphatase level in serum can be considered as an enzymatic assay for evaluating the severity and progression of chronic periodontitis. This might provide useful information if monitored successively over a period of time.

Parents with Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) have significant effect on their children who may experience problems in multiple areas of functioning. The present study evaluated the gender based variations in the behavior and temperament of the eldest son or eldest daughter of sixty three BPAD parents, by Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) and Temperament Measurement Schedule (TMS). Both the eldest son and the eldest daughter of parent with BPAD are at risk and exhibit significant pathological deviations in their behavior and temperament (CBCL mean score 94 v/s 33; TMS mean score 42.83 v/s 84.17, p-values >.001). Hence it is prudent to have early scrutiny and interventions in such vulnerable children. 

Aim- Main aim was to find out lipid layer of the tear film as the main cause of dry eye in the patients aged 41-60 yrs in tropical and subtropical areas in North Rural India Materials and Methods: Study Design : Observational comparative. Methodology:50 subject including 25 cases of dry eye and 25 (N) Cases serving as control were taken between February 2009 and November 2012 with a minimum follow up of 6 months , ages between 40 to 60 yrs. were included .Complete history and diagnostic evaluation & findings in each visit were noted. Treatment protocol and results were noted.Sturdy maintained cold chain was done to get accurate results.Management of cases was done accordingly. Results: There were 25 cases of dry eye aged 41-60 years in which lipoproteins were estimated. Among subgroups(41-50yrs) ,(51 -60 yrs) all parameters were significantly higher for age group 51 to 60 yrs except LDL. But with the same age group all the parameters were decreased in dry eye cases with the main role of HDL and LDL .5 cases were treated with punctal occlusion and cyclosporins. Apart from lubricants and gels used in all patients, the disease went into remission .Only one case was a failure in which visual acuity dropped with positive Rose Bengal stain and a increase in IgG/IgM levels was found Conclusion :Dry eye Syndrome is a chronic condition and has no real cure. It is apparently a benign condition with an intractable course. Punctal occlusion combined with cyclosporine A drug therapy with maintenance of cold chain can be an effective treatment in severe dry eye in rural areas.

Detailed Relief information up to village level is prepared in the present investigation for Kolli hill, Tamil Nadu, India. The Kolli hill is a part of Central Tamil Nadu region and is taken up for the present investigation. The large scale data derivation is extracted using the contour data. The complete contours were traced from the Survey of India Totopsheet. The maps were registered in ArcGIS and the height values were given as an input in GIS. The attribute data information is added to prepare the relief information of the hill. The village boundary information is extracted from the Taluk map of the study area. The boundaries were digitized and overlaid to assess the relief variation in the study area. The results show that the relief is varied from 1200 - 900 m in the entire Perakarai Nadu, northern and southeastern parts of the study area. Similarly, the relief variation is extracted for all the villages.

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were used as a measure to evaluate the impact of the morbidity caused by brucellosis. The use of such non- monetary index has the advantage of avoiding the potentially ethically or morally troublesome task of having to place a monetary value on human health and life. DALYs calculations was based on the fact that brucellosis is a non fatal disease. So the YLL part of DALYS goes to zero. Brucellosis was not included in the world disability weight tables so the estimate of 0.2 disability weight was based on Roth et al., (2003). The healthy years lost by a person as a result of Brucellosis in Kuku Scheme that accounted 7.5 DALYS. The study confirmed the endimicity of brucellosis in the scheme and the non monetary burden of producers’ health was estimated.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the elbow carrying angle of the elbow joint by radiographic examination in normalchildren and adult inorder to determine the range of normality according to age and skeletal maturity proposing a simple and reliable method for measuring it.Carry angle is considered as the secondary sexual character. The distal end of the humerus and the proximal end of ulna plays a major role in the formation of ‘Carrying angle’ and has been examined for sex difference. The measurements of the humerus (Trochlear angle and Inclination angle of Olecranon fossa) and also the three measurements of the ulna (Olecranon–coronoid angle, length and width of inferior medial trochlear notch) were devised for the study. The humeral angles failed to prove any sexual difference, but the angle and dimensions of ulna exhibited significant result[1]. The present study also devised the correlation of carrying angle with the length of the forearm and the height of the person.The carry angle of the elbow should also be considered in the construction of elbow prosthesis and identification of skeletal remains. This paper aims at using the advanced measurement software in Digital Radiography (DR) and Computed Tomography (CT), the carrying angle being measured on radiographs, the use of the advancedpostprocessing software in DR and CT. This paper also aims to provide information that Medical Imaging and Radiography plays significant roles not only in diagnoses of pathologies but also in Forensic Radiography, where radiographs are taken for age, sex determination ( for example,medical legal cases, age retirement, adolescence age for marriage etc.).

The Dance Therapy offers a holistic approach to healing, that addresses both body , the mental and emotional state of the person. Knowledge of the individual solutions and strategies for the prevention and removal of negative implications of stress becomes necessary current. This paper aims to present the role that it plays in the fight against stress. In preparing the paper the following research methods are used: sociological survey questionnaire based on self- assessment of stress-Cohen and directed call, statistical and mathematical methods, as well as graphic representation method. The experiment was conducted over an academic year in a group of 50 subjects who participated in two lessons per week and an individualized program of self -employment. The talks have shown interest in the development of female students for dance therapy with health benefits. The most important physical effects felt after practicing dance are : increased self-confidence , increase self-control capacity , reduction of anxiety . Dance therapy lowers the score in the final testing of the questionnaire for self- assessment of stress : if in the initial testing 6,4 % of the subjects were “highly stressed”, at the final testing only 1.2 % were still included in this category. The conclusion is that the subjects with high stress scores on initial testing had lower levels of stress at the final testing ,which proves that dance is an effective prophylaxis and treatment of stress.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of two software programs (alone and combined) on health, perceived stress and problem solving among college students.One hundred twenty four University students were recruited (August 2012) from general education health and psychology courses to participate. All four groups participated with pre-posttest in struments. Control subjects’ only involvement with the study was with the pre-posttest instruments. In addition to pre-posttest instruments, intervention groups were instructed to practice ad libitum with heart-based, i.e., cardiac awareness (em group-Institute of HeartMath), voicebased(E group-Zyto Corporation) or a combination of cardiac awareness and voice (emE group) biofeedback-biocommunication software programs. Pre-posttest instruments used were the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II, α=0.94), the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale (RSES, α=0.91-0.93), and Problem-Solving survey (PS, α=0.77). Significant differences were identified.

Ancient India had the tradition of 'Gurukulas'. Under this system students have to live at the 'Ashram' (abode) of the teacher and get the education. This form of the education is known as 'Guru-Shishya Pramapara'. This was developed in the Agraharas. At that time, education was treated as a matter of personal concern and it was not at all emphasized on mass production like modern education industry. Ancient Education System in India is also to be understood as being ultimately the outcome of the Indian theory of knowledge as part of the corresponding scheme of life and values. From the ancient times Dharwad district played a very important role in imparting different branches of knowledge. There were many educational institutions enjoyed royal patronage. In this paper an attempt has made to trace out the history of Agraharas in Dharwad district.

India will be rich if the villages of India are rich. Panchayat Raj has been said to embrace a totality of ideas such as a. local self government, and agency of government, a development mechanism and so on. Panchayati Raj leadership can play an important role in the interaction between tradition and modernity and also as an educative role in rural development. The commitment, dedication and involvement of elected leaders can play a vital role in educating the rural mass because the majority of the people are illiterate and are ignorant about their welfare should be given greater power Leadership has a pivotal role in the working of Panchayati Raj institutions. They are the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the rural people. It is the uppermost responsibility of every leader to work for the welfare of the people. Leadership should have the capacity to influence people to cooperate towards common end and also to create conditions of collective response “Leadership play an important role in shaping the socio-economic and political structure of any society”. (Varma etal,2006). Hence the present study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the work carried out by the panchayat president. The data was carried out by the panchayat president. The data was collected through personal visit and field study. The investigator established the rapport at odanthurai panchayat and approached president and conducted interview. The evidence obtained from panchayat records, boards displayed at work sites. A case study method was adopted. The investigator visited odanthurai panchyats from 1999 till date.

Theory-based law by German and French authors (Kahn and Bartyn) was introduced in 1980. This theory was accepted by the British courts. According to this theory, the initial trial of the case in accordance with its domestic law, examines the relationship factors. Original jurisdiction means the jurisdiction of the courts of the place of residence is dealt with in ¬ rights and international law as a principle has been accepted. Headquartered jurisdiction in cases such as those described in relation ¬, ¬ bunch of non-related subject of dispute with one of the association and civil liability also applies in some cases. The procedure, how to reason and how to convey notification to collect the sum and ¬ securities law is consistent with the provisions of the court in these cases, the Hague Convention on jurisdiction of the Court endorsed the headquarters. Relational system of private international law to determine the applicable law provides that the court may judge that ¬ can be divided into two categories: (1) factors related to the contract, and (2) factors related parties. Factors associated with the contract are fulfilled location, location, contract signing and the closest connection. Factors related parties are as follows: residence, place of residence and place of business. This paper examines the question of the jurisdiction of that court ¬ to Where and in what cases the courts are bound to enforce their own domestic law irrespective of foreign law say?

The aim of this paper is to review the lease securities as a new and efficient instrument to finance the stock companies. In this regard, first we explain the nature and structure of these lease securities and study their characteristics. Afterwards bonds and corporate bonds are evaluated and compared with lease securities while their defects and flaws are examined. At the end, the issuing of lease securities as an efficient tool and proper alternative to conventional bonds and corporate bonds is emphasized.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is rare benign lesions of bone which are infrequent in craniofacial skeleton. ABC’s are characterized by rapid growth pattern with resultant bony expansion and facial asymmetry of the face. We describe a case of ABC in an 11 year old female patient affecting the left side of the face with skin infection on the affected side.The lesion is expansile from the body of the mandible with expansion and thinning of the buccal and lingual cortical plates extending to the left side condylar region. Treatment consisted conservative surgical enucleation of surgical curettage of the lesion. A 6 month follow- up showed restoration of facial symmetry and complete healing of the involved site.

Introduction: A Prospective study “Recent scenario of most common aerobic bacterial isolate from Diabetic foot ulcer in saurashtra region and its Antibiotic sensitivity patter” was carried out in tertiary care hospital, Rajkot. Total 60 patients were studied. Material and Methods: swab samples were collected from the diabetic foot ulcers and they were processed for culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Results: out of 60 patients studied 98 organisms were isolate, from which 86 isolate were gram negative bacteria and out of 86 there were 24 Pseudomonas aeruginosa which was the predominant isolate. Conclusion: Diabetic foot ulcer infection is polymicrobial in nature and bacteria are multidrug resistant. And use of broad spectrum antibiotic leads to easy survival of resistant bacteria.

Introduction : Thalassemia is one of the commonest inherited hemolytic disorder.1 Mainstay of management of thalassemics is 2-4 weekly packed red cell transfusion.Most common complication is transfusion transmitted infections.2The aim and objective of study is to determine the prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in thalassemia major children.2 Materials and methods : Present study was done at a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad, India from July 2012 to December 2012. Blood samples of 136 patients attending thalassemia clinics collected and tested by ELISA methods. Observations and results : A total of 136 thalassemic children (86 male) and 50 female) were tested.No one was HIV Positive, 2 (1.47%) were positive for HBsAg and 28 (20.58%) were positive for HCV. Incidence of anti-HCV seropositivity increases with no. of transfusions. Conclusion : Incidence of HIV and HBsAg has decreased due to mandatory screening of blood bags and vaccination of Hepatitis B.Screening of donor for HCV should be done by better recent techniques.

Dyspepsia, also known as Upset Stomach or Indigestion, refers to a condition of impaired digestion. Common causes of dyspepsia include various upper gi pathologies. Helicobacter Pylori is now believed to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease and gastritis. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, along with biopsy, is the efficacious way to diagnose underlying organic pathology. This prospective study was done on 240 patients and biopsies were taken as and when required in 108 patients. The main endoscopic diagnoses were duodenal ulcer disease, erosive duodenitis, and erosive antral gastritis. Abnormal endoscopic findings were present in 77.5% of the cases, while 22.5% were endoscopically normal. Identification of H. Pyloriwere made in gastric biopsies of 26 (76.47%) out of 37 patients with erosive gastritis and in 31 out of 35 patients with duodenal ulcer disease (87.5%). H. Pylorimay prove to be an important etiological agent in the pathogenesis of chronic erosive gastritis and non-ulcer.

