Teaching is sometimes taken for granted and not a means for growing pedagogically in the field. EFL and ESL teachers, most definitely, bring to class personal styles, personal beliefs and even personal assumptions of how to undertake their teaching practices with a top-down process which is fuelled by an instructional methodology dish out by managers. Teacher education as an alternative blueprint; however, attempts to bring about pedagogical development through enhancing teachers’ ability to observe, reflect upon and refine their own instructional methodology. As evidence indicates, this paper is to highlight the necessity for novice as well as experienced teachers to visualise through different eyes the picture of classroom environment and practices. Hereby, this awareness develops professional growth, which allows these teachers to make appropriate judgements and decisions. In this line of thought, peer observation as an investigative procedure, if sustained by the bases and principles of an approach of teaching, can trigger a more predictable and comprehensive formulation and enactment of teaching practices that can be undertaken by a teacher as a reflective practitioner. In down to earth terms, when the target of an observation, is viewed as an exploratory task meant for professional development, the observer who is a newly recruited teacher can broaden, or shape new ways of teaching which would enable him to reset and to refine emphatically his teaching practices and his principles of tackling the job of teaching with more commitment, diligence and devotion

The paper intendeds to analyze the developments of education in Central Asia under Czarist regime, since educational sector of the region prior to the conquest was confronted with stagnation and degradation. Colonial powers for their administrative and political attainments introduced a parallel educational set up which, during the course of time, paved the way for emergence of native intelligentsia who initiated a revivalist movement for education and stood for the establishment of reformed or Usuli-Jadid schools in the region. Educational sector as such, witnessed significant innovations during period under study, but education as an effective device for social change was used by the Soviets who ruled the region for 7 decades and accomplished herculean task of achieving 99% literacy rate in central Asia.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the angular velocity at various joints for inside instep soccer kick by different level players. To conduct this study ninety-nine players were randomly selected from nation, state and district competition. These players are treated as high, middle and low level players respectively. The subjects wear complete soccer kit. Fifteen minute warm up should be done before the experiment. The subjects performed three trails for instep kick from a preferred distance and with maximum effort on a stationary ball. The kicking motion was recorded using JVC HD video cameras in a field setting. The shutter speed of the camera was fixed at fast speed (1/4000 fast shutter speed allow fast-moving subject to capture one frame at a time vividly) in order to eliminate the blur while video recording. The identified trails were played with the help of Hero Video of Hero Super Player 3000 software to make separate clips of each player for separate kicking skills. The separate clips were then opened on to the Motion Analysis Tool (MAT) software. The software to identify the number of frames, angles, displacement, time and kinematics variables. SPSS Software used for to calculate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test to determine the means significant difference between different level players during soccer kicks. The result of this study is angular velocity of ankle and knee joints both contributes significantly in insideinstep kick to cause variation in the ball velocity of all level players. But none of the joint’s angular velocity significantly differed to contribute to cause variation in ball velocity.

The current study was conducted from January to December 2013 in order to explore the fish fauna of river Arunai Matta Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. In this study total number of 20 fishes belonging to 3 orders and 4 families were recorded. These species were Barilius modestus, Barilius pakistanicus, Cirrhinus mrigala, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, crossocheilus latius, Cyprinus carpio, Garra gotyla, Glyptothorax armeniacus, Glyptothorax cavia, Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii, Labeo rohita, Mastacembelus armatus, Paraschistura sargadensis, Puntius sarana, Puntius sophore, Salmophasia bacaila, Salmophasia punjabensis, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizothorax progastus. The dominant family was family Cyprinidae. The current study reveals the richness of fish fauna in river Arunai Matta Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

The main objective of this research is to analysis, design, and implementation a requirements model to e-Archiving Management System (eAMS) in an easy and appropriate manner. The computer center of Thi-Qar University was chosen as a case study. The factfinding techniques such as the interview and the existing previous requirements models were used to identify the needs or requirements of the users from this system. The tentative design is implemented depend on the Unified modeling language (UML) that used to analyzed all system requirements that consists of list of certain textual information like requirements list and system diagrammatical such as use case diagrams, activity diagrams, and class diagrams. The sample system used to validate users needs and the system was completely developed with .NET Framework using C#.NET and Microsoft SQL server 2008. This study helps to understand the procedures in managing e-archive activities and provide a better solution to develop eAMS that can be implementing at anyorganization

Every ethnicity-oriented writing provides a new outlook of the American patchwork, and should be considered as a valuable contribution to the mainstream writings. Becoming ever more absorbed in my research work, I started coming to grips with a series of puzzling but response–inciting questions. This paper is meant to grapple with such questions as: Which are the tenets of the postmodern self, and how does its fragmented condition accommodate instances of the African American sense of self and identity? Which is the relationship between selfhood and socialization, me-ness and community that undergirds two of Morrison’s most well known novels Sula and Beloved? Is the sense of self a multiple construct, or rather a chaotic absorption of such variables as communality, femaleness, linguistic indeterminacy and symbolism? How do the protagonists of each of the novels resemble and differ in their coming to grips with the postmodern chaos and the sense of alienation.

n this paper we have proposed an efficient lossless image compression method, this method consists of two parts, the first is compressed part that based on two approaches of chain code representation the first approach is variable vertex chain code (V_VCC) is used to encode boundary of segment to remove spatial redundancy in image, the second approach is Freeman chain code 8-directional (FCCE) is used to encode remaining values then the values that belong to two approaches of chain code will be removed from image and reduce the size of image then begins a new level and will apply the same steps as the previous, the second is decompressed part , depending on variable vertex chain code set, Freeman chain code set, start points and values decompressed part will rebuild the original image identically.

Managerial Effectiveness is fast becoming a competitive advantage for organisations, especially in the context of high demand for and, therefore, continuous migration of competent managers from one organisation to another. Organisations, therefore, have started investing in retaining competent managers and putting in place systems for developing new cadre of effective managers. It is in wake of these contextual factors that the present study on Managerial Effectiveness has been conducted. Managerial Effectiveness is often defined in terms of output - what a manager achieves. The present study was aimed to understand different perspectives on managerial effectiveness between private and public undertakings. The study was carried out in different private and public organizations located in Delhi and its NCR (National Capital Region). Data were collected from 100 managers (50 managers from private and 50 from public undertakings). Managerial Effectiveness Scale developed by Dhar, Dhar and Jain (2006) was used to assess the managerial effectiveness of the managers on different factors of the construct of managerial effectiveness.

Pakistan is a developing country having literacy rate lesser than many other developing countries. There are a number of problems, hurdles and challenges faced by the education system in Pakistan at every level of education. The focus of this research study is the secondary education in the public sector of Pakistan and the problems present at this level. Secondary education is a bridge between the primary and higher education. It is a sensitive level as the students are prepared at this level to enter the higher education or work force successfully. It also prepares the students to lead an appropriate life. The data for this survey type research study was collected through questionnaires which were being filled by heads and secondary school teachers using questionnaires. The research concluded that there no doubt many problems in regard to secondary education but by taking appropriate measures they could be eliminated or at least reduced.

