To be born as human being is an important achievement. In entire experienceable world only human beings are gifted with reason. But to have this faculty of reason does not mean that reason should be employed to make others suffer. The meaning and significance of life is contained in harmonious self-development. There are two directions of life, namely spiritual and material. Enjoyment (gratification of senses) and renouncing are the two diametrically opposite realms. None of these exclusive poles can alone be a constructive element of society. A social being can neither be exclusively an enjoyer of the senses nor can he be exclusively away from all and every sort of attachment and indulgence. A materialistic life is a life of selfishness and a transcendental life is a life of renunciation. The life of a combination of both is necessary for a social being. To express this, Jaina thought offers a maxim—'parasparopagraha jīvānām'. This maxim pertains not only to the individual to lead a social life, but is actually a maxim pertaining to the entire human existence in the world. Aprigraha means not only non-over accumulation of wealth but also giving up all attachment to things or abstaining from attachments. Mahāvira was one such man of contemplation. He had risen above home, family, society, nation, etc. He was thus not an exponent of economics. When there is no accumulation or possession there is no meaning of economics. But Mahāvira knew that all man cannot attain such perfection and such a state of absolute renunciation can be attained only by few, so he gave the maxim of icchā-parimāņa with a view to checking or limiting the tendency of parigraha. This maxim is not total annihilation of the tendency of parigraha, but urges its limited use. From this point of view there are two meanings or forms of aparigraha, namely absolute inexistence of parigraha and second restrained or limited existence of parigraha. This limited, controlled or regulated parigraha can be called the economics of aparigraha.

In recent years, Rondonia (Brazil) has made great strides in economic growth and development. This growth has been accompanied by rapid urbanization that has transformed Rondonia cities. Urbanization has the potential to boost national economic growth by facilitating the emergence of agglomeration and localization economies. Increasing urbanization presents Rondonia (Brazil) with an opportunity to leverage the transformation taking place to ensure that it is harnessed for economic growth and, more importantly, sustained improvements in the quality of life of its community members. Urbanization in Rondonia is driving the emergence of metropolitan areas whose boundaries stretch beyond the jurisdiction of administratively defined cities, creating an urgent need for mechanisms that optimize and coordinate development beyond the formal city unit. The purpose of this report on Rondonia regional and urban development is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the country's spatial patterns of urbanization and economic development and to evaluate the extent to which Rondonia urbanization has fostered increases in agglomeration economies and economic productivity growth. The study provides the analytical work to evaluate such performance and to identify key issues, constraints and opportunities for promoting faster and more inclusive growth. The overarching goal of the study is to provide a timely and rigorous analysis of regional and urban development in order to foster informed policy discussion at the state and municipalities.

Since the concepts of health and illness may differ from society to society, the perception of quality of life can be affected by cultural influences and beliefs. It is obvious that the cross cultural differences between eastern and western cultures have great importance in the field of health care setting as well as in other fields. As a result of an increased demand for measuring the quality of life in health care, clinicians and researchers without a suitable Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire in their own language, generally prefer subjecting a questionnaire previously validated in another language to a cross-cultural adaptation process because it is seen as a resourcesaving strategy. During the adaptation process of a HRQoL questionnaire, the researchers not only do translations, but also make every effort to maintain a cultural equivalence. Especially in the adaptation of some measures originated from western countries to eastern countries, it is important to reflect significant cultural differences. Discrepancies in socioeconomic status, health perceptions, religion and traditional beliefs should be considered in the modification of a quality of life questionnaire.

Jose Angel Valente’s work provides an essential reference to comprehend the actual literary fact in Spain. Not only his poetry and essays, but also his thought and his æsthetic definition, occupy a very relevant place, in a wider artistic sense. As a result of a large and close relationship -in a musical and personal field- this poet gets also an important presence in the composition of Mauricio Sotelo. In this short text, I seek to overview the way in which the verse of Jose Angel Valente and his poetic and æsthetic notions are revealed in Mauricio Sotelo’s compositions. This will lead us to identify also the most important features -like a deep convergence of interdisciplinary references- that define Sotelo’s music.