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in India. This has set off a trend amongst medical practitioners to prescribe vitamin D supplements empirically. Whilst this approach is generally safe, in predisposed individuals it may lead to hypervitaminosis D. Here we present a case where empirical use of high dose vitamin D supplementation had serious consequences highlighting the need to use vitamin D therapy judiciously and to remain vigilant for side-effects in high-risk individuals.

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) intoxication is a condition that may result in mortality together with uncontrolled hypothermia and epidemic muscle rigidity. In excessive doses, hyperthermia, tachycardia, excessive sweating, tachypnea, acute renal damage, confusion, agitation, convulsion, and coma may be observed. DNP therapeutic index is a narrow agent. In acute and suicidal exposure, the oral lethal dose changes between 2,8 and 5 gr, and the average has been reported as 4,3 mg/kg. The dose taken orally by our patient who is known to be a sportsman doing body-building exercises is below the lethal dose of 1,8 gr. It must be taken into consideration that a patient can be lost even if the dose is below the lethal dose and adequate support treatment is applied.

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects 33–46% of Indian adult with the consequence of pain, reduced function and restriction in daily activities. In this study, single session of post isometric relaxation muscle energy technique (PIR-MET), Mulligan’s bent leg raise technique (BLR) and MH alone were compared on pain and hamstring flexibility in knee OA. 90 participants were selected and randomly allocated into three groups (PIR-MET+MH; BLR+MH and MH alone, n=30 in each group). Visual analog scale and active knee extension test (AKE) were recorded at baseline and immediately after interventions. PRI-MET and BLR group were significantly effective (p<0.05) in reducing pain and improving hamstring flexibility whereas the MH group did not (p>0.05). BLR group was more effective compare to PIR-MET and MH alone. In conclusion, a single session of PIR-MET and BLR technique were capable of reducing pain and improving hamstring flexibility in knee OA.

The goal of this study was to identify a factor or a group of factors, which can be used in daily clinical practice to predict the difficulty of third-molar (M3) surgical extraction. Here we present a prospective cohort study conducted on 100 patients consecutively referred by their primary health care dentists. Six preoperative radiological variables were analyzed in order to identify which ones could be used for preoperative evaluation of surgical difficulty on the basis of surgical time (ST) and osteotomy time (OT). Statistical analysis showed that the M3 position relative to the anterior border of the ramus (ABR) and the Winter’s distance (WD) were enough for preoperative estimation of ST and OT. This finding renders evaluation of other parameters described in the literature unnecessary

The chronic nature of disease, long term treatment, lack of uniform effective therapy and unpredictable course of disease is usually very demoralizing for patients suffering from vitiligo.Although the disease does not produce direct physical impairment, it may considerably influence the quality of life and psychological wellbeing of the patients. The disease burden includes stigmatization, depression, and impaired quality of life, lack of self-confidence, embarrassment and self-consciousness. With this background a cross sectional hospital based study done in vitiligo patients .They were assessed on GHQ-30, HAD and DLQI. We found more than 82.8% having depression and anxiety on HAD Scale and lot of significant impairment as reflected on GHQ and DLQI. This study indicated that a comprehensive care is needed for vitiligo patients.

Distal humerus fractures in adults are injuries which are highly demanding, and complex because of metaphyseal comminution in the fracture, articular involvement with small fragments, limited subchondral bone, osteoporosis and difficult anatomy and approach to the joint. • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES study the results of fractures of the lower end of humerus in adults, treated by the double plating technique in terms of the final range of movement of the elbow, the union time , rate of complications. • Materials and method we retrospectively reviewed a series of 24 adults who underwent double plating for the distal humeral fractures at our institute. • Results:results were considered in terms of union ,complication ,mobility , implant used, duration of stay,MAYO elbow performense score,varus valgus stability. • Conclusion: Two established plating techniques (orthogonal and parallel plating) have yielded excellent outcomes after open reduction and internal fixation. We recommend operating the distal humerus fractures in all cases with ORIF by double plating, focusing on the AO principles, even in the presence of osteoporosis.

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) is part of the male , which transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts, in anticipation of ejaculation. Vas Deferens Calculi are an extremely rare entity, hence it is difficult to establish a preoperative diagnosis. Here we discuss a vas deferens calculus that was misinterpreted for a ureteric calculus and was diagnosed postoperatively on CT scan, after intra-op findings were confirmed, which showed no evidence of calculus.

BACKGROUND The small intestine and colon account for the majority of GI tract length and are the sites of a broad array of diseases. The diseases of GIT are more common than any other system of the body .Some of them relate to nutrient and water transport. Intestinal neoplasm is a common form of neoplasm in India and world ever. It is a leading cause of death in the developed world, although more than half cases of carcinoma occurs in developing world. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the prevalence of various intestinal lesions in our institute. This heading shall give special emphasis in reference to the following two features a. To give site wise distribution of various neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions and compare its distribution. b. To give male to female ratio of various intestinal neoplasm and do comparision with various studies. 2. To correlate the study done in our institute with the studies done in nationwide, worldwide statistics of intestinal neoplasm. 3. To classify prevalence into benign and malignant lesions and to give the level of differentiation for the lesion wherever possible. MATERIAL AND METHOD: During the period of seven months from October 2009 to april 2010,200 cases of intestinal lesions were received in department of histopathology in B.J Medical College were analysed with clinical and gross details and histopathological findings. CONCLUSION: Non neoplastic lesions are mainly found in small intestine while large intestine harbours most of the neoplastic lesions .among the neoplastic appendicitis was the most common while among the neoplastic adenocarcinoma was the most common .colorectum is the most common site of neoplastic lesion of intestine.4th and 5th decades shows maximum number of cases. There was also a higher incidence in male patients.

Single Widal test always carries a risk of wrong interpretation as 4-fold rise in titres are required for confirmation so this study was carried out to determine the baseline Widal titre of community. Blood samples (n= 200) were tested by Widal slide agglutination test. Of the 200 serum samples, 110 samples were positive for agglutinins ( 1 ≥ in 20) and 90 are negative ( 1 ≤ in 20). However, 94% samples showed a titre which was equal to or less than 1 in 40 to the O antigen and 86% samples had a titre which was equal to or less than 1 in 40 to the H antigen of Salmonella typhi. Based upon the results of our study,the baseline titre for the O and H antibodies of S. typhi was found to be 1: 40.

Viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus is a major public health problem due to poor sanitation and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.[1,2] This study is carried out at tertiary care centre at Ahmedabad, India. 1768 samples were tested from suspected cases of viral hepatitis for Anti-HAV IgM antibody and Anti-HEV IgM antibody by ELISA. 275(16 %) were positive for HAV and 464(27%) were positive for HEV. In pediatric age group HAV infection(44.2%) is more common and in adults HEV infection is more common (29%). Co-infection were present in 97(5.64%). Co-infection was more common in <12 years age group(10.5%) than >12 years age group(4.5%). Co-infection and super-infection usually cause complications leading to high morbidity and mortality.[11]

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is minimally invasive, cost effective and considered gold standard test for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Aims and objectives: An aim of our study was to co-relate the preoperative FNAC findings with histopathology of post-operative specimens and diagnostic pitfalls of the FNAC. Methods and materials: A retrospective study of 137 cases was done at pathology department; B J Medical college Ahmedabad from January-2012 to November 2013. The cases for which both cytological and histological diagnosis were available was selected. Fine needle aspiration results were compared with histological diagnosis following thyroid operation. Observation and Results: Cytological diagnosis showed benign lesion in 105 patients (76.6%) and malignant in 12 patients (8.7%). Histopathological findings showed benign lesion in 119 specimen (86.8%) and malignant in 18 patients (13.1%). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of our study to diagnose malignant lesions were 75%, 98.3% and 94.5% respectively. Conclusion: FNAC has evolved as an accurate, sensitive and specific tool for the initial screening of thyroid patients and reduced the need of un- necessary surgeries. However histopathological diagnosis is more confirmatory

Aim: To Study the Upper Respiratory Tract - URT Pathology in Patients of Kanchipuram District with Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Lesions and to find out the various causes for this lesions so as to take precautions to prevent them. Materials and Methods :A Total of 700 patients over a period of 2 years who underwent some surgical procedure due to URT Lesions were included in the study. Routine clinical examination and Laboratory investigations were recorded. Gross and Microscopic assessment of various surgical specimens were performed. Age: Age ranged from 5 years to 70 years with a mean age of 37.5 years. All 700 consecutive patients included in the study were both male and female and both children and adults. Results: Of 700 case 262 were Children,205 were Females,233 were Males. Majority of them had Non- neoplastic Lesions like Adeno tonsillitis,sinusitis,pharyngitis and laryngitis.2.3% is a malignant lesion. Conclusion:Non – neoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions has increased due to carcinogenic pollutants of air mainly due to Vehicle exhaust, increased Tobacco usage and smoking.

Background and Objectives Nutritional assessment of the critically ill is an accepted principal managing patients in the surgical intensive care units. Although various procedures are available to assess the nutritional requirements of individual patients there is no set protocol available to determine or predict the nutritional support of a critically ill surgical patient. This study addresses this issue of nutritional assessment in the critically ill patients. Methods : A prospective cohort study including patient who were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. Nutritional assessment done for these patients using Subjective Global Assessment and anthropometry and those who received nutritional support were compared with those who have not receive nutritional support. Results Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) is more reliable as compared to Anthropometry in assessing nutritional status of critically ill surgical patients Malnourished patients who received nutritional support have a better outcome as compared to those who did not, with a trend towards normalization of biochemical parameters (serum albumin) Conclusion : Nutritional assessment is important especially in the critically ill patients sensitivity to nutritional risk on the part of the physician may lead to identification of patients at risk for developing nutrition related morbidity and mortality. Using tools already at the physicians disposal, patients can be identified who would benefit from nutritional intervention. The nutritional assessment must include the understanding of the difference between malnourishment and dysmetabolism and their different effects on the patient. In summarizing the evidence, it appears that moderate to severely malnourished patients are most likely to benfit from nutritional support intervention.

Prescribing is a challenging task requiring knowledge of essential medicine (EM) and personal drugs (P‑drug). Though the majority of clinicians recognize the importance of essential medicines, most of them have not been able to apply this knowledge in their medical practice. Aims: The aim of the following study is to evaluate awareness of essential medicines and p-drug concept among clinicians and sources of drug information. Settings and Design: A cross‑sectional, questionnaire based study. Subjects and Methods: Study was carried out in 100 participants including faculty members and junior residents (JRs) in a teaching hospital. Statistical Analysis: Univariate analysis was carried out using fisher’s exact test. Results: Nearly 90% participants were aware about EM, but only 77% prescribe them. Percentage is significantly higher in participants of age more than 30, having clinical experience <5 years and in faculty members as compared to residents. Only 30% participants practiced P‑drug concept . Practicing P‑drug concept was significantly more in JRs compared to faculty members (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The level of understanding related to P‑drug concept and existence of essential medicines list are much below par. Also prescribing by trade name and heavy dependency on medical representatives for drug information is the matter of concern.

Three cases of pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD) were examined by computed tomography angiography (CTA) using 64-MDCT to reveal the anatomy and morphology of the pulmonary circulation. We have diagnosed the cases as PA-VSD type A, B & type C. These cases show that 64-MDCT can be used to provide clinical information for PA-VSD with the appropriate examination protocols and post-processing techniques.

OC is an unusual proliferation of cytomorphologically malignant oncocytes with adenocarcinomatous architecture phenotypes mainly found in glandular tissue. A report of a rare occurrence of an adult case of orbital oncocystic carcinoma. A 52 year old male type 2 uncontrolled diabetic, presented with right unilateral eccentric proptosis. Left eye was unremarkable. Fundus, Colour vision, and Intra ocular pressure was normal in both eyes. Ultrasonography showed grade 1 prostomegaly and hepatic stenosis. On Orbital CT, heterogeneously enhancing lesion at nasal and inferotemporal quadrants surrounding the right globe and extending to the apex of right orbit, with superolateral displacement of the globe was noted. Fine needle aspiration cytology report from the mass was suggestive of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Patient underwent right orbital exenteration and right partial maxillectomy under GA. Histopathological features were in favour of Oncocystic carcinoma.

Posterior condylar canal is one of the largest and inconsistent emissary foramen in human skull. It can be single or multiple. It transmits posterior condylar vein and branch of ascending pharyngeal or occipital artery. During osteology demonstration class of undergraduate MBBS students, a skull was found to have a double condylar canal on right side .Knowledge of this anatomical variation is utmost important for clinicians,radiologists and anatomists.

Introduction: The endometrium is the sheet of cells that grows monthly to line the uterus. Normally, women naturally expel these endometrial cells during menstruation. In some women, however, the growth of cells becomes excessive, resulting either in flat or protruding growths, called endometrial polyps, or in a thickening of the endometrium, called endometrial hyperplasia. Hyperplasia can lead to cancer if not treated. These conditions may occur when a woman’s hormone levels are out of balance as her endocrine glands produce too much estrogen and not enough progesterone-like hormones that would normally work to counteract estrogen’s tissue-producing properties. Aim:To evaluate Endometrial pathology in abnormal Uterine bleeding in peri and post menopausal patients of Kanchipuram District consisting of Poonamalle,Kundrathur and Sriperumbudur. Materials and Methods: A total of 5oo cases of peri and post menopausal women attending Gynec OPD for complains of abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent Pipelle endometrial biopsy and Hysterectomy were included for our study. Age: women of 35 years to 65 years were included for our study and the mean age of study was 50 years. Results: 34.4% of the patients had proliferative phase of the Endometrium.41.1% of the patients had Simple hyperplasia without atypia. Conclusion: Thus hormone treatment in the form of oral contraception and ovulation stimulation for family planning to hormone replacement therapy in menopause, to adjuvant therapy of tumors of the breast and uterus play a major role in Endometrial pathology.

Numerous surgical procedures such as placement of dental implants, surgical removal of impacted teeth, periodontal surgery, endodontic surgery, cyst enucleation/marsupialization, and orthognathic surgery are performed in the anterior maxilla which called premaxilla(Allard, Kwast and Waal 1981).With the increase in placement of dental implants and surgical procedures of oral pathologies, increasing numbers of complaints are beingreported due to injuries and failures involving vessels and nerves which cause postoperative paresthesias and hemorrhage.Canalissinuosus (CS) is a small branch of infraorbital canal and rare variation of anterior maxilla which has neurovascular structures. Therefore, it is important to recognize the presence of neurovascular bundles of the infraorbital canal and the odds of accessory canals that must be detected before surgery by imaging(Arx, Lozanoff, Sendi and Bornstein 2013). This report documents rare anatomical variation of bilateral CS and clinical, radiographical and histopathological findings of nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC).

The superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL) bridges the suprascapular notch of scapula, converting it into a suprascapular foramen. The suprascapular nerve traverses through the suprascapular foramen and suprascapular vessels pass above the ligament. Often the STSL gets ossified leading to entrapment of the suprascapular nerve producing relevant symptoms. The entrapment of the suprascapular nerve by the ossified STSL may result in symptoms like pain in the shoulder region and also result in wasting and weakness of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Such a condition has to be differentiated from other conditions like rotator cuff tears. The purpose of present study was to find incidence of complete ossification of STSL in Gujarat region. 200 (Right-98, Left102) dried human scapulae were examined for the complete ossification of STSL. 3.5% (7 in 200) scapulae presented with completely ossified STSL (Right-4, Left-3). It can be one of the leading causes of suprascapular neuropathies.

Ectopic eruption of permanent incisor is an unusual outcome of traumatic injury to their predecessors. In this case report, we describe the surgical-orthodontic management of the unerupted, horizontally impacted right maxillary permanent central incisor in a 10 year old boy.

Aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the treatment of tannery effluent using marine cyanobacterium (Lyngbya sp.) with coir pith. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, OD, EC, COD, BOD, TDS and chloride content and removal of heavy metal such as mercury, chromium, cadmium, Iron, copper and lead was monitored on 14th day intervals of incubation. Growth was monitored by Chlorophyll a level and protein content analysis which was increased in combined treatments when compared to individual such as physical (coir pith) and biological (Lyngbya sp.) treatment process.

A study to assess and compare rural and urban mother’s knowledge and expressed practices regarding supplementary feeding of children (six – twenty months) and its impact on growth parameters in selected district of Haryana. By using a purposive sampling method, 60 rural mothers and 60 urban mothers were selected for the study in rural area (Bhuddia) and urban area (Ambala cantt). About 33% of mothers in urban were in the age group of 21-25 years and 26-30 years and about 33% of mothers in rural area were in the age group of 21-25 years, 41.6% were secondary, Graduation and above in urban area and 33% were illiterate and secondary in rural area. The findings revealed that the mean knowledge score of urban mothers was higher than the mean knowledge score of rural mothers and the mean expressed practice score (14.48) of urban mothers was higher than the mean practice score (12.68) of rural mothers. Based on the findings, it is recommended that there is a need to conduct a planned teaching programme on knowledge, attitude and practices of urban and rural mothers on supplementary feeding.

Objective: Comparison of efficacy and safety of iron sucrose in patients with anemia in pregnancy and chronic kidney disease with historical control groups of different parenteral iron preparations Methods: An observational, prospective, historical controlled study in patients of anemia in pregnancy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving iron sucrose were included. Demographic details, clinical history, baseline hemoglobin, anemia indices data were recorded in a case record form. The patients were followed up monthly for 12 weeks and observed for clinical and hematological improvement and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Improvement in laboratory parameters with iron sucrose treated patients were compared with historical control groups of different iron preparations. The data was analyzed using paired t-test, unpaired t-test and Fisher`s exact test. Results: Out of total 84 iron sucrose treated patients, 47 were pregnant and 37 were CKD patients. One historical control group includes iron dextran treated 78 CKD patients and second group was of 30 anemic pregnant patients treated with iron sorbitol citric acid. Iron sucrose, iron dextran and iron sorbitol citrate significantly (P<0.05) improved mean hemoglobin, anemia indices and serum ferritin at the end of study. Mean increased in hemoglobin from baseline was 4.45 g/dL with iron sucrose (at 12 weeks), 1.45 g/dL with iron sorbitol citrate (at 4 weeks) and 2.4 g/dL with iron dextran (at 6 weeks). Mean improvement in MCV and MCH were 8.4 μm3 and 4.17 pg/cell with iron sucrose (at 12 weeks), 3.53 μm3and 1.63 pg/cell with iron sorbitol citrate (at 4 weeks) and 5.8 μm3 with iron dextran (at 6 weeks) respectively. Mean increases in serum ferritin from baseline was 78.5 ng/ml with iron sucrose treated patients of CKD(at 12 weeks) as compared to 319.7 ng/ml with iron dextran (at 6 weeks). ADRs were more in patients treated with iron sorbitol citrate (103.3%) and iron dextran (151.1%) as compared to iron sucrose (63%). Conclusion: Iron sucrose improves hemoglobin and anemia indices more efficiently with well tolerated by patients in study

A cursory glance at the African culture reveals that symbols are an integral part of the organisational life of African societies, and constitutes a fundamental element in the African people’s construction of sense knowledge and behaviour. Very recently, enquiries in the area of symbolism has generated great interest as a result of its unique ability to manifest the sacred, to encompass a multitude of structurally coherent meanings and to reveal the continuity between the structures of human existence and the cosmic sphere. This paper takes a step further to argue that African symbols can contribute to the quest for nation building, with particular reference to the Igbo-Africans of Nigeria, in areas such as the economy, poverty alleviation and the tourism industry. 

Distal femur fractures for years have remained an unsolved problem in orthopedic trauma. The introduction of distal femur locking plate based on the internal fixator principle has been a welcome change that has brought about a drastic change in the management of these fractures. We present our experience with distal femur locking plate in the managemen of distalfemurfractures . We have done a retrospective study of 40 patients with distal end femur fractures operated during the period of 2009 to 2013 at our institute. There were 30 males and 10 females with maximum number of patients in more than 20age group. The mode of injury was RTA 90%and falls 10.there were closed fracture 55% and open fracture 45%.The fractures were classifiedas A3 (20%), C1(15%), C2 (27.5%), C3 (37.5%). Thetime interval between injury and surgery was 2 days .. The ROM at the end of the follow-up period was 120° in 50% of our patients The use of DFLPin fractures of distal femur in our study seems to be associated with a good functional outcome and early recovery as it provides for early mobilization and rehabilitation and is associated with good results. DFLP is definitely helpful in those comminuted C3 fractures which were earlier associated with poor results when other implants were used. The use of DFLKP in these conditions results in improved outcomes.

We present a case where a diagnosis of missed abortion on USG ( in a case of caesarean scar pregnancy ) led to torrential haemorrhage during MVA (Manual Vacuum Aspiration) and the uterus had to be sacrificed to save the mother.

Anatomy and Physiology are considered to be the core subject as far as basic medical sciences for medical undergraduates is concerned. A multi-disciplinary integration was established and a topic-based leaning module was introduced and conducted for the first time in our institution, Ashwini Rural Medical College, Hospital & Research Center (ARMCH&RC), Solapur. Our study was designed to introduce horizontal integration for 1st MBBS students onto a topic of “Pancreas” which was planned, integrated and conducted in our institution by the Departments of Anatomy and Physiology. A pre-ILP and post-ILP MCQ exam was conducted, to assess the effectiveness of the new integrated learning program. Students’ feedback was collected and analyzed. 92% of students agree that integrated to be more interesting, 78% agree integrated lectures to be less confusing, 94% agree that integrated lectures help them to understand the topic better than traditional teaching and 91% agree that integrated lectures help them in answering questions in their exams. 79% have agreed to implement current practice of integration. Thus an integrated learning program is feasible within a conventional medical curriculum of an Indian medical college.

Here we present a 50-year-old female who came with a painless mass gradually increasing in size in the left parotid gland since 3 months to our Surgical OPD. With the help of CT ,Ultrasound and FNAC we came to a conclusion pf Parotid Neoplasm. She underwent Superficial Parotidectomy and the specimen was sent to Histopathology and diagnosed as Oncocytic variant of Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Oncocytic metaplasia in salivary glands is a benign change that is associated with increasing age and also seen in a few salivary gland neoplasms', which include oncocytoma, Warthin's tumor, and the rare, oncocytic carcinoma. Oncocytic cells comprised the majority of this low-grade lesion and demonstrated granular cytoplasmic phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining as well as strong immunohistochemical reactivity to antimitochondrial antibody. Oncocytic differentiation in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is uncommon.

Background: In Kanchipuram District places like Kundrathur,Poonamalle, Mangadu little is known about the prevalence of Various Thyroid lesions. Objective is to determine the causes of Thyromegaly in this area. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 Patients who came with Thyromegaly or nodule in Thyroid were included in this study.For all of them FNA and Partial or Total excision of Thyroid gland was done. Cytopathological, Gross,and Histopathological study were carried out for all cases. Age ranged from 16 years to 60 years with a mean age of 38 years. Results: Of the 200 cases 156 were females and 44 were males Majority of the patients had Diffuse or Nodular Hyperplasia of the Thyroid where as few had malignancies. Prevalence of benign causes of Thyromegaly can be easily tackled in the community . Conclusion: Diffuse and Nodular Hyperplasia along with Colloid nodule contributed to 82% of Thyromegaly. Summary Despite its limitations, FNA biopsy is extremely helpful in the diagnosis of many thyroid conditions, including goiter, thyroiditis, and neoplasms. In fact, FNA biopsy is the best test available for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions, One of the most difficult problems for the pathologist is to be confident that a follicular adenoma - usually a benign nodule - is not a follicular cell carcinoma or cancer. In these cases, it is up to the physician and the patient to weigh the option of surgery on a case-by-case basis, with less reliance on the pathologist's interpretation of the biopsy. It is also important to remember that there is a small risk (3%) that a benign nodule diagnosed by FNA may still be cancerous. Thus, even benign nodules should be followed closely by the patient and physician.

Emotional Intelligence (EI) is now being recognized as an important field of research, development, and applications. The purpose of this study was to observe the difference, if any, on the early –teen boys students of two different type schools. Subjects of this study were one hundred thirty five male Navodaya students of three age categories and similar number of age and height-weight-matched students from other than Navodoy schools ( forty five students for each age group from each type of school). Four dimensions of emotional intelligence, namely- intra-personal awareness (knowing about one’s own emotions), inter-personal awareness (knowing about others emotions), intra-personal management (managing one’s own emotions) and inter-personal management (managing others emotions) were the criterion measures. Mean, standard deviation (SD) and ANOVA followed by Post-Hoc LSD and independent t-test were the statistics used for data interpretation. Significance difference (p<0.05) was observed between Navodoy and other than Navodoy students in intra-personal awareness and inter-personal management of 13-year, 14-year and 15-year age groups. Difference was also observed in inter-personal awareness in 14-year and 15-year age groups but not in 13-year group. However in intra-personal management difference was observed in 14-year and 15-year age groups but not in 15-year group of two different schools.

The purpose of the study was to make a descriptive analysis of performances and predominance of strategies and tactics in FIFA 2010 Football World Cup. The format of the tournament involves two phases, namely, qualification phase and World Cup Finals phase. A qualification phase, which took place over the preceding three years, determined which teams qualify for the tournament together with the host nation(s). 204 Countries entered for qualification phase of World Cup 2010. Of the 204 countries entered, 32 teams were selected for World Cup 2010. Of the 32 teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about a month; this phase was often called the World Cup Finals. The 32 teams were divided into 8 Groups of A to H and the matches were played from 22nd June, 2010 to 25th June, 2010 and subsequently. The following four teams were qualified to play semi finals: (1) Uruguay (2) Netherlands (3) Germany and (4) Spain. For this study, the performances and tactics of semi final teams were considered. Apart from the descriptive analysis the primary data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA to find out the significant differences if any among the groups and scheffe’s post hoc test was used. It was concluded based on the primary data collected and statistical analysis, there were significant differences among the teams on Attack pass and Defending pass. It was concluded that the Spain was significantly better than Germany, Uruguay, Netherlands on attack pass and defending pass which was significantly related to winning performance strategies and tactics.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of plyometric exercise on speed among men volleyball players. The subjects of the study were 24 men Volleyball players from Madurai district. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups that is an experimental group and a control group with 12 students in each group. The experimental group underwent plyometric training program in a schedule of 60 minutes daily evening, weekly six days for a period of 12 weeks. The control group did not involve in any fitness program. 50 yards run was administrated to find out the effect of training before and after the training period and the difference was recorded to arrive the training significance.

Violence against women is touching new heights. Major types of violence against women relate to sexual harassment, rape, acid throwing, honour killing, bride burning, domestic violence, etc. The NCRB has mentioned rape as the biggest crime in India with 242006 cases registered in 2011 as against 22172 in 2010. Patriarchal culture which considers females as secondary citizens has been the main cause for rimes against women. Reports of UNICEF, UN Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women and studies by Time Magazine, CNN and Special Reporter, etc., have confirmed the incidence of violence against women. India and other South Asian, West Asian countries and a few western countries too are found to be the area where different types of violence against women are committed. Legal enactments have not worked effectively as deterrents against violence against women in India. Social awareness and social responsibility in curbing this menace alone can bring about the desired results of women safety and equality of women in society as stipulated in the Indian Constitution.

This study focuses on the various aspects on the perception of the parents towards children viewing cartoon and it was conducted in two reputed schools in Dibrugarh District of Assam. It tried to explore the influence of cartoon among the children as perceived by their parents and it also tries to reveal the various problems faced by the children in their growing state. The study is descriptive in nature. The universe of the study consists of 140 parents whose children are studying I to III standard in two schools in Assam.Census method was adopted and data was collected from all 140 parents. Self prepared questionnaire was adopted for the study. The finding of this study revealed that majority of the respondent’s children (72.1%) watch Television every day, 65.7% of the respondent’s children are viewing cartoon program and 74.3% of the parents feel that their children’s studies get affected by watching Television. There is significant association between the mother’s occupation and time spent by the respondent’s children in watching cartoon.There is a significant association between respondent’s child’s habit of imitating cartoon characters and the learning problems faced by the child.

Orchids comprise the largest family of flowering plants with 25,000 to 35,000 species belonging to 600-800 genera. Orchids are found in nearly every environment in the world starting from tropical and subtropical to alpine zones both epiphytically and terrestrially.Several local species of Vanda,Cymbidium, Ascocentrum, Paphiopedilum, Calanthe, Dendrobiumetcare ingreat demand in international market for breeding materials. Among the cut flower crops, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis, Odontoglossum, Oncidium, Cattleya, Paphiopedilum, Vanda, Aeridovanda, Aranda, Mokara, Arachnis, Vascostylis, Rhyncovandaetc are important. Important orchid genera used as potted plants in the international market are Phalaenopsis, Oncidium, Miltonia, Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum, Dendrobium, Cattleya, Ascocenda, Vanda, Brassia, Miltonia and Epidendrum. Tribal people of North eastern hill region use wild orchids for a variety of folk medicine as orchids are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates and other phytochemicals. Leaves, tubers and pseudobulbs of different species are used for edible purposes. Vanilla- a major spice crop and source of vanillin comes from Vanilla planifolia. Anoectochilus leaves are used as vegetables in Indonesia and Malayasia.

The idea of Self Help Group was an inherent part of group work practice right from the very beginning. The beginnings of collective bargaining to improve wages, as an effort to preserve cultural traditions, to promote adult education and to provide growth opportunities through camping were all initial at using groups to tackle common problems through mutual help. They are reasons for starting the Self Help Groups. The steps and tasks involved in their development and the sources of satisfactions and frustrations. They found in their study that people start Self Help Groups because they want connect with others who share their concern an important fact that .

Aim of the study was to find out Football shooting performance changes during Yoga practices and Aerobic Dance among college men players. The study was conducted on forty five (N=45) men students studying various colleges affiliated to Madurai University, Madurai, India, during the year 2014-2015 were selected as subjects at random and they were divided randomly into two experimental groups and on control group of fifteen each, namely Group I Yoga Practices, Group II Aerobic Dance and Group III acted as Control. The training period was limited to twelve weeks and for three days per week. The experimental groups underwent their respective experimental treatment for 4 weeks. Among various Football skill performances only shooting skill only selected as dependent variables and it was assessed by Mor- Christian General Soccer Ability Test. All the subjects were tested prior to and after the training for all the selected variables. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation was statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Scheffe’s post hoc test was applied to determine the significant difference between the paired means. In all the cases 0.05 level of significance was fixed. The result reveals significant differences in Football shooting skill among the experimental groups.

An investigation was carried out to study the Air and Water pollution awareness of the Arunachalapuram village belongs to Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India. This study revealed that awareness varies from one age group to another age group and their educational qualifications.

Water is a natural resource vital for the survival of humanity and all species on earth. However, the quality and quantity of water in Iraq is increasingly being threatened due to high demand by humans and other living organisms. It is therefore the aim of this research to attempt to study the properties of the water in Al-Najaf province in Iraq, and to evaluate the Latent Profile (LP) by means of classifying water quality. It emerged that the quality of the water in our samples varied from average to poor. Thus the water in Al-Najaf may be suitable for general domestic use but not for drinking.

• BACKGROUND: A variety of coincidental gynecological conditions may present during pregnancy which may need to be dealt during the pregnancy itself. Data are conclusive that these pathology particularly uterine anomalies and some type of fibroids associate with adverse outcome like repeated pregnancy losses, repeated preterm deliveries, increased operative interference and many intra partum and post partum complications.. • METHOD: Thisstudy was carried out 125 cases at tertiary health centre with in 2 years period. All patients with these gynecological pathologies known before pregnancy and conceived with that, also patients first time diagnosed during pregnancy, diagnosed at the time of delivery and in puerperium were included in study. • RESULTS: In fibroid with pregnancy abortion (22.5%), preterm delivery (20%) and caesarean rate (55%) were quite high. In our study 50% patients had cervical dystocia and emergency Caesarean section in pregnancy with third degree uterine prolapse and procidentia. Out of 20 cyst diagnosed antenatally only 2(10%) were removed in 2nd trimester due to severe abdominal pain. From the 18 cases remaining in most of the patient (78%) either cyst resolved completely or decrease in size in follow up. In our study in uterine anomaly out of 112 pregnancies studies outcomes were: abortion (17.9%), ectopic (7.1%), PTD (24.1%) and term delivery (50.9%). • Conclusion: Majority of fibroids do not change their size during pregnancy. Pain is the most common complication and symptom can usually be controlled by conservative management. -The increase use of ultrasound in early gestation has led to an increase in incidence of adnexal pathology. The majority of adnexal masses diagnosed in pregnancy is benign and will resolve spontaneously without invasive intervention. Pregnancy during uterine prolapse is possible and an elective caesarean section nearterm could be the safest mode of delivery!!

Background Petrol filling workers are exposed to petrol and diesel vapors during there working hours. Air pollutants from motor vehicles and surrounding area can have additional deleterious impact on respiratory hygiene of petrol pump workers. Hence purpose of present study was to assess the Prevalence of altered pulmonary functions in petrol-pump workers Methods A cross sectional observational study was conducted at 33 randomly selected petrol pumps of Ahmedabad city. Total 215 non smoker petrol filling workers undergone for pulmonary function testing. Spirometry parameters measured were FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR and FEF25-75. Results Overall prevalence of Lung function abnormalities was 42 %. Prevalence of small airway obstruction was highest (40 %). Prevalence of obstructive, restrictive and mixed type of impairment was 2 %, 32% and 17 % respectively. Results also showed that there was no association between presence of lung function abnormalities and duration of exposure. Conclusion Study concludes deleterious impact of air pollutants and petrol/diesel vapors on pulmonary function of petrol pump workers. Results suggest need for control measures and strategies to improve and protect respiratory health of petrol pump workers.

In the recent year, marked raised in patients aesthetic expectations has been noted and in replicating the appearance & optical properties of tooth structure requires careful selection of dental materials & control over the form, surface texture, translucency, and colour of the restoration. With the availability of ceramic materials, a minimally invasive restoration such as porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) can be prepared with adequate strength and can successfully be cemented with resin cements. Resin cements are generally used for the cementation of all--ceramic restorations. Since ceramic material and resin cements are produced by several manufacturers in varying shades, a marked effect is noticed on the final colour-match of the PLVs especially the high translucency ceramics. This paper discusses the various factors that finally modulate the colour-match of PLVs with adjacent natural teeth under individual clinical need.

Introduction: The laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers many advantages that include a markedly reduction in hospital stay and decreased cost. Because of these distinct advantages, the procedure has gained worldwide popularity and has now become one of the most common operations performed in general surgical practice. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on liver function in humans and the possible mechanisms behind such effect. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 50 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy preoperatively once and post operatively on day 1. They were tested for liver function by comparing the level of serum bilirubin(total and direct), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , serum alkaline phosphatase and serum gamma glutamyl transferase. Post operative oral feeds and length of hospital stay was also measured. Results : The level of serum AST, ALT, bilirubin ( total and direct ),ALP and GGT increased significantly during the first 24 hrs. post operatively after laparoscopic cholecystectomy as compared to baseline values. Conclusion: Transient elevation of hepatic enzymes occurs after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the major causative factor seemed to be CO2 pneumoperitoneum.

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is used very frequently but may lead to postoperative bloating, inability to belch and dysphagia. Partial wrapping has been reported to be equally effective but associated with fewer unfavorable postoperative symptoms. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to compare the results of a 270° wrap (Toupet) and a 360° wrap (Nissen) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or hiatal hernia.

Hydatid disease is endemic mainly in the mediterranean countries,the middle east,south America, india, northern china and other sheep rearing areas;however ,owing to increased travel and tourism all over the world, it can be found anywhere,even in developed countries.

Liver abscess is a life threatening disease. The classic presentation of fever, right upper quadrant pain and tender hepatomegaly is unusual. The frequency of any particular symptoms varies widely among reports. Management of liver abscess was exclusively surgical in past. Modern treatment has shifted toward iv broad spectrum antibiotics and imaging guided percutaneous needle aspiration or percutaneous catheter drainage. Percutaneous pigtail catheterization reduces chances of exploration by surgery for liver abscess. Surgical intervention is only indicated for ruptured liver abscess, multiple lesions that cannot be effectively managed percutaneously and abscesses that do not respond to less invasive methods.

A 50 years old man came to our skin OPD with a H/O swelling in the right wrist joint for the past 15 years.It started as a small nodule extending to soft tissues and a sinus formation.. Clinically was provisionally diagnosed as ?Mycetoma ,? TB Synovitis. Biopsy was done and sent to Histopathology. With the help of morphology ,Culture and special stains it was diagnosed as a Primary cutaneous Actinomycosis after ruling out Oro Cervico facial,Thoracic , Abdominal and Pelvic actinomycosis. Cutaneous involvement manifests as an intense suppurative and granulomatous inflammation that first may present as a nodular lesion, sometimes with surrounding cellulitis The infection often progress so that nodules evolve into abscesses and sinus tracts.

Tuberculosis is a public health challenge around the world. Under RNTCP, the DOTS agent is trained in case management and counseling to motivate clients to complete treatment and be cured of TB. This study aims to assess the counseling skills of DOTS providers and to identify gaps in counseling skills.A descriptive study design was adopted and the counseling skills of fifty DOTS providers were assessed by a counseling skill observation checklist. The results showed that the counseling skill scores of the DOTS providers ranged from 6-17 (max score: 20) with a mean score of 10.76 + 3.01. None of the DOTS providers had excellent level of counseling skill scores and only few (6%) had good counseling skill scores.

Aims: To evaluate the children diagnosed with cholelithiasis in clinical retrospective study. Materials and Methods: The children who were treated and diagnosed with gallstones in our clinic were analyzed retrospectively between May 2013-April 2014. Results: A total of 37 cases, 20 males and 17 females (54%, 46% respectively). The mean age was 116.4 ± 61.5 months. Predisposing factors in patients were ceftriaxone usage history, obesity, hemolytic diseases, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, cystic fibrosis and a history of premature birth and parenteral nutrition. Eleven patients (29.7%) had no risk factors. Gallstone resolution was detected in 11 patients (29.7%) treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. Resolution was observed in 33.3% of children with ceftriaxone-associated gallstone. Conclusion: Due to the frequent use of ultrasonography and increased incidence of obesity, gallstones have been increased in children recently. An underlying risk factors were not detected in the majority of our cases (29.7%). Especially patients who had risk factors should be monitored closely for signs and complications.

The aim of the study was to investigate genetic polymorphism in apoptotic gene, BAX (B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X), and the risk of bladder cancer through a hospital-based case-control study. This retrospective analysis consisted of 270 cases of bladder cancer and 252 controls. The AA genotype of BAX 248 G/A polymorphism showed a 2.20-fold risk towards bladder cancer (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.16-4.21) when compared to GG as the referent genotype, hence, proving the additive model. The BAX AA genotype showed a 2.56-fold increased risk (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.23-5.39) of bladder cancer in males and a significantly increased risk towards bladder cancer in inhabitants of urban area (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.19-9.16). Among alcoholics, both BAX AA (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.27-2.17) and BAX GA + AA (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.09-3.73) genotypes showed an increased risk towards bladder cancer, respectively. The BAX AA genotype also showed an increased risk towards bladder cancer among non-vegetarians (OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 0.98-7.60). Among cases having superficial stages, only the BAX AA genotype (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.11-4.32) showed a significantly increased risk towards bladder cancer. The BAX AA genotype also showed a significantly increased risk (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.32-5.51) towards the G2 carcinoma.

A study was under taken to know the occurrence of ESBL & Amp C β-lactamases producing strains and their antimicrobial susceptibilities to guide therapy for urinary tract infection. 500 samples were collected from MSU & in it, 150 showed significant growth of bacteria. E. coli 57% was the commonest organism isolated followed by Klebsiella 20%. The phenotypic tests reveal 55% , 60% were found to be ESBL producer in E.coli & Klebsiella respectively. Amp C β- lactamase producer was E. coli 12% , Klebsiella 23% . ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp showed 100 % sensitivity to Imipenam & Piperacillin-Tazobactum .And Amp C β- Lactamase producing species shows 100% sensitivity to Imipenam .

Chironomidae, also known as Chironomids, belongs to phylum Arthropoda”. The Chironomidae larva is most suitable animal to test aquatic toxicity of aquatic micro-pollutants. These are the most abundant macro-invertebrates group in limnetic environments and freshwater ecosystems. Larval stages are found in almost any aquatic or semiaquatic habitat. Chironomidae undergoes through three ecdyses during the larval development. Different instars take different time to mature and varying from one species to another, while fourth instars often being longer than earlier instars. The pupal stage is relatively short; when pupa leaves exuviae on the water surface and the adult emerges. Larvae are bright red in color due to presence of hemoglobin; these are frequently known as "bloodworms". Holometabolous metamorphosis is found in this Chironomus larva. This larva bears anterior and posterior parapods and procerci well developed. Penultimate segment with 1-2 pairs of ventral tubules. 1-2 pairs of anal tubules present; striated ventromental plates are present. Median tooth of mentum not so far beyond lateral teeth; mentum bears 3 median teeth and 12 lateral teeth; mandibles with at least 2 inner teeth; antennae 4-8 segmented. Larvae were cultured in laboratory with controlled techniques. Permanent slides of these larvae were prepared using standard method. Photography of these larvae were taken by Nikon Eclipse ME-600 Microscope in CSC Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan. Identification of these larvae is based on key- Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina- John H. Epler.These Chironomus species are closed to circumdatus on the basis of morphological identification.

Socioeconomic status is commonly conceptualized as the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation. For this study, the Below Poverty Line (BPL) of southern districts of Tamil Nadu such as Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts are considered. In this paper, for analyzing the significance of which blocks are differ from other blocks in both two districts. The one of the critical difference test is used and also SAS program is implemented for this work.

The aim of this study was to evaluate erythrocyte properties after in vitro treatment with urea and hydrogen peroxide. Changes in erythrocyte membrane fluidity, conformational state of membrane proteins and hemoglobin were investigated using EPR spectroscopy. The urea treatment resulted in increase of lipid membrane fluidity in polar region and hydrophobic core indicated by 5- and 12-doxylstearic acids. The combination of urea and H2O2 lead to deeper changes in lipid microviscosity. The conformational state of membrane proteins was measured using maleimide (MSL) and iodoacetamide (ISL) spin labels. ISL spectra showed a significant decrease in the membrane proteins motion. However, in the combination of urea and H2O2 the spin labeled proteins mobility was similar to control value. Analysis of EPR spectra of MSL attached to hemoglobin showed significant increase in the motion of spin label residues after urea and H2O2 treatment. Similar results were observed for ISL but differences were insignificant.

Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of garlic and neem leaf powder on immune response to NDV and organoleptic parameters of meat in broilers. 210 male broiler chicks were distributed in to seven treatments, each treatment had six replicates with five chicks per each replicate. The chicks were divided into 7 dietary treatments and reared upto six weeks of age. The experimental design consists of T1 (control), T2 (GP @ 0.5g/kg), T3 (GP @ 1.0 g/kg), T4 (NLP @ 1.0g/kg), T5 (NLP @ 2.0g/kg), T6 (GP @ 0.5g/kg + NLP @ 1.0g/kg) and T7 (GP @ 1.0 g/kg + NLP @ 2g/kg). At 42nd day serum samples were collected for evaluation of immune response. Results showed that supplementation of garlic powder and neem leaf powder alone and their combination significantly (P<0.05) increased the antibody titers against NDV. Organoleptic evaluation of cooked breast meat samples revealed that quality of meat in all the groups is moderately good to good and no significant (P>0.05) difference was noticed in colour, flavor, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability

Poultry production in Kerala has seen marked growth for the last few years. Out of total poultry holding, 93.5 per cent is with marginal farmers and only 4.55 per cent remains with the small scale farmers. A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Pathology and the data has been analyzed for a period of three years from 2010 to 2013. The birds registered for postmortem examination included mainly chicken (broiler and layers), ducks (Mallard and Muscovy), quail, turkey and emu. Disease conditions were diagnosed based on case history, clinical symptoms, necropsy findings and laboratory investigations including bacteriological, parasitological and histopathological examinations

This paper provides the most significant information about of the most famous educational institute of India. It is the largest residential university for women in the world. It provides various courses for women’s. Which is having all the facilities of primary to Ph.D level educational courses. This paper also giving the one of the most new dimension to the field of Fine-art. Prof. (Dr.) V.G.Andani. With another Narayan.S.Kumbar is a passionate art teacher who has been imparting drawing and painting classes for the past 12 years

Roux’s Forest Lizard Calotes rouxii (Duméril & Bibron, 1837) is chiefly a forest-dwelling draconine agamid that is widely distributed in the Western Ghats and occasionally reported from the Eastern Ghats and other localities in the central peninsular India. We report the presence of this species for the first time from Sandur forests in Bellary district, Karnataka based on a voucher specimen and from Gulbarga township based on sighting record. A detailed distribution map showing localities from where the species is known is also provided.

Domestic violence that is any act of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse, or the threat of such abuse, inflicted against a woman by a person intimately connected to her through marriage, family relation, or acquaintanceship is universal and has its root in the socio-cultural set up of the society. The perpetrators of domestic violence have often been found to be the males and the victims, their sexual partners. Internationally, one in three women have been beaten, coerced into sex or abused in their lifetime by a member of her own family (Heise et al. 1999).

Women are empowerment is a new phrase in the vocabulary of gender literature. The phrase is used in two broad senses i.e. general and specific. In a general sense, it refers to empowering women to be self-dependent by providing them access to all the freedoms and opportunities, which they were denied in the past only because of their being µwomen. In a specific sense, women empowerment refers to enhancing their position in the power structure of the society. The word women empowerment essentially means that the women have the power or capacity to regulate their day- to- day lives in the social, political and economic terms -a power which enables them to move from the periphery to the centre stage.

The Rural Artisans such as potters, carpenters, weavers, cobblers, blacksmiths, tailors, goldsmiths, plumbers etc. helped rural economy sustain on its own. In the earlier time they most often adopted their forefather's vocations; their role was significant in maintaining rich cultural life. Consequently, this enclosed self-sufficient life-style paved the way to rich cultural traditions and practices. In self-sufficient isolated villages. After the harvesting operations were over peasants households used to give a traditionally determined share out of their out-put to craftsmen and artisans and others. Due to progress of market economy this age old bond of community living was destroyed and the Artisans and craftsmen started getting payments for their services in rupees, right at the time of doing the work.

In this paper, we investigate the application of constraints programming bus scheduling problem with hour limitation patterns and formulated the mathematical model using a Linear Programming Problem, it is a tool of Operations Research. A numerical illustration example of scheduling bus driver for 8 hour shift is presented and the optimum solution is solved by Excel solver

The aim of the study was to determine whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) activation in response to various types of stimulation is dependent on ocular dominance. Our sample included 20 eyes of 10 healthy subjects (8 female with the mean age of 50.25 and 2 male with the mean age of 59). None of the subjects had ocular or neurological diseases. All subjects were tested for sighting and sensory ocular dominance. All the control subjects underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging examination with the stimulation of both eyes together and each eye separately using a black-and-white checkerboards with two different sizes - 25.8x16.2 (larger field-LF) and 2x2 (small field-SF). All subjects showed different interocular FMRI activity. Larger differences were observed during small field activation. Sighting and sensory eye dominance did not correlate with the activity FMRI. We did not even observe hemispheric laterality after the separate stimulation of the dominant eye when using a larger field or small field activation.

The aim of the study was to determine the Relationship of selected physical, physiological and anthropometric variables with playing ability among boys mini national volleyballers. Volleyball is a game of applied athletics and it requires well proportionate physique and great amount of physical fitness level. To achieve the objectives of the study two Physical fitness variables, two physiological variables and two anthropometric variables were included as independent variables and playing ability as dependent variable, which was assessed through subjective rating, by three experts, during the mini national Volleyball tournaments and the average was taken as criterion score. Forty five male Volleyball players, who had participated the mini national tournament in 2013-2014 seasons, were selected as subjects. Person’s product moment correlation (zero order) was used as a statistical tool to find out the result and it revealed that the physical fitness variables of speed, agility, physiological variables of resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and anthropometrics variables of height, weight, were having significant relationship with Volleyball performance.

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Concurrent, Resistance and Plyometric Training on selected strength parameters among college level court game player. For this purpose Forty five (N=40) court games players(Volleyball & Basketball) studying in Yadava College Madurai, Tamilnadu were selected as subjects during the academic year 2013- 2014. They were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each, Group I underwent Concurrent Training, Group II underwent Resistance Training, Group III underwent Plyometric Training and Group-IV acted as Control. The Experimental groups underwent the respective training for twelve weeks duration. Among various strength parameters only Explosive strength was selected as a dependent variable, and it was assessed through sergeant Jump test. The data obtained from the experimental groups and control groups before and after the experimental period were statistically analyzed with Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the ‘F’ ratio for adjusted post test means was found to be significant, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post-hoc test to determine the paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for all the cases. Explosive power showed significant difference among the groups, further the results suggested that plyometric training was showed better performance when compare to other experimental and control group.

In the present electronic era most of the adolescent are not participating in leisure activities and concentrate on academics. Regular physical activity would be important for life’s quality even if it had no relationship to disease and longevity. Physical activity is a significant ingredient in the quality of life, because it increases energy and promotes, physical and mental, well being in addition to conferring health benefits. For the present investigation boys from various schools of [Tripura (TR), Meghalaya (ML), Assam (AS), Mizoram (MZ), Manipur (MN), Nagaland (NL) and Arunachal Pradesh (A.R.)] (N=21000) North-Eastern states of India were selected as subjects at random. Their age ranged from 13, 14 & 15 years (studying from 7th to 10th standard). Cardio respiratory endurance was measured by coppers 12 min run/walk test. The collected data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. Among the groups if any significant difference, scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out the paired mean difference (P ≤ 0.05). The results of the study show that the adolescent boys of North-Eastern states were differ on Cardio-respiratory endurance. Hence it was concluded that, age, geographical region, growth, social behaviour, food habits and level of physical activity may influence the Cardio-respiratory endurance of adolescent boys.

Herbal medicines are currently in demand and their popularity is increasing day by day. The leaves of Solanum lycopersicums,solanum melongena are loaded with all kinds of health benefits for the body. They are in fact, a highly versatile health product and due to their equally versatile preparation options, there's really no reason to neglect the tomato as part of a healthy diet. One of the most well-known tomato eating benefit is its' Lycopene content. Solanum melongena: (Brinjal) probably has its original home in India and China. It is a popular vegetable in Southern Europe also, especially in the Balkans, France and Italy. It is used a vegetable. The leaves of its plants are extracted and they are used to as medicine in many diseases and it contains vitamins A. Both are underwent sonication and then it was studied through interferometer.

The present work was carried out on the Neem leaves of Pantnagar area to elucidate their nutritional properties. The neem leaves of same quantity were collected from the various areas such as Department of Livestock Production Management (LPM), Instructional Poultry Farm (IPF) and Instructional Dairy Farm (IDF) inside the campus of G. B. Pant University of Agri. and Tech., Pantnagar. The leaves were identified and leaf powder was prepared to analyse for proximate analysis, i.e.; Dry matter (DM), CP (Crude Protein), CF (Crude Fibre), total ash, EE (Ether Extract), NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract), calcium and phosphorus. It was revealed that the Neem Leaf Powder (NLP) collected from the Instructional Poultry Farm had higher percentages of dry matter, CP, CF and EE, whereas the values of calcium and phosphorus were found to be more in the leaves collected from the Department of LPM of the University. It can be concluded that the NLP prepared from the leaves collected from the IPF can be included in the diet of the livestock for getting optimum results in growth performance, haematological, biochemical and immunological aspects.

Background: To conduct a systematic review on finding the benefits and pitfalls of social support after a cardiac event Methods: A systematic mixed review approach was carried from, Proquest, PubMed,EBSCO host, springer and science direct. The search strategy was by electronic data base searching and ancestry approach. More than 1500 papers were screened and finally 28 papers which met the inclusion and eligibility criteria were taken into the study. Outcomes: The results of the findings were classified into effects which arise because of low and high social support in patients with chronic heart diseases. Results: Increased social support extended to patients provided better outcomes in terms of reducing depression and anxiety and better quality of life was reported. Medication compliance was better and even recurrence of cardiac events were reduced. Conclusion: The vitality of social support is appreciated after a heart disease. The screening for social support and implementation of various strategies to increase social support should be a part of the cardiac intervention

Twenty three samples were collected from the sediments of Iraqi coastlines, from seven sites, Fao, Raas AlBishah area, Khor Abdullah, Khor Shytianah, Hacham Island, Khor AlZubair, and Shatt AlBasrah. The collected samples has been assessed for Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb metals to detected the sediments pollution in the study area by used three of main indices; geo- accumulation (I- geo) , contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI). The results reflect that the average concentrations of the studied heavy metals were relatively lower in Khor Abdullah, Khor Shytianah , and Hacham Island sites than the other studied sites. I-geo shows that the studied heavy metals have relatively values of (class 0 and 1) in the studied sites reflect unpolluted to slightly polluted areas .The CF for Fe and Ni classified as class 2 which indicate moderately contamination in all samples. While, CF for Pb, Cu, Zn and Co classified as class 1 and 2 (Low to Moderate contamination). The Contamination factor (CF) for Co in all the studied sites classified as class 1 representing a low contamination. PLI values in the studied sites are ranges from 1.05 to 1.57 classified as class 2 (Deterioration on site quality) indicating local pollution, except for Khor Shytianah site that show the range of PLI value of 0.74-1.32 indicates denote perfection with (class 0) and appear no pollution to deteriorating on site quality . The indication of slightly to moderately pollution of sediments in the studied area may be as a result to anthropogenic activities, oil spelling, and daily toxicity wastes that throw for the main rivers in Basra city.

Human functioning is facilitated by a personal sense of control. If people believe that they can take action to solve a problem instrumentally, they become more inclined to do so and feel more committed to this decision. A person who believes in being able to cause an event can conduct a more active and self-determined life course. It reflects the belief of being able to control challenging environmental demands by means of taking adaptive action. It can be regarded as a self-confident view of one’s capability to deal with certain life stressors. Self efficacy reflects on the confidence level of individuals when one forced to combat with the unpredicted problems at personal level or at society level. In the present study an attempt was made to measure or estimate the level of self efficacy among youth through assessing their level of confidence on a given set of components. The different components of self-efficacy considered to assess the self-confidentiality of youth are a) To convince others on what you believe b) To express concerns/opinion to parents/peers c) Firmly withstand if others do harm d) Firmly rely on self-employment if job is not available e) Confident for well settlement in life f) To participate in group discussions in solving local problems g) To involve in resolving fight between two rival caste/religious groups h) To involve actively in control of spreading of infectious disease i) Actively participate in youth awareness programmes on STD(HIV/AIDS) j) Firmly believe that attainment of extra skills will improve confidence k) Firmly believe that morality and honesty result in high dividends l) Firm on changing attitudes according to change in situation.

Ladies Coupe is an enlightening attempt to reveal the psychological trauma. It is about five women who talk freely about their personal relationships which ultimately leads to a mutual sensitivity about their needs. The novel has two sides one is the positive and negative concepts. Here Janaki is the older generation woman who had a positive notion on marital life and she believes that woman can not live alone and she need help from her husband and son.

Tree holes are host for a variety of organisms specially mosquitoes. Tree hole breeding mosquito survey was conducted from January 2013 to December 2013 in three different places at Kolli hills, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 3646 mosquito larvae, pupae and adults were collected during the survey. 11 species representing 5 genera were recorded in three stations. The mosquitoes collected were Culex uniformis (14.61), Aedesaegypti (12.86), Aedes albopictus (11.76), Orthopodomyia anopheloides (10.28), Ochlerostatus greenivarkanaranus (8.28), Culex quinquefasciatus (7.84), Aedes luteocephalus (7.40), Toxorhynchites viridibasis (7.15), Aedes stokesi (6.80), Toxorhynchites splendens (6.77) and Culex decans(6.19). The highest number of larvae, pupae, and adults were found in Solakkadu (1305), followed by Semmedu (1198) and least in Othakadai (1143). The collected mosquito diversity was studied by Simpson’s Index and Simpson's Reciprocal Index1 / D. Most comprehensive account on bioecology, ecophysiology and ethology of the mosquitoes of the tree hole of Kolli hills has been considered as a most fundamental prerequisite for launching any attempt on the etiology of vector borne diseases prevalent in rural parts of Southern India.

The youth constitute a hefty proportion of Internet users. Improved technology has enabled wider internet penetration in the country and with the widespread of smartphones, online shopping have gained momentum, across a huge leap from US$1.6 billion in 2012 to US$8.8 billion in 2016.The objective of this study is to explore the underlying factors that promote online shopping among youth. Both motivating and hindering factors are identified and factors affecting choice of particular e-commerce portal is identified. Managerial implications are also discussed.

Surgical removal of heel spur (HS) provokes many controversies. An alternative is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT), it’s a non-invasive method. The aim’s to compare ESWT short-term analgesic effects and conservative treatment (CT) in males with chronic HS. Sixty patients (54.9 ± 4.3 years; 42-59 years) with HS pain were examined. The shockwave group (SG) received 1000-2000 impulses a session. These patients took 5 ESWT once a week. The control group (CG) received CT: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), orthotics, a local cortisone injection. We evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The groups were tested before the first, after the last treatment, 3 and 6 months after the treatment. A significant decrease of VAS (p = 0.000) in the shockwave group. In the control group no significant decrease of VAS. ESWT reduces pain more effectively than CT in men with chronic HS.

Various medicinal properties have been attributed to natural herbs. Medicinal plants constitute the main source of new pharmaceuticals and healthcare products. The history of plants being used for medicinal purpose is probably as old as the history of mankind. In this study the genetic diversity among 6 different species belonging to Acanthaceae family was evaluated using RAPD (Random Amplified polymorphic DNA) technique. Two arbitrary primers namely OP A8 and OP D18 were used. Both the primers exhibited polymorphism of 66.66 % and 58.62 % respectively. The dendrogram was constructed using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), and the genotypes were differentiated into various clusters. These results indicate that RAPD is a useful tool for differentiating various species belonging to Acanthacea family

This study was conducted to analyse the variations and evaluate the ground water levels and quality in Kandi and Sirowal belts of Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir State. The Kandi and Sirowal belts form the major aquifer systems in the district of which Sirowal belt is more prolific. The two belts comprised of the sediments deposited by the streams. Ground water in these belts occurs under both unconfined and confined conditions in Sirowal and under unconfined to semi-confined conditions in Kandi belt. Detailed hydrogeological investigation associated with periodic ground water levels and water quality monitoring helped in generating the overall idea of the variation in these two parameters in the aquifer system of the area. The dtwl was measured in 41 designated NHNS for pre-monsoon as well as post- monsoon seasons of 2012. The variation in ground water quality of Kandi-Sirowal belt of Jammu district was evaluated using chemical quality results of 54 water samples collected from NHNS during pre monsoon season viz., May 2012. The chemical parameters like specific conductance, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, NO3, F, TH and Fe were determined and were compared with the water quality standards of BIS for drinking purpose. The important constituents that influence the water quality for irrigation such as Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Permeability Index (PI), and Kellys Ratio (KR) were assessed and were compared with standard limits.

The impact of temperature and relative humidity on the oviposition and fecundity of the spider mite, Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) infesting Manihot esculenta, was studied under 3 constant temperature-humidities combination of 35+2oC & 60+5%RH, 30+2oC & 70+5%RH and 25+2oC & 80+5%RH. Shortest pre-oviposition period (0.5+0.12 days) was noted at 35 + 2oC & 60 + 5% RHfollowed by 30 + 2oC & 70 + 5% RH (1.6+0.1 days) and highest at 25 + 2oC & 80 + 5% RH (1.9+0.07 days). Humidity had little influence on the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition periods when compared to temperature. Fecundity was recorded highest at 35 + 2oC & 60 + 5% RH (75.6+0.9 eggs per female) followed by 30+2oC & 70+5%RH (58.7+0.9 eggs per female). Lowest number of eggs was laid at 25+2oC & 80+5%RH (26.7+0.6 eggs per female). Higher humidity had negative impact on the egg laying capacity as shown by adult females. A decrease in the duration of oviposition period was recorded at low temperatures and higher humidities. Of all the different temperature-humidity conditions provided, the combination of 35+2oC & 60+5%RH was found to be best suited for the successful survival and development of the mite O. biharensis on M. esculenta in alarming rates so as to acquire the status of a major pest This is almost in agreement with the temperature and humidity conditions prevalent during summer months when the population density of O. biharensis has attained the peak level in the field. The study elucidates that higher temperature and low relative humidity prevailing in the state of Kerala owing to global warming has beyond doubt elevated the status of these mites as dreadful pests well beyond threshold level.

Sub-Riemannian structures naturally occur in different branches of mathematics in the study of constrained systems in classical mechanics, in optimal control, geometric measure theory and differential geometry. Let M be a smooth n-dimensional manifold and let F(M) denote the coframe bundle of M. It is a principal KL(n, R)-bundle over M, where KL(n , R) action is given by the change of basis matrices. Let G be a subgroup of KL(n, R). The K-structure on M is a principal K- subbundle of the coframe bundle of M. In the paper we introduce some notions and results from the theory of K-structures on manifolds.

Objectives- Denture stomatitis (DS) is a common lesion that affects denture wearers. The purpose of the study was to compare the prevalence and species of Candida in the oral cavity of dentate and denture wearers and to study their biofilm formation in relation to denture stomatitis. Material and methods- Oral rinse samples obtained from 25 healthy male complete denture wearers and 25 dentate subjects were microbiologically investigated for growth of Candida. Isolated Candida species were identified by conventional methods and confirmed by using automated identification system Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux). Biofilm forming property of each strain was detected by using microtitre plate method and its relation to denture stomatitis was studied. Results- Candida spp. were isolated from the oral cavities of 32% dentates and 48% denture wearers (p-value=0.248; non-significant). C. albicans was the most common species isolated from both the groups. 10% of the strains showed biofilm forming characteristic. Denture stomatitis was observed in 20% of denture wearers and Candida was isolated from all these subjects. Conclusions- Both C. albicans and non-albicans species of Candida are associated with oral carriage suggesting that non- albicans Candida spp. should also be taken into account for the maintenance of oral healthy mucosa. Candida colonisation is responsible for causing DS and biofilm formation is an important virulence trait during candidosis.

The commercial shale gas exploration requires exhaustive investigations of all the shale rock properties of hydrocarbon bearing shale beds having significant organic matter and maturity. This paper presents the systematic approach using integrated methodology of geological, geophysical, geochemical, geomechanical etc for shale gas resources evaluation. It also attempts to discuss the sedimentology of shale rock, gas generation and retention mechanisms within the shale rock. Thermal maturity, sorbed gas fraction, reservoir thickness and geographic extent, total organic content, mineralogy, water saturation, fracture types, reservoir heterogeneity etc which are the primary controlling factors of shale gas production. But all the parameters may show wide variations in different shale gas systems and even most of the world’s commercial shale gas reservoirs exhibit wide range of these parameters which makes it difficult for establishing the sweet spots for shale gas exploration and exploitation.

Democratic Decentralization, Participatory Development and Planning at Grassroots Level are the vital areas of concerns of the present approach of poverty reduction and sustainable development in India. This case study documented some best practices of participatory planning and implementation at gram panchayat level. Odanthurai village panchayat of Karamadai block in Coimbatore district in Tamilnadu has been given in this article as a case of success in achieving all round development, based on its success in fulfilling basic needs, education development, provision of housing, technology transfer, production of electricity and coverage of beneficiaries under government development and welfare programmes for its people. It is a worth learning experience for understanding grass roots planning, people participation, effective leadership and transparent local administration.

Extraction or loss of a hopeless tooth especially in the esthetic region is very distressing for a person and hence its immediate replacement becomes indispensable. Using natural tooth as a pontic bonded to the adjacent abutment teeth with a resin-wire splint is a cost effective, simple, easy chair side technique with esthetically acceptable immediate results. This paper presents a case report to treat the loss of a lower incisor in a patient. The natural tooth pontic (extracted incisor) was stabilized in the extraction socket with a resin-wire splint.

Streptomycesniveus a cellulase producerwas isolated from the rumen fluid of goat (Capra hircus) collected from the slaughter house. 14 potential isolates were screened by primary screening from which 7 isolates were found to have appreciable cellulase activity. Among the isolates CP 05 was found to have appreciablecellulase activity. For further study, CP 05 was chosen as its specific enzyme activity in the crude and partially purified sample was found to be 1.41 U/mg and 1.53 U/mg respectively. The isolate was found to be Steptomycesniveus by 16S rRNA analyses. Optimizationof cellulase production was carried out for different parameters.At 50ºC the enzyme activity was maximum. The enzyme activity recorded by the crude and partially purified samples was0.21 and 0.23 U/ml respectively.A maximum enzyme activity of 0.23 U/mlwas obtained atpH 9.0 in the crude extract while in the partially purified sample the activity was found to be 0.24 U/ml. At 1.5% of substrate concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) the activity of the crude sample was 0.2 U/ml. Maximum enzyme activity of the crude sample was achieved at 120 hours of incubation (0.16 U/ml).

A carbon-flow model for managed agroforesty plantations was used to estimate carbon storage in Acharyear N G Ranga university campus plantations differing in Yield Class(growth rate) and species characteristics. Time averaged, total carbon storage was generally recorded 19,469 kg ha-1 year-1 in trees, 2031 kg ha-1 year -1 in soil organic matter and 3,48,424 kg ha-1 year-1 in wood products. The average rate of carbon storage during early stages in most of the plantations was in 1209 kg C ha-1 year-1. A sensitivity study analysis revaled that average increase in total carbon storage in the tree systems is highest in two tree species viz., Azadirachta indica (6372.0 kg C ha-1 year-1) and Dalbergia sissooo (1415.11 kg C ha-1 year-1). The increase in carbon storage rate was 6-24 m3 ha-1 year-1 and increase in total carbon storage was in the range of 2.5 to 4.6 Mg C ha-1 year-1. If the main objective is to store carbon rapidly in the short term and achieve high carbon storage in the long term, Eucalyptus spp plantations planted in blocks was the best (spacing, year rotations) option. If the objective is to achieve high carbon storage in the medium term without regard to the initial rate of storage, then the plantations of any Dalbergia spp with above 20 years age is suffice. In long term grown broad leaved plantations of Tectona grandis and Azadirachta indica as much carbon stored as the other plantations was observed.

Knowledge and understanding of the presence of an additional root and unusual root canal morphology can be a determining factor in the success of endodontic treatment. Unusual root canal anatomy is a common phenomenon, so a comprehensive knowledge of basic root canal anatomy and its variations is necessary for successful completion of endodontic treatment. Here, we describe two radix entomolaris case reports to illustrate the techniques required to visualize and diagnose this anatomical variation. The first of these was a 22-year-old patient with deep caries and irreversible pulpitis in the left mandibular first molar. The second was a 45-year-old patient with chronic irreversible pulpitis and acute apical periodontitis involving the right mandibular first molar. Both patients were found to have a second distal root and root canal in the lingual area. The reports focus particularly on the radiographic techniques necessary to clarify whether such a root is present and on cavity modifications that facilitate the access and instrumentation of these extra canals. We also discuss the importance of locating any additional roots and canals in the context of increased risk of root canal treatment failure if these are not recognized by the clinician.

Nasal obstruction with or without nasal discharge is one of the commonest clinical presentation of sinonasal mass though they have various differential diagnoses. Benign lesion arising from this site may threaten the patient because of high recurrence rate and propensity for malignant potential.A six years retrospective hospital based study was carried out in patients attending ENT department of a tertiary level hospital from north east India with the aim to evaluate the histopathological pattern of sinonasal mass . A total 194 cases were included out of which 59.0% cases were nasal polyp , 38.4% cases were benign tumour and 2.6% cases were malignant lesion. Angiofibroma was the commonest benign tumour detected. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumours. One case of adenoid cystic carcinoma and one case of melanoma were also detected during study period.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic nephropathy is the commonest cause of Chronic Kidney Disease in India. Use of urinary microalbumin in screening is limited due to its high cost. The study aimed to determine optimal cut-off value of P:C ratio for the prediction of microalbuminuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 90 patients of type 2 diabetes with random urine samples showing ‘-‘ or ‘±’(traces) with dipstick test for proteins, were included. Urinary Microalbumin, and total urinary Protien to creatinine ratio were done on random urine samples. RESULTS: 48 subjects had microalbuminuria and 42 subjects had normalbuminuria. Optimal cut-off value for PC Ratio for detection of microalbuminuria was >0.08 with a sensitivity and specificity of 78.83 and 97.62 respectively. CONCLUSION: Measurement of urinary total Protein to Creatinine Ratio is simple, inexpensive and showed strong positive correlation with the Albumin Creatinine Ratio AND may be more efficient and cost effective than using the albumin to creatinine ratio.

To evaluate the effect of Mucuna pruriens (MP) seed enriched Artemia supplementation on reproductive performance in the spawners of Litopenaeus vannamei under laboratory conditions. The MP seed methanolic extracts enriched with Artemia at 100 ppm and 200 ppm fed to Vibrio harveyi infected male and female L.vannamei was conducted for 3 weeks. Reproductive assessment of V.harveyi infected male and female L.vannamei was achieved using assessing the male fecundity rate like sperm count, motility studies and female fecundity rate like egg size, egg count. The results are promising that normal male and female L.vannamei shrimps shows usual pattern of reproductive index whereas the V.harveyi infected shrimps showed drastic fecundity decline in terms of sperm and egg percentage. Shrimp on diet supplementation with MP enriched Artemia shows significant improvement in both male and female reproductive performance by providing vibriosis resistance. The result suggested that treated group proven the potential to improve the performance of fecundity rate in the spawners.

Ground water samples were collected from different area in Gorakhpur City and analysed for different water quality parameters viz. Temperature, pH, Total dissolved solids, Acidity, Alkalinity and total hardness. TDS found to be varies from 249 to 958 mg/l which indicates the significantly higher amount of TDS. The value of hardness ranges between 84 to 375 mg/l which is within the limit according to WHO

Rapid growth and advancement in the field of technology has made the survival of sick newborn a reality. Incubators provide special environment for high-risk babies to maintain thermal stability. Descriptive study design wasusedto find out knowledge regarding incubator care among nurses. Out of 196, 50 samples were selected using probability simple random sampling technique. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. The study revealed that 82% of the respondents were of age group 20-25 years, 70% had passed PCL Nursing and 56% had ≤12 months of experience. The mean knowledge score was 19.38 with value of standard deviation 3.63. Majority 48% of the respondents had low level of knowledge, 42% had high level of knowledge and 10% had average level of knowledge. Statistically, there was significant association between educational qualification and the knowledge scores regarding incubator care (p=0.005). The finding of the study indicates that the nurses require opportunities to upgrade their knowledge on modern equipment.

A reservoir to be fully effective in working, its storage capacity for which it is designed should not be depleted due to the accumulated sediments. Interest in sediments is increased nowadays because people are now aware of how rapidly sediments can accumulate in streams, ditches, culverts and reservoirs. The shortened economic life of these structures and the troubling the equipments in these reservoirs were felt by many researchers. Many are concerned about the decreased quality of their drinking water. The major cause of the dried reservoir is siltation which in turn reduces the storage capacity of the reservoirs. Studies reveals that, most of the reservoirs in India are lost their dead storage capacity which is meant to be reserved for the sediment dumping during the life time of the reservoirs. The objective of this paper is to discuss the sedimentation issues in general by touching its causes, impacts and useful controlling measures giving potential to the sedimentation issues in Malampuzha dam in a simple analysis for improving its present condition.

Congenital nevi are benign nevomelanocytic proliferations present at birth.Small congenital nevi are defined as those less than 1.5 cm in their largest diameter, medium-sized congenital nevi as those 1.5 to 19.9 cm, and large or giant congenital nevi as those greater or equal to 20 cm. 1% of the newborns have a biopsy-proven nevo melanocytic nevus. However, giant congenital nevi are rare with an incidence of approximately 1 in 20,000 births. Here we present 35 years old man with a swelling from childhood. Clinically, congenital nevi are round to oval in shape with regular, smooth, and well-demarcated border. Their clinical appearances may change with age. In our case swelling was round to oval with 2 satellite nodules .As the child grows, the nevi become progressively darker with uniform brown to dark brown or black color and they acquire long, coarse, darkly pigmented hairs. Occasionally, they may show considerable variation in pigment color within the background color, irregular border, and sometimes nodule formation. Such changes should be always evaluated for any malignant transformation. The lifetime risk of melanoma for patients with giant congenital nevi ranges from 5% to 10%. The risk is greatest between the ages of 5 and 10 years. The issue of malignant transformation of small congenital nevi is very controversial. Currently, there exists no consensus regarding their increased risk of developing melanoma or their management. However, many authors believe that small congenital nevi may be precursors for at least some cases of cutaneous melanoma but in our case no malignant changes were identified

In democracy it is joint responsibility of the state and community and large to improve the lot of artisans the state will have to accept some responsibilities to facilitate to the artisans in rural area. There is need to identify key communicator among rural artisans they can play crucial role in moderating them to accept new ideas. The role of mass media in building awareness cannot be ignore there should be a concert efforts to all mass media to evolve a greater role far artisans in the rural area.

To enhance reputation and gain customer loyalty, a study of the performance of the commercial banks is done to see if the perception of service quality has an effect on the banks. It has been observed that in the commercial banks which are perceived to be offering better quality of service it is the increasing competition amongst banks, the findings can act as a strategic tool to achieve competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. It is also an eye-opener for the commercial banks to see the gap between customer expectation and perception regarding the quality of services rendered which should further act as a motivation which results, increases reputation and to achieve customer loyalty. The present study is an attempt in the direction, where quality perceptions of the commercial banks have been compared to reach at logical conclusions

Violence against women is a serious problem in India. Overall, one-third of women age 15-49 have experienced physical violence and about 1 in 10 have experienced sexual violence. In total, 35 percent have experienced physical or sexual violence. This figure translates into millions of women who have suffered, and continue to suffer, at the hands of husbands and other family members. NFHS-3 collected information from married and unmarried women age 15-49 about their experience of physical and sexual violence. Married women were also asked about their experience of emotional violence. NFHS-3 findings underscore the extent and severity of violence against women in India, especially man Violence against women in India is an issue rooted in societal norms and economic dependence. Discriminatory practices are underlined by laws favoring men. Inadequate policing and judicial practices deny female victims proper protection and justice. Although female participation in public life is increasing and laws have been amended, India still has a long way to go to make Indian women equal citizens in their own country

The role and relevance of tax or social health insurance based intervention has come to occupy central stage in recent years in several countries that are undertaking measures to reform health systems. One or a mix of these health-financing models is considered desirable to achieve universal coverage to its population. Most of the low and middle income economies till recently have relied heavily on Out-Of-Pocket (OOP) payments of households, which are regarded as both inefficient and iniquitous. As a consequence, OOP causes financial catastrophe and impoverishment of vulnerable households. The underlying reasons are that the OOP payments preclude the conditions of prepayment, risk-pooling and cross-subsidization. A tax-based health financing mechanism, as in UK, Cuba and Sri Lanka or a broad based social health insurance programs as in Germany, France, Mexico, etc. is being prescribed as a key instrument of health financing strategy for many low income countries like India, if it were to achieve universal health coverage.

Pyogenic granuloma is a common vascular nodule that may occur in the skin and mucous surface especially during childhood or early adult life. Young pyogenic granulomas are highly vascular in appearance ranging from soft to spongy in consistency; older lesions tend to become more collagenous and pink and are more rubbery and firm. Here a case report of Pyogenic Granuloma is discussed which was surgically excised.

In certain product categories, there will be defective products in virtually every production lot. It is often true even after the manufacturer has checked each individual product and has revamped the defective ones, since visual inspection is not 100% consistent. Consequently, in many supplier or buyer interactions, the supplier is not expected to deliver defect-free commodities. The buyer needs to control the quality of purchased commodities, since the buyer does not want numerous defects. One of the foremost techniques is ‘Acceptance Quality Limit’ (AQL) which has always stood for the quality level explicitly at the worst tolerability limit. The actual definition of AQL is the percentage of defective parts that is routinely accepted by the sampling plan. In this juncture there is a considerable procedure to deal with this problem using Poisson distribution which is often used as a standard probability model for dealing with this kind of single sampling plan. However many data sets in general are not well fitted by a Poisson model, because they consists of more zero counts than are compatible with the Poisson model. Zero inflated models are used to model count data for which proportion of zero counts is greater than expected. For these situations, a zero inflated Poisson (ZIP) model is generally proposed. It is very logical and encouraging that Zero Inflated Poisson Distribution provided better fit as compared to Poisson distribution in the data sets because of more number of zeros. In this paper the procedure for the construction of Single Sampling Plan (SSP) indexed through Average Quality Level (AQL) using Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) distribution as the base line distribution is presented and a table is also presented using Excel packages for the easy selection of the plans.

Of the elderly population of more than 60 years, more than half of the population constitutes women. As the elderly women do not have economic security, lack of ownership to properties, lack of respect by younger, etc, the elderly women are suffering from many of the problems in society. Further, elderly women in slum areas and rural areas are more sufferers from many problems as they are illiterates and neglected. These problems should be intervened by NGOs and Government.

An exploratory research design was employed to know the difference between working and non-working women in respect to their values. 110 working and non-working women comprised sample of the study ranging from 25 to 55age group. The study was trying to explore various values like religious, social, economic, power and so on. The study adopted stratified random sampling method. A“Personal values Questionnaire” (PVQ) by Dr. G. P. Sherry, Director, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, was administered for observing the values of working and non-working women. ‘Z’ test was employed to see the difference. The power values of non-working women is higher than that of working women, phenomenal power that energize a family to change atmosphere indicating non-working women are more capable to handle the situation than working women. Economic values, religious values and hedonistic values are significantly negatively related with each other indicates variables are inversely related.

Muscular variations are very common in man leading to varieties of anomalies. During routine dissection we found coracobrachialis not pierced by musculocutaneous nerve and with the presence of ligament of struthers. Secondly we also noted that the medial part of brachialis muscle mingled with the fibers of medial head of triceps & finally got inserted into olecranon process of ulna.

we reported the detection of a 0.3162 Hz QPO for the first time in the transient pulsar 4U 1323-619. These newly detected QPOs were present more frequently in decline phase of outbursts as compare to the rising phase. However, there are only very few cases of accretion-powered X-ray pulsar such as SMC X-1 (Wojdowski et al. 1998), Her X-1, 4U 1626-67, LMC X-4 (see Table 1 of Shirakawa & Lai 2002) and 4U 0115+63 where multiple QPOs are seen. Another unique thing we detected in this work is the presence of multiple QPOs simultaneously in the same observation at three occasions.

Background: This is the first report on the codon usage pattern in Indian one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis L). No literature is available on codon usage bias in Indian one-horned rhino till to date. Indian one-horned rhino is the pride of Assam, being the state animal of Assam. The phenomenon of unequal use of synonymous codons i.e. some codons are more preferred than others in genes is known as codon usage bias. Synonymous codons which vary from two to six codons encode a particular amino acid and these generally differ in the 3rd codon position. However, the usage pattern of synonymous codons differs not only among the organisms but also among the genes within an organism. The codon bias is commonly found in highly expressed genes. Result and Discussion: In this study, we analyzed the codon usage pattern in some selected nuclear genes of one-horned rhino using bioinformatics approach. We found that the overall GC% ranged from 41.3 to 57.2 % with an average of 51.46 %. The GC3 % of rhino genes ranged from 53.3 to 73.6 % with an average of 65.2 %. ENC value varied from 50 to 60 with a mean value of 55. We found a significant negative correlation of ENC with GC (r=-0.934**, p< 0.01) and ENC with GC3 (r=-0.979**, p<0.01). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between GC12 and GC3 (r=0.896*, p<0.05) of the genes. Further we observed significant positive correlation between A and A3 % (r=0.964** p<0.01), C and C3 % (r=0.951**, p<0.001), GC and GC3% (r=0.959**, p<0.001). Conclusion: We found that the codon usage bias in the analyzed coding sequences (cds) of rhino is not remarkable. Codon usage bias prefers GC bases at the 3rd codon position and most frequent codons end with G. Nucleotide constraint as well as compositional constraint under mutation pressure might have made major contribution in the codon usage bias in the coding sequences of the nuclear genes in one-horned rhino.

It has been decades since we are searching for a drug that can effectively manage peri operative requirements of analgesia and sedation and which has a better safety profile and physical properties and the search brings us close to the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine that appears to be fit. After its approval by FDA for clinical use dexmedetomidine usage has increased drastically and it appears to be the end of search for the most awaited wonder drug. This review will discuss its role in anesthesia practice as the major drug for various clinical conditions.

Purpose: The objective of this article is to provide updated review to evidence based components of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) against conventional perioperative care in elective and emergency surgeries. Recent findings: Fast tract surgeries and multimodal enhanced recovery pathways are now achieving world wide recognition as standardized perioperative care in multiple surgical sub-specialties like colorectal and pelvis surgery, urological surgery, gynecological surgery, cardiothoracic and vascular surgery and hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery. This optimized care has challenged long standing traditional perioperative care and resulted in a evidenced based well established protocols, which enhances postoperative recovery, reduced hospital stay, readmission rate and overall medical cost. However issues relating to its awareness, training and education, implementation, auditing, patient compliance and cost effectiveness in limited resource settings need to be addressed. Summary: In Summery ERAS protocols are future of discipline-specific or surgery-specific optimized perioperative care pathways, which have potential to fast tract recovery without increasing postoperative mortality and morbidity if implemented with consistency. However it will need more research to address issues related to it.

The foreskin injury caused by entrapment of foreskin between teeth and zip slider of a zipper mechanism is a great distressing situation for the child and parents. Any aggressive management would simply worsen the problem. Here a technique is presented which is quick, painless, requiring minimal anesthesia and only simple instruments like scissors are required and simple to perform.

The study was on Fibro-Calculous Pancreatic Diabetes (FCPD), which is a subset of Malnutrition Related Diabetes Mellitus and secondary to Tropical Calcific Pancreatitis having multifactorial aetiology, involving both environmental and ethnic factors. We had selected rural areas with mixed socio economic condition for our study, that was the rural areas of gangetic plane of the district of Purba Medinipur West Bengal. At first we confirmed our subjects if they were FCPD affected or not. Due to insufficient information was available in the literature on retinal involvement found from fundoscopic and fluorescein angiographic studies, some of our FCPD patients were subjected to these tests, to have an idea about the degree of injury made by this disease and to compare with other subsets of diabetes. Retinal involvement of our subjects was not very different from other types of diabetes.

The present study was conducted to determine the differences of physical fitness between female Physical Education students and dancer’s of Performing Arts. The data pertaining to this study were collected from 30 female Physical Education students and 30 female dancers of Performing Arts age ranging from 17 to 25 years. For the study the physical fitness components i.e. Cardio-vascular Endurance, Explosive Leg Strength, Speed, Balance, Arm Strength and Flexibility were tested in the evening from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. by using the Harvard Step Test, Standing Broad Jump, 50 Yards Dash, Stroke Stand Test, Flexed Arm Hang and Sit & Reach Test respectively. The collected raw data were further converted to t- score and analyzed statistically through t-test and the level of significant was observed at 0.05 level of confidence. On the basis of statistical findings it was conclude that there were significant differences in physical fitness between Physical Education students and dancers of Performing Arts (t (0.05, 58) = 5.25 > 2.0017). The Physical Education students have better physical fitness than dancers of Performing Arts (m = 315.99 > 276.69). It was also further concluded that there are significant differences in Speed (2.97), Flexibility (3.14), Explosive Leg Strength (3.32), Balance (3.35) and Arm Strength (2.19) > tabulated t (0.05, 58) = 2.0017 and insignificant difference was observed as in case of Cardiovascular Endurance.