Since the establishment, number of problems and challenges are always there to surround the smooth functioning of every sector in Pakistan. Education is one of the sector where immense planning has been done throughout but numerous factors have affected the planning itself and then its implementation so far. This research study is to find out the extent to which various factors affect the secondary education in particular. Secondary education is vital for a strong character and personality building of the teenagers who enter the adulthood. These individuals not only become the input of higher education rather many have to join the work force and participate in the economy of the country. Therefore this educational stage is considered to be very crucial. The data of this study has been collected from the heads and teachers present at the secondary education level.

A knowledgeable and skillful home maker saves more time and effort in doing a task. Work simplification is a technique of accomplishing task by using least amount of time & energy management. The simplification of work is the way of finding the simplest, the quickest as well as the easiest methods in doing things. The study aimed to know the awareness regarding work simplification among working and non-working home maker. It was carried out on sample of 120 Home makers (60 working Home maker and 60 Non- working Home maker) of Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh who were administered by self constructed questionnaire based on awareness of work simplification among home makers. The purposive random sampling technique was used to collect the data. The study revealed that awareness regarding work simplification among working Home makers is more than Non-working Home makers.

Background and objective: The mortality rate of type 2 diabetes is higher in India. Changing lifestyle and environment have contributory effect in increase rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypothesis was that the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on ST36 as a complementary therapy for controlling plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: The study designed a single blind convenient clinical study of type 2 diabetes patients who already taking oral hypoglycemic agents to control blood glucose. In this study 50 patients were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned to receive either TENS (experimental group, n = 25 and placebo group, n= 25) on the bilateral ST36 acupoints at a frequency of 25 Hz with intensity of 9 mA for 5 minutes for 7days. The blood glucose level was measured at both pre and post stimulation. Result: There was significant improvement (P<0.05) in random blood sugar level of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Rainwater harvesting could be one of the most important strategies to increase agricultural production from cropping of a given area of land more frequently and more intensively. This paper tries to study the cases of adoption of Rain Water Harvest Technology (RWHT) by pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in the study area and to assess the perception of farmers on adoption of RWHT. The research method employed in this study was descriptive survey approach aimed at examining and describing the major situations associated factors affecting adoption of rainwater harvesting technology in the study area. 176 sampled households were randomly selected from the study area to generate the data set. The selected main variables were drought, low fertility of soil, high input price, lack of input supply on time and the nature of dry land utilization are persistent constraints and have resulted in considerable reduction of ecosystem productivity in the study area. Most of respondents perceived (86.3%) that the study area of arid and semi-arid rangelands are characterized by unstable climatic conditions, which make drought unpredictable, droughts result from the disruption of rainfall pattern failure or extended dry season. The majorities of sampled household were perceived that RWH technology reduces soil erosion, RWH technology decreases the effect of drought, RWH technology increases agro- pastoral production, RWH technology is consistent with existing pastorals and agro-pastoralspractice and RWH technology generates benefits. Rainwater harvesting also played a significant role in promoting ecological and environmental management.

Introduction: For some people the thought of communicating makes anxiety, these people suffering from communication apprehension. Studies showed 1.5persons-20%of all college students is communication apprehensive. Medical group students should be experience communicate but they may experience loss of external control and meet an increase in anxiety. Method: Two hundred second year female medical and nursing students participated in the study, Data collected in four classrooms. Participants took 15 minutes to complete the Personal Reporting Communication Apprehension (PRCA) 24 items Likert-type and demographic data questioner.

In Ethiopia land is a source of income and means of production on which the livelihood of 85 percent of the population depends. Due to this the development and welfare of the population is directly linked with the exploitation of land. The natural resource base is central to the livelihood of a high proportion of Ethiopia’s population and distinctively critical to the national economy. Land degradation is a key social factor that deciding options for practice land management. Therefore understanding farmers’ awareness on soil erosion and their attitude toward soil conservation practices are important for promoting sustainable land use. The major objective of the present study was to assess farmers’ awareness on soil erosion and their attitude towards soil conservation on cultivated land in Guliso Woreda West Wellega zone, Oromia Regional State. The descriptive method was employed in this study. It was observed that farmers of the study area have good awareness of causes and consequences of land degradation on their plot of land particularly about soil erosion. They practice mixed cropping, crop rotation, afforestation, contour plough and practice SWC widely, while fallowing and agroforestry are not widely practiced because of small size of land holding and low awareness about the importance. The factors that affect farmers’ soil conservation practices are farmers’ experience, small size of their land holding, educational attainment, gender, lack of training, poverty, socio-economic problems, government policies and strategies and physical factors. A combined approach by government as well as the communities are needed to overcome different problems and bring about an ecofriendly and economic solution.

This research study tried to combine a theoretical point of view on corporate entrepreneurship with a practical application of this theory base. The main objective of the study is to analyse the main theories and studying the main differences among them. These theories are critically analysed and compared with each other and a theoretical framework is developed based on the analysis conducted. The theoretical reflections showed that corporate entrepreneurship could not be understood without approaching the overall concept of entrepreneurship. The theoretical issues addresses some important factors that can be applied to distinguish entrepreneurial characteristics within a larger organization. The study seeks to identify those factors in a real business case is one of the main motive of this research. Moreover, organizational, managerial, network and strategical aspects and implications of the proposed MNC are discovered and analysed.

In this paper the present study reveals the tahsilwise annual rainfall trend in Satara District of Maharashtra State during 1991 to 2011. The rainfall is one of the fundamental physical parameter among the climate as for the development of society is concern and it determines the drought as well as the environmental factors for the particular region. Thus annual rainfall conditions differ from region to region. The drought prone area in the district on annual rainfall occurs once in five years. The average annual rainfall is eastern part of the Man, Khatav, Khandala and Phaltan tahsils 473 mm, western part of the Satara district in Mahabaleshwar, Jawali and Patan tahsils 5000 mm. and middle and central part of the Satara, Wai, Karad and Koregaon tahsils 1200 mm. Eastern part of the Satara district which has historically been most severely affected by drought. The failure of monsoon has had a disastrous affect on the districts sizable agriculture sector and a large share of the population dependent on agricultural for livelihood. This studies focus on the four (out of total 11) tahsils in Satara district which is particularly vulnerable to drought Man, Khatav, Phaltan, and Khandala tahsils. This article aims to studies pertaining to trends in rainfall eastern part of Satara district in Maharashtra. There are differences in the results of the tahsilwise studies and a clear and consistent picture of rainfall trend has variability in drought prone region. In a study on tahsilwise trend analysis four tahsils had decreasing trend in annual rainfall.

Since 1965, Dalit literature has emerged and developed as a movement Rise of Dalit theatre is a political process, at least the beginning has taken place with a political bearing. The movement in literature is a fallout of the political happenings under the leadership of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. It helped to define who is ‘oppressed’. Although the poetry and autobiography seem to be the most sought after forms, the potential of theatre seems to have been realized by the Dalit writers in the recent times. As G.P.Deshpande observes, with reference to the social life in Maharashtra, it is essential to locate the status of caste and class. To place the international concept of ‘Class’ in the growing struggle is important.2 I Indian society has always been a divided society. The literary tradition predominantly cultivated by Brahmins and upper castes has resulted in limited expression, vocabulary, emotions etc. Hence we see a revolt against these established norms in Dalit literature. Dalit Theatre does not talk of a past glory /history but relates it to the present and looks for creating a future. Creating social awareness has been a prominent motive of the Dalit writing. It has become an inseparable part of history of Marathi Theatre. All the dramatists associated with Dalit theatre believe in a sense of social commitment. However, against the background of the atrocities faced by the Dalits for generations and even today, Dalit plays certainly seem to perform an important function of enlightening the Dalits and awaken the spirit of rebellion among them. It can be called as the theatre of the ‘proletariat’ in the truest sense of the term. Hence its significance as ‘a social theatre’ is to be acknowledged.

In this paper, we have studied the finite element approximation for 1D parabolic problems. We also discussed about the convergence of finite element solution to the exact solution of parabolic problem with respect to L2 norm. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the finite element method for 1D parabolic problem. The paper discussed the finite element method for continuous time discretization and discrete in time discretization schemes. Finally, the convergence of finite element solution to exact solution is discussed in L2 norm.

Constructed wetlands are human induced systems that impersonate the functions of natural wetlands which are applied for sewage treatment. A study is carried out to investigate feasibility and optimization in pollution concentration through Angular Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland in the sewage treatment using Pennisetum purpureium Schumach. The plant species are implanted and propagates in the bed of constructed wetland. The sampling and analysis through physico-chemical and biological parameters viz. pH, EC, TSS, TDS, TS, BOD, COD, NO3, PO4 and SO4 were carried out at both inflow and outflow in the pilot plant. The sewage samples with different concentrations such as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% were tested before and after treatment. Results revealed that pH range was changed from 6.72 to 7.22, maximum reduction of E.C was reduced by 34.61% at 80% sewage concentration, TSS was reduced by 55.17%, TDS was reduced by 56.18%, TS was reduced by 55.48%, BOD was reduced by 76.65%, COD was reduced by 77.51%, NO3 was reduced by 74.62%, PO4 was reduced by 57.81% and SO4 was reduced by 51.06% respectively provided after 96 hrs (4 days) Hydraulic Retention Time. The color and odour were removed and observed samples of treated water were very clear and odorless. The overall results indicated that, maximum pollutants removal were obtained in sewage with Pennisetum purpureium by root zone bed technology in constructed wetland at 80% to 90% sewage concentration. This model removes maximum pollutants and useful for reducing surface and subsurface water pollution load.

With the emergence of new technologies and innovations the individuals, businesses and governments world-wide are also facing an alarming growth in cybercrime. Albania is no exception to the paradigm of cybercrime. In recent times there has been a rapid growth in various forms of Information Communication Technology (ICT), particularly internet users. What is the definition of cybercrime? “Cybercrime is any criminal activity which involves a computer or network as the source, tool, target or place of a crime” (Grabosky 2001, 38). In recent years there has been a considerate focus by all the government structures to improve the computer-related crime legislation and means of resources and mechanisms to combat it. On the basis of the "desk research", taking into consideration the main legal documents in this field and various authors’ doctrinal positions in Albanian and European level, this paper will examine the phenomena of cybercrime in Albania and the current enacted relevant legislation to prevent and combat computer crimes.

The development of technology has enabled large movements of people, information and in this case has enabled the smuggling easier and committing various crimes and criminals moving from one country to another. Because of this a necessity for the cooperation amongst countries to prevent and combat crime and various forms of its emergence shows up. In this paper, we treated some forms of organized crime, the level of international cooperation in preventing and combating organized crime and its impact on economic impoverishment and degradation of various countries where organized crime is rife. A special treatment have made the current situation in the Balkans and in the former Yugoslavia which have long dominated the transnational problems and wars that have created a suitable space for the development of organized crime and various forms of trafficking drugs, tobacco, weapons and human beings.

India’s population has crossed one billion. There is a need to provide food for the large population. In India rice and wheat are the main food crops. There is a need to increase volume of production and productivity. In this context hybrid rice technology as an innovative technology has the potential to meet the increasing demand. The introduction of hybrid rice seeds in India has doubled the yield of food grains. Green Revolution has contributed to serious interrogation disparities in agriculture in India. Surplus production of foodgrains is not the true measure of sources of the Green Revolution. There are many areas in India are unaffected by employing this programme, and still vulnerable to famine.

Individuals often report experiences that conform to objective definitions of sexual harassment, but rarely report the subjective perception of the phenomenon. The present research proposed that individual difference factors may mediate this commonly observed discrepancy. The research examined female student’s perception and understanding of sexual harassment in academia. The data was collected by using qualitative method and employing multi-method; six in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion was conducted. Then thematic analysis was done, and in thematic analysis, five themes were emerged. It was explored that female students have better understanding of the concept of sexual harassment. Their perceptions about the phenomenon vary from person to person with the following themes (a) sexual harassment occurs in academia (b) junior students face more sexual harassment as compared to senior students, (c) beggars and outsiders cause sexual harassment in academia (d) harassment by clerical staff, (e) teachers also harass university female students . The reason, which students perceive are the cause of sexual harassment, are, (f) male dominance; and (g) lack of ethical and moral training of people

In a series of writings, both fictional and non-fictional, James Baldwin spoke of Christianity in non-traditional ways; questioning God’s working and existence in the world and pointing out error in the traditional black church, an institution that so many AfricanAmerican writers before him had highly regarded. In trying to understand God, Baldwin questioned why God allowed so many troubles to befall the black race despite its consistently demonstrated faith in him. It is merit mentioning that although Baldwin rejected Christian faith, and criticized and admonished Christian hypocrisy and double standards, he continued to value many teachings of Christianity. Baldwin substitutes Religion with Love and Blues Music as they have a formidable and transformative power in eliminating the problem of racism in the American society. However, the dialectic which I am going to examine in the paper is evident in James Baldwin’s bitter criticism of the Christian church and his revolt against the white God, along with his devotion to some essential Christian teachings, his faith in a “vague and undefined God”, and his evolving theology of self-examination and love.

The research work was initiated to get information and report the prominent indigenous medicinal plants of village Mithakhel District Karak during 2013. As a whole about 47 plants belonging to 24 families were collected from various part of Mithakhel by using survey. Most of the plants belong to the following families, Moraceae (5 spp), Brassicaceae (4 spp), Rosaceae (4 spp), Solanaceae (3 spp), Zygophyllaceae (2 spp), Mimosaceae (3 spp), Poaceae (3 spp), Malvaceae ( 2 spp), Alliaceae ( 2 spp), Rutaceae (2 spp), Lamiaceae (2spp), Palmae (1 spp), Amaranthaceae (1 spp), Liliaceae (1 spp), Asclepidiaceae (1 spp), Cannabinaceae (1 spp), Papilionaceae (1 spp), Temaricaceae (1 spp) , Asclepiadaceae (1 spp ), Sapindaceae (1 spp), Meliaceae (1 spp), Arecaceae (1 spp), Myrtaceae (1 spp) and Chenopodiaceae (1 spp). The local inhabitants were ignorant and had little knowledge about the medicinal plant and proper time of collection. Younger generation doesn’t know about indigenous knowledge of various medicinal plants, but the old people especially women have some knowledge about the wild resources of medicinal plants. The Medicinal plants were identified botanically along with their scientific names, family names, Vernacular names, part used and medicinal uses. Most of the plants are wild while few plants are cultivated.

Industrial parks are an important instrument for promoting businesses and have a special importance in economic development. Results suggest that the construction of an industrial park in the absence of ancillary infrastructure or location advantage does not offer higher success. Location, development and operation of industrial parks are subjects of treatment by state legislation and local administrative decisions. The Government of Kosovo has adopted a law on economic zones and in this low are treated the industrial parks as tools of local and regional economic development. The role of parks is estimated as promoter of development of private sector that results in creating viable, competitive firms, in which workers also take the skills that help them, prepare for the constantly changing demands of the global economy. This article examines the role of the industrial park on the creation of new jobs and generating of incomes, promotion and encouragement of investments, attracting advanced technologies, promoting private investment in productive activities and the expansion and cooperation between businesses. The paper will reflect the effects of fiscal policy, legal framework, credit policies and other factors in the operation and management of industrial parks.

This study was conducted to evaluate the Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and virologic characteristics of Dengue fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever and to conduct the population-based surveillance for determining the proportion of Dengue Virus infections, dengue incidence and disease burden. The information regarding Dengue IgM, IgG and NS1 of all patients tested for dengue antibody at different hospitals and private laboratories were analyzed to look for trends of NS1, IgG and IgM positive cases in tehsil matta. According to the WHO severity grades the patients were distinguished into DF and DHF. The patients presenting symptoms as petechiae, purpura, and bleeding from the mucosa, gastrointestinal tract, hematemesis or melena and positive tornique test were categorized in DHF. The total numbers of patients were 911 out of which 627 (68.82%) were male and 284 (31.17%) were female. The disease burden was high in males as that of females. The infection rate was high in the age of 21-50 years. The characteristics symptoms were vomiting (67.70%), Abdominal pain (40.50%) and Splenomegaley (23.70%). It was concluded that the major factor involve in this epidemiology was the migration of infected individual form other infected areas.

Current study was conducted to explore the dragonflies of Manglawar Swat. This study was conducted in the period from August to December 2013. The collection was made in the timing of 10 AM to 4 PM. In current study 11 species in 5 genera were identified belonging to family libellulidae. These species were Crocothemis erythraea, Crocothemis servilia, Libellula fulva, Trithemis aurora, Trithemis festiva, Trithemis kirbyi, Trithemis pallidinervis, Acisoma panorpoides, Orthetrum chrysis, Orthetrum sabina and Orthetrum taeniolatum.

India has nine different Biodiversity zones, including more than 7000 medicinal plants. In several ancient books like Vedas, Ramayana and Mahabharat, the roles of medicinal plants have been described in details. The demand for medicinal plants in the Global markets is increasing day by day because of their broad spectrum like anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer activity without any side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. Due to these advantages herbal drugs have a great potential in the developing and developed countries. Several traditional and modern technologies have been used for the identification and characterization of medicinal plants. Conventional DNA-based molecular markers including RAPD, RFLP, ISSR, AFLP, and Microsatellite are widely accepted by many research institutes all over the world. However, the limitation of these molecular markers restricts scientist and researchers to further investigations of medicinal plants at large scale. Insilico based molecular markers like EST-SSR, ILP, SNP have a great amplification, gene based information, and transferability properties. These specific properties of Insilico based molecular markers, may increase the herbal drug analysis and the authentication of plant species of medicinal importance.

A study on enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus areus was carried out among food handlers in hospital-located kitchens in Makkah, Saudi Arabia to detect the enterotoxigenic S. areus in specimens taken from noses, fingernails, throats and stool of food handlers and to identify susceptibility of S. areus to certain antibiotics. The study group included 356 food handlers from different nationalities. About 1424 samples were collected, cultured and examined in addition to performance of Sensitivity test. Only 15(1.05% of specimens) were enterotoxgenic S.areus positive. Most of them (13 specimens) were isolated from nasal swabs, one from nail and the other from throat while all the stool samples were negatives. About 23.08% of nasal Staphylococcus aureus produced enterotoxin A, 30.77% produced enterotoxin B, 15.38% produced C, 15.38% produced D, and 15.38% produced A+C, while snail isolate S.areus produced enterotoxin A as well as S. areus from throat. All isolated S. areus 15(100%) were resistant to Penicillin, 1(6.67%) to Augmentin, 1(6.67%) to Clindamycin, 2(13.33%) to Cefoxitin, 15(100%) to Metronidazole, 13(86.67%) to Piperacillin and 1(6.67%) to Imipenem. In contrast, 14(93.33%) were sensitive to Augmentin, 14(93.33%) to Clindamycin, 12(80%) to Cefoxitin and 2(13.33%) to Piperacillin. It was found that only 1(6.67%) was highly sensitive to Cefoxitin. Food handlers in public food premises who are harbouring Staphylococcus areus may represent potential risk result in transmission of food poisoning.

Present study investigates the effectiveness of Text to Speech (TTS) software for improving pronunciation of Graduation level students. This study was an attempt to scrutinize the efficacy of Text to Speech Software in decreasing the fear of the learners towards learning correct pronunciation. It is an experimental research. Two groups, twenty students each, were selected after a pre-test. Experimental group was taught English pronunciation through Text to Speech Software while the control group was taught using conventional teaching method. After this experimental study of twenty one days, both groups took post-test. Post-research questionnaire was also administered for experimental group students. Data was analysed statistically through SPSS version 21 for Windows. Comparison of results proves the effectiveness of Text to Speech Software. It was concluded that the integration of Text to Speech Software in pedagogy promotes learner autonomy, raises competence level and makes students’ pronunciation intelligible and comprehensible.

Land use and land cover change have been among the most important perceptible changes taking place around us. Although perceptible, the magnitude, variety and the spatial variability of the changes taking place has made the quantification and assessment of land use and land cover changes a challenge to geographers. Furthermore, since most of the land use and land cover changes are directly influenced by human activities. The Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System has proved to be very important in assessing and analyzing land use and land cover changes. Satellitebased Remote Sensing, by virtue of its ability to provide synoptic information of land use and land cover at a particular time and location, has revolutionized the study of land use and land cover change. The temporal information on land use and land cover helps identify the areas of change in a region. The use of Geoinformatics has enabled us to assign spatial connotations to land use land cover changes, namely, population pressure, climate, terrain, etc. which drive these changes. This has helped geographers to quantify these tools and to predict various scenarios. This article gives an overview of the current trends in land use and land cover changes of Renuka forest division in Sirmour district.

Response of lactating cows (LC) to methods of rearing was evaluated. Two groups of LCs were tested and compared for milk yield (MY) in a completely randomised design (CRD). A total of six (6) LCs were used, three (3) of which were randomly selected and subjected to confinement (called confined cows (CCw)) and the other three (3) were left free and raised under free grazing conditions (called free grazing cows(FGCw)). CCws were tested for milk yield before confinement (MYBC). CCws and FGCws were tested for MY during the study period which lasted 19 days. CCws were compared for MYBC and milk yield during confinement (MYDC). Results revealed that MYBC was significantly (p˂ 0.05) higher than MYDC. MY for FGCws was significantly (p˂0.05) higher than MY for CCws. The study revealed that confinement adversely affects MY hence loss of business for dairy farmers.

The study focused on planning and organizing as determinants of job performance among football club coaches in F.C.T. Abuja. The study ascertained the extent to which planning and organizing functioned as determinants of job performance among football club coaches in Abuja as perceived by coaches and sports administrators in the area. The sample for this study was made up of one hundred and thirty (131) coaches and sports administrators. The instrument for data collection is the researcher-designed questionnaire on administrative tasks determinants otherwise called (QATD). The questionnaire is divided into two sections, A&B. Section A, consists of one item, demanding the personal data of the respondents. Section B, composed of planning and organizing as the determinants job performance. The data collected was subjected to descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistic of student ttest. The analysis showed that both Coaches and Sports Administrators agreed that planning and organizing to a high extent determine the job performance of Coaches in FCT, Abuja.

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The current study was designed to evaluate the proportion of tuberculosis in Tehsil Matta. Total numbers of 378 patients were investigated in the period of September to December 2013. The disease burden was recorded high in females that was 213 (56.34%), than males 165 (43.65%). The high collection was done in the month of September (28.59%). It was concluded that tuberculosis was prevalent in the area.

If we can add any domain with ones emotion then he will definitely gate more success and also he can do more creative work. EI is a young theory, still at an early stage in development and hypothesis testing, theory-building proceeds through successive testable claims, resulting in more refined theories that are evidence-based. Therefore, it is important to consider all the evidence. In spite of great recognition of emotional intelligence till now some researcher and educationist says that emotional intelligence affect only success in business and corporate world but it seems that emotions affect all our performance and abilities. Analysis of studies indicates that several important variables, e.g. creativity, academic achievement, achievement in mathematics and socio-demographical and environmental variables are significantly related with Emotional Intelligence. There is a need to researcher and educationist to give more attention on emotional intelligence to link with student learning outcomes. And some more studies could be done with variables like curiosity, values, culture, achievement motivation etc. This paper will provide researchers, educationist, policy makers, school administrators, teachers and counsellors a better view about the process and application of Emotional Intelligence.

Entrepreneurship is an essential contributor to innovation and job-creation; it also plays a key role in economic growth. Cognizant of its importance, most governments in the world are encouraging graduates to consider entrepreneurship as an alternative career. Graduates should have reasonably higher entrepreneurial tendencies if they are to benefit from various government initiatives towards entrepreneurship. Prior research has not addressed fully entrepreneurial tendencies of graduates, especially in developing economies like Tanzania where poverty and graduate unemployment are high. This paper presents factors influencing Tanzanian graduates’ entrepreneurial tendencies using the University of Daressalaam as a case in point. A cross-sectional design was employed; graduates were sampled using systematic random sampling. A semistructured questionnaire which included the General Enterprising Tendencies Test was applied in gathering information. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the binary logistic regression.

Individuals often report experiences that conform to objective definitions of sexual harassment, but rarely report the subjective perception of the phenomenon. The present research proposed that individual difference factors may mediate this commonly observed discrepancy. The research examined female student’s perception and understanding of sexual harassment in academia. The data was collected by using qualitative method and employing multi-method; six in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion was conducted. Then thematic analysis was done, and in thematic analysis, five themes were emerged. It was explored that female students have better understanding of the concept of sexual harassment. Their perceptions about the phenomenon vary from person to person with the following themes (a) sexual harassment occurs in academia (b) junior students face more sexual harassment as compared to senior students, (c) beggars and outsiders cause sexual harassment in academia (d) harassment by clerical staff, (e) teachers also harass university female students . The reason, which students perceive are the cause of sexual harassment, are, (f) male dominance; and (g) lack of ethical and moral training of people

This study was conducted with the intent to scrutinize how different interpretations of the ayah 4:34 have influenced the status of women and the behavior of men towards their female counterparts in Pakistan. Furthermore, to observe how variation in educational levels of the men and women has affected their understanding of the particular verse and their behavior towards woman. The sample was selected of 60 married people (30 females and 30 males) from three different towns of Lahore. The sample was selected through random sampling. The self made questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results showed that men were considered as Qawwam and best decision maker rather than female. Women have faced indifference because of their lower socio-economic status. It is recommended to create awareness among masses about the authentic interpretation of the ayah and they should be encouraged to follow the example of prophet (PBUH) in their normal day-to-day life. Hence, steps should be taken to revive true Islamic morals in the society.

Present study aims at investigating the role of various internal and external factors effecting dynamically process of language learning in the context of Pakistani ESL (English as a second language) learners. Data is collected from male and female students of Allama Iqbal Open University and University of Punjab. After analyzing the responses of students, results are presented in the forms of graphs that show that age, memory, motivation, positive attitudes, aptitude, anxiety, sensitivity towards rejection, tolerance of ambiguity, learning approach, brain mal-functioning, gender, learning context, L1 skills, bilingual teacher and comprehensible input are the factors that contribute, whether negatively or positively, to the process of ESL learning

Tourism industry with an impressive growth rate across the world is no doubt one of the fastest growing industries. This paper intends to analyse the perception of local people and visitors towards tourism in Majuli. The Island holds the credit of being the biggest habituated fresh water river island in the world. The paper attempts to determine factors responsible for tourism in the island. The paper also attempts to develop a framework for tourism development with the help of the factors determined by the respondents. From the paper it has been found that it is a necessity of the hour to explore new tourism products and services and give adequate opportunities to all sectors and sections of the society to contribute together to the growth of the economy with the help of tourism industry. In this aspect, from the findings of the study it has been found that the Community Based Tourism (CBT) approach is best suited to the island.

Women Education in India has also been a major preoccupation of both the government and civil society as educated women can play a very important role in the development of the country. Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. The low level of literacy within the schedule communities in traditionally explained in the terms of the conservative value characterizing urban slums society. My present study based on a field survey of slum dwellers in Visakhapatnam city and this article argues that economic factors causes for low levels of literacy create in urban slums communities in the vizag city of Andhra Pradesh.

For any technical and professional educational institutions the most likely and vital deciding factor is its wide infrastructure and its carefully architectured design. Most of the institution suffers with poor public image because of its inadequate and unimpressive body outline. The reason for bad fame when surveyed un-doubtably emerges as its weak facilities such as buildings, hostels, parking area, sufficient and properly located washrooms, spacious staffrooms as well as classrooms, telecommunication and internet facilities etc. There are sufficient funds invested to meet the expenses of augmenting the infrastructure. In this paper I have tried to clear the misconceptions on what actually is meaning of infrastructure which is often misunderstood with the means of roads and construction.

This paper represent a MAODV (Multicast Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Protocol) as a multicast routing protocol, it is an extension of AODV which is used for unicasting only. In this research we have evaluated its performance and multicast tree information. Our results show the change in delivery ratio, delay and the overhead in the implementation of this protocol. While implementing MAODV protocol we have used the environment of FEDORA 8 and a network simulator version NS 2.26 and at the same time it is also implemented and tested in the environment of window vista using CYGWIN.

This article's main objective is to propose an analysis of the ethos present in one of the several videos that constitute the "Back Door” comedy channel allocated on YouTube, a digital social network for video sharing. From the choice of the video: "We will be doing the cancellation", this study aims to reflect the ethos constitution of the person who suffers because of phone services to companies’ client in lots of market segments. Thus, this research`s route seeks to understand from the questions around the reasons that mark these experiences: What is the representations universe that the interlocutors were building during the service? The attendant maintains a balance of power on the client? What is the dominant representation between attendant and client? There is a critical look of the client regarding the expected attendance. To support this study, we report the humor considerations made by Possenti (1998) and Travaglia (1989), which present the linguistic resources involved in building the humor as well as the different functions of humor. Another support point is in the considerations of Reboul (2004) and Amossy (2005) regarding the Aristotelian rhetoric

t: According to daily reports, the income from internet services is getting lower each year. Landline phone services are running at a loss, whereas mobile phone services are getting too mainstream and the only bright spot holding together cable operators (ISP) in positive balance is the income from broadband services (Fast internet, IPTV). Broadband technology is a term that defines multiple methods of information distribution through internet at great speed. Some of the broadband technologies are: optic fiber, coaxial cable, DSL, Wireless, mobile broadband, and satellite connection. The ultimate goal of any broadband service provider is being able to provide voice, data and the video through a single network, called triple play service. The Internet distribution remains an important issue in Kosovo and particularly in rural zones.

Kahneman and Tversky’s approach to preference under uncertainty is aversion to loss realization. This paper is an attempt to highlight this phenomenon with a unique approach. In order to beat the market fund managers are required to manage their portfolio at regular intervals. The tendency to sell the winners too early and ride the losers for long “disposition effect” can affect the Management decision of fund managers. This paper investigates the mediating role of disposition effect between mental accounting, aversion to regret, self control and portfolio Management. For this purpose we use the extended version of Shefrin and Statman framework and include Dyl’s tax consideration. In order to provide empirical evidence survey has been conducted from mutual fund managers. CFA and Cronbach’s alpha is used to test the reliability of the instrument. AMOS tool is used to test the structure equation model for disposition effect and portfolio Management. Results confirmed that disposition effect plays significant role of mediator between mental accounting, aversion to regret, self control and portfolio Management. However tax consideration has direct loading on forward Management. It means that disposition effect plays significant role in decisions of fund managers; however investors are aware of tax consideration.

Conflicts between the conservation of wildlife and human activities occur in all habitats and can impact severely upon socioeconomic and biological parameters. Babile Elephant Sanctuary (BES), which is located in the semi-arid part of eastern Ethiopia, is part of the Somali-Masai Centre of Endemism. It is established to protect the only surviving African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in the Horn of Africa. The sanctuary has shrunk in size and deteriorated in quality in recent years, by the vegetation being harvested for fuel wood, construction and other purposes. Grazing, fire and deforestation have affected the distribution and conservation of elephant in the area. Recently, as a result of mass influx of a large number of farmers and their livestock from the east and north, the home range of elephants in BES has shrunk by an estimated 65.5% Moreover, in recent years 10,000 hectares of the north western part of BES was given to a private company engaged in the cultivation of castor used for production of fuel is being described as a calamity to the already declining elephant population and other wildlife.

ICT is an important tool to reduce discrimination and to empower women for all type of activities. It is used as an important mean to communicate and to enrol in decision-making processes, which may contribute in many processes, such as women capacity building, access to public services and employment. This study aims to analyse the gender ICT indicators, obstacles that women face and to identify the potentials of using ICT to empower women. The methodology used to analyse ICT usage by women in Albania combines surveys and roundtable meetings as primary sources with review of existing materials such as legal basis, previous research and publications as secondary sources. Based on the survey conducted in 6 regions, 84% of women or anyone in their household has a PC at home and 72.94% have used a computer every day or almost every day, in the last 3 months. The main purpose of using internet was communication and participating in social networks. Despite the high rate of Internet usage, women face many obstacles in using it, such as concerns about privacy and security, limited knowledge and lack of time to learn how to use it, high costs, lack of internet.

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid student evaluation scale for European Union Comenius School Partnerships Projects (CSPP). For this purpose, a scale is developed to determine the contribution of the projects to which issues and in which levels are. In developing the scale the implemented steps are as follows: collecting the students and teachers views and writing the items; reviewing the items to check whether they are clear and understandable, and collecting the expert views whether the items are suitable or not; preparing pre-draft form and implementing into pre-group; developing the draft-form according to the results derived from the pre-group implementation, and implementing into study group; and preparing the scale instrument after the results of validation and reliability (exploratory and confirmatory analysis; item-total correlation) studies. After these studies, student evaluation scale for CSPP which consist of 19 items and four factors which are active citizenship, interestmotivation to lessons, ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) and language skills emerged.

The word Moors is derived from the Latin mauri, a name for the Berber tribes living in Roman Mauretania (modern day Algeria and Morocco). It has no ethnographic meaning but can be used to refer to all Muslims, Berber or Arab, who conquered the Iberian Peninsula. These Moors, who were considered religious fanatics, arrived in Spain in the year 711 and thus began a period of history which would shape Iberia differently than the rest of Europe as the land adapted to a new religion, language and culture. Hispania became a part of the caliph of Damascus which was the capital of the Muslim world. This Moorish land was known as Al-Andalus and included all of the Iberian Peninsula except for the extreme north-west from where the Christian Reconquest would originate.

The concept of “point of view” in narrative has taken on a number of theoretical transformations through narratological study. Gerard Genette’s worked on focalization in Narrative Discourse. An overwhelming amount of words have been written on this subject in regards to literary and filmic narratives. The common use of “first person” and “third person” in many discussions shows a distinct lack of specificity for addressing this often complicated issue. The article is about the “regulation of narrative information”. It is investigated whether narrative information is filtered through a single character or it is the reader who is aware of what the character is thinking? Is the reader made to see through a character’s eyes? Or does the reader observe the entire actions from an external place? The reader is given insight to the internal thoughts of many characters along with the actions shown from these characters. These are only some of the narrative questions that will be addressed.

In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the issues related to women Empowerment; this is a globally important issue and international agencies now focus on women-centric gender-based policy initiatives. One of the Millennium Development Goals of the UN is to ‘promote gender equality and women empowerment.’ The stated goals to eradicate poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, reduce child mortality, fight with some fatal diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development, are directly or indirectly linked with gender based strategy. Women play an important role in the overall progress of a country as they constitute half of the human resourses of the nation. The economic wealth of a country is seriously depleted if about half of the nation’s human resource is neglected. Recognising the need for involving women in various development activities, the Government of India has initiated several affirmative measures by way of programmes and schemes to bring them into the mainstream of development. The year 1975 was declared as “year of women” by UN. Since then there has been increased concern for women’s suffering and their empowerment in the society. In India, besides ratification ofinternational conventions, there are provisions in the constitution and several legislative acts have been passed to ensure woman empowerment

The marketing strategies practiced by the conventional congloramates got success and saturated in developed economies (Top of the economic pyramid), which are also proved to be out dated with emerging new world order. The emerging economies like China, India, and other Pan Asian and African markets needs different kind of approaches where 2/3rd of world population are residing in rural and urban slums with low income level and with less purchasing power at Bottom of the pyramid (B.O.P). Bottom of the pyramid is the new marketing mantra signaling all the major corporates as the world BOP market size is so large with 4 billion consumer base which account about 70% of the world population with huge purchasing power of 12.5 trillion which represents 2/3rd of the global consumers and huge untapped purchasing power

The potential causes of deranged serum biochemistry in cervical cancer are discussed with emphasis on changes in antioxidants level. In the present study, the levels of Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), Vitamin E (Vit.E) were evaluated. The increased lipid peroxidation with concomitant decrease in antioxidants was notable in cervical cancer patients. Results showed significant decrease in levels of GSH, GST, GPx, catalase and Vit. E in patients as compared to normal control subjects. The selected serum parameters are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for the study of cervical cancer and suggest cost effective tests in detecting cervical carcinomawhich can be assayed in any general purpose laboratories.

The potential causes of deranged serum biochemistry in cervical cancer are discussed with emphasis on changes in antioxidants level. In the present study, the levels of Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), Vitamin E (Vit.E) were evaluated. The increased lipid peroxidation with concomitant decrease in antioxidants was notable in cervical cancer patients. Results showed significant decrease in levels of GSH, GST, GPx, catalase and Vit. E in patients as compared to normal control subjects. The selected serum parameters are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for the study of cervical cancer and suggest cost effective tests in detecting cervical carcinomawhich can be assayed in any general purpose laboratories.

A study was carried out to investigate malaria in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Ed-Duweim Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. Blood samples were collected from all pregnant women (118) in their different gestational age of pregnancy who were attending the hospital during one Month. The prevalence of malaria was 38.1%. Majority (97.8%) of these cases were Plasmodium falciparum infections. It was found that malaria infection was associated with gravidity (p-value = 0.002), rural residence (odds ratio RR =3.5, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.6 - 7.8), lack of knowledge on malaria (odds ratio RR =22.4, 95% confidence interval CI = 7.5 – 66.6) and mosquito breeding sites in the family house (odds ratio RR =5.0, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.2 – 11.7). Although, the prevalence of malaria in pregnant women was high, it was expected that many cases of malaria in the catchment area were remaining at homes without seeking diagnosis and treatment in the hospital.

This paper is an overview that how Web 2.0 technology facilitates the learning of students in higher education. Web 2.0 technologies empower learners to create personalized and communitybased collaborative environments. In education, Learning is being assisted by dint of using certain typical web 2.0 technologies like Wikis, Blogs, Portals, Podcasts, tagging, RSS (Really Simple Sindication), Video sharing (Vidcasts), Social networking, Social Book-marking etc. Many of Web 2.0 applications such as Wikipedia, Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, link in, and user-generated portals etc., are mature and offer high interactivity and rich content amongst the learners. As far as learning through web 2.0 is concerned, Web 2.0 tools and services are concerned with expressive, playful, exploratory or reflective aspects of knowledge building amongst learners. Learning is influenced by the Web 2.0 in four basic dimensions of learners. These dimensions are Collaborations, Publications, Literacies, and Inquiry. Web 2.0 tools emerge to support fundamental aspects of learning that may not be easy to promote in learners. These tools seem to be marked to bring revolution in the ways in which learners can interact with and on the web.

The grave adventures of acquiring Nuclear weapon capability by the two hostile countries in South Asian region changed the security and strategic environment of the Region. The serious adventures by two hostile countries were showing that they were busy in action reactions processes. The perception of historical confrontation which lasted between Hindus and Muslims was still working during these ventures by Pakistan and India. Nuclearisation in South Asia seriously changed the security concern in the region. While knowing well the Strategic posture of Nuclearised South Asia, It is necessary in examing the Cold Start Doctrine a Limited War option in Nuclearised South Asia. That is to what extend it is challenging the security environment of the region.

Development and intensification of trade relations in the world has raised the need for adequate regulation and the establishment of international legal standards in this area. This reason send to the establishment of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL. This committee has a mandate to reduce legal barriers in international trade, and the modernization and harmonization of laws in this area. In this paper we addressed the role of UNCITRAL, namely Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration issued in 1985, a law that has affected the legal unification in the field of arbitration, and facilitation of trade disputes through arbitration, as one of the forms alternative commercial dispute resolution. In this paper we also handle arbitration, where we have included the history and the notion of arbitration in the international context, the legal resources of this institution and the agreement for arbitration.

Ten candidate varieties of basmati rice along with two check varieties Basmati 515 and Super Basmati were evaluated at seven locations throughout Pakistan in National Uniform Yield Trials (NUYT) during 2013. Current study was carried out to find the genetic variability among these varieties for paddy yield and to identify better high yielding varieties to release for general cultivation. Significant differences for paddy yield were observed among entries in pooled analysis. Maximum mean paddy yield (4683.2 Kg/ha) of seven locations was observed in entry BR-1, followed by entry PK 8431-2-1-2- 4 (4554 Kg/ha). On the basis of mean paddy yield, the entries viz; BR- 1, PK 8431-2-1-2-4, BR-18, R-456, BR-23, PK 8647-11-1-1, PK 8892-4- 2-1-1, PK 8685-5-1-1-1-1, and NIAB-1175 may be recommended for general cultivation.

The research examined University female student’s experiences and response to sexual harassment in academia. The data was collected by using qualitative method and employing multi-method; six in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion. Then thematic analysis was done, and in thematic analysis, six themes were emerged. It was explored that University female students face harassment in one way or the other. The perpetrators include (a) fellow students (b) administrative staff, (c) outsiders and (d) none of the respondents have personal experiences of harassment from their instructors, however, their collective view was that very few teachers are involved in this act. Most of the respondents said they tried to avoid the perpetrator, however, a few respondents reported either to their family members and their teachers. Harassment caused physical, psychological stress and also badly affected the academic performance of students.

Dairy foods are an important part of the diet as a source of good-quality protein and several vitamins and minerals. Due to its complex biochemical composition and high water activity milk serves as an excellent culture medium for the growth and multiplication of many kinds of microorganisms. A total 120 samples were collected, 60 from area of high sanitation and 60 from area of poor sanitation. After processing the samples with different detecting methods and techniques, we came to know that all the samples of dairy products collected from both sites in both turns were positive for Escherichiacoli. Escherichia coli in samples of dairy products collected from site A were 1.25±4.65×103 , 1.62±4.91×103 , 5.97±5.45×103 , 7.84±6.18×103 and 11.65±5.71×103 respectively, Whereas in those of site B were 3.24±6.71×103, 3.12±5.53×103 , 7.41±5.22×103 , 9.02±3.91×103 and 13.41±8.46×103 respectively. Conclusively, Escherichia coli in samples of dairy products collected from site B were 19.9%, 15%, 14.4%, 11.8% and 17.6% respectively higher than those of site A.

The main mission of e-government is to improve services to citizens and businesses. All countries in the regions of Southeast Europe, years ago have developed strategies for e- governance, but developments about their implementation have enough variations and raise scientific dilemmas about the quantity and quality of services. The purpose of this paper is to introduce improved services to the business community and citizens referring to a research conducted by some questionnaires. Main focus of this treatment will be the level of accountability of the civil officials who have an important role in the plurality of these e- services to complete their processing.

The main mission of e-government is to improve services to citizens and businesses. All countries in the regions of Southeast Europe, years ago have developed strategies for e- governance, but developments about their implementation have enough variations and raise scientific dilemmas about the quantity and quality of services. The purpose of this paper is to introduce improved services to the business community and citizens referring to a research conducted by some questionnaires. Main focus of this treatment will be the level of accountability of the civil officials who have an important role in the plurality of these e- services to complete their processing.

The contemporary discourse of community cohesion in Britain seems to be a new form of assimilationism that prioritizes national cohesion over cultural diversity. It is perceived as a form of denial and replacement of multiculturalism in Britain. The inter-ethnic tension on the one hand and urban violence (2001) on the other propelled the British government to opt for community cohesion discourse as a remedy for perceived or real identity crisis and social fragmentation epitomized by residential segregation and urban disintegration. Five major race-related reports were immediately produced after 2001 riots. Three of them were produced locally; Ouseley Report, Burnley Report and Oldham Report. The other two were national; the Cantle Report and the Denham Report. These five reports, though differed in churning out the causes of the alleged race tensions, seem to be consensual over the need to secure more community cohesion and Britishness as a remedy to inter-ethnic fragmentation and hostilities. The reports try to deal with the issue of ethnic disorder in 21stc Britain. The target of this paper is to decipher and churn out the various policies prescribed in the reports to restore -or more accurately create- an order out of ethnic disorder. By proposing community cohesion strategy as a cure to social fragmentation the reports prioritize the mainstream ideology’s reading of ethnic violence, its causes and its remedies. We argue that the then Labour Government strove to nostalgically order the ethnic disorder, generally perceived as the direct outcome of uncontrolled post-war immigration.

The development and utilization of molecular markers for the exploitation and identification of plant genetic diversity is one of the most key developments in the field of molecular genetics studies. Various types of techniques are used to estimate genetic diversity such as dominant markers (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (APPCR), Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), and co-dominant markers (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), Sequence characterised amplified regions (SCARs), Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS), Expressed sequence tags (ESTs), Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and sequence tagged sites (STSs). Today, new techniques are frequently being developed. No such techniques are ideal yet these fulfill all requirements needed by plant researchers. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations. The present review highlights a basic description of various molecular techniques that can be utilized for the analysis of plant genetic diversity and DNA fingerprinting.

The positive relationship between organizational justice and workers’ affective commitment to the organization has been empirically proven by the academic researchers in the field of organizational psychology. However, in more specific terms, what possible behavioral or other variable(s) may create the strength in this positive relationship is something that still needs to be explored in depth in the current and future studies. Drawing from the literature on trust, commitment and organizational Justice, the purpose of this paper is to conceptually develop a research framework that may help future researchers in studying the mediating effect of organizational trust in the predictive relationship between perceptions of procedural justice and affective organizational commitment. After a critical analysis and review of the pertinent literature, authors of the paper present research hypotheses addressing the probable gap that exits in the relevant body of knowledge.

Education is an important tool for the fast and well balanced development of any nation in the 21th century. Every nation is trying collectively to achieve the full literacy for economic, social and cultural development. On international level, UNESCO, UNO, WB etc with other international organizations are helping the nations of the world to provide free and compulsory education to their citizens to achieve the desired goals of the development and value the human rights of their citizens. In the country, the constitutional obligation and the pledge of the leaders of nation to achieve complete literacy rate is another reason to implement RTE, Act which ensures the full literacy rate in nation. To achieve desired goals, the better strategy is to universalize the elementary education of the nation which would give impetus to the higher education of the nation. The higher education of any country is important for the point of views of the human power, economic planning, health and economic development

Due to bankruptcy risk especially for SMEs, we developed a credit risk model by using logistic regression methods. The studies based on SME data are rare and this study might be a help in the measurement of credit risk for SMEs in an emerging market such as Albanian one. This is because the SMEs play important role in our economy and almost in all the economies in the world. During 2013, the quality of the loan portfolio continued its downward progress, where the non performing loans to total gross loans rose to 22.5 %, while the latest rapports show more increased level of NPLs up to nearly 25% in the end of the year. Credit quality is deteriorated for both businesses and individuals so as to loans in local currency and foreign currency ones. In the context of facing potential losses from this risk we are trying to build a model to predict the possibility for a SME to have financial distress during the period of loan repayment.

One of the major challenges of business leadership in this millennium is to manage continued improvement in a competitive position. In order to stay competitive, companies are trying to become more “mean and lean”. To achieve this, many major corporations have adopted the “Downsizing and Rightsizing” strategy. Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS) has been a global phenomenon since the 1980’s and is common particularly in larger companies. In this study, the reaction to the VSS program involving the employees of a government agency embracing privatization was studied, specifically the influence of the basic needs and compensation’s power on the choice of acceptance and non-acceptance of VSS. The results showed that social needs had an influence on the acceptance and the nonacceptance of VSS, which it shows that men have selected the VSS due to the social need factor more than women. Moreover the test shows that there is no evidence to show the negative association or negative relationship between salary and intention to leave

Indian health scenario is known for the out of pocket expenditure and resultant poverty trap. Considering these situation, Government of India has launched Rashriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) for addressing the health expenditure related with health seeking behaviour of the population especially the vulnerable sections. As the Indians health seeking behaviour is more prone to the private players, the RSBY scheme has included empanelled private players for rendering the health care service under the scheme. The researcher here examines the health seeking behaviour and preferences of the sample population before and after their enrolment to the RSBY scheme. The Sendiri panchayat selected under the study is inhabited mostly by SC and OBC population. The researcher has taken 50 samples, which represent the BPL households of the panchayat. Interview schedule and observation methods are used to get data from the beneficiaries. Also interview with health professional and allied workers working in the villages and district health officials are conducted.

Sleep disturbances often have a significant effect on the clinical manifestations and symptom severity, as well as on the management of neurobehavioral disorders e.g; Autism