In the inter-war Romania the philosophy of culture rejoices over a high prestige. The questions regarding the birth and becoming of culture, as well as those regarding the role of culture and the possible classifications of cultures, occupy a large space in the Romanian philosophers’ writings. We are in the epoch in which the psychology of peoples is an actual issue, while anthropology, together with the history of religions, exploits unknown and exotic cultural areas.

This article deals with the links between two main novels of Spanish last decades: Mrs. Caldwell habla con su hijo by Camilo José Cela and Mortal y Rosa by Francisco Umbral. The main issues for discussion will be genre, style, plot, author´s aims and personal friendship between both novelists.

Conflict involves situations in which two or more parties choose costly inputs that are adversely combined against one another and generate no positive externalities to third parties. (Stergios Skaperdas 2011). Violence is bound to inflict innumerable costs on micro and ultimately macro economy of regions. The case of Rwanda Genocide-1994 is a well-known example where the consequences were in terms of excess mortality and traumatization of women leading to insecurity in the region. Economists across the globe are engaged in conducting continuous research over the impacts of conflict and violence on micro as well as macro variables of the economy. One of the oldest reasons for interstate and intra-state tension in Asian continent is the curious issue of Kashmir Valley. Despite of the measures that were taken at the international level, vis-à-vis discussions, confrontations and ceasefire, no consensus has been reached either between India and Pakistan or with the people of Kashmir.Since 1989, this part of world has witnessed a huge amount of human rights abuses, thousands have been killed, the same number of children orphaned and an unaccounted number of young people disappeared, thus halting the security perception of people living in this zone of the globe. It is in this line of affairs that this study aims to understand the response of directly affected households and add to the literature the consequences of conflict over the security perception and the resultant displacement levels.

Pot experiments conducted for the evaluation of efficacy of biocontrol agent viz., Arthrobotrys oligospora and Paecilomyces lilacinus against root knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in wheat revealed that soil application of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Paecilomyces lilacinus alone or in combination was able to control the nematode population and improve the yield. Combined soil application of A. oligospora (@ 5ml/pot) + P. lilacinus (@ 5ml/pot) as soil application was effective to check the root knot nematode in wheat.

Memories of our past experiences occupy an important space in the overall make up of our tastes and temperaments as Individuals, societies and nations. Memories can be of particular events- political, social or cultural, witnessed by us individually or collectively. Memories can relate to prominent Individuals also, who hold some kind of influence on us individually or collectively, depending upon the actual experience of the nature of our interaction with such individuals. And, certainly our memories pertain to certain geographical locations too, stayed or visited by us in the past. The generation of the Indian people which witnessed the midnight celebrations of India’s independence from the British Empire on the intervening night of the 14/15th August 1947, for instance, have lived with the memories of this event, permanently etched at the back of their minds. The generation of Indian people which interacted directly with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, for instance, each such interaction formed episodes in the overall memories of such people, which they could recollect and cherish for their lifetimes. Subsequent generations rely on ‘retold or relived’ experiences, yet nostalgically connect to those memories on each revisit. Similarly, one usually relishes nostalgically the place of his/her formative years, particularly more, if she / he shift out of that location. A visit to tourist places or abroad often remains in the form of well stocked cherished memories for one’s lifetime.

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is incomplete in many pathological states, which leads to a net loss of bone mass with each remodeling cycle (Hasan W et al, 2014). Postmenopausal osteoporosis and other conditions are associated with an increased rate of bone remodeling, which leads to accelerated bone loss and increased risk of fracture. Osteosynthesis of the bone matrix is achieved by osteoblasts and coordinated within this complex machinery of bone remodeling with resorption of extracellular bone matrix performed by osteoclasts. Bone resorption is dependent on a cytokine known as RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand), a TNF family member that is essential for osteoclast formation, activity, and survival in normal and pathological states of bone remodeling. (Kohli SS and Kohli VS, 2011; Kearns AE et al., 2008).The catabolic effects of RANKL are prevented by osteoprotegerin (OPG), a TNF receptor family member that binds RANKL and thereby prevents activation of its single cognate receptor called RANK. Osteoclast activity is likely to depend, at least in part, on the relative balance of RANKL and OPG. This review highlights the complex interplay of the RANKL–RANK/OPG axis and their management in bone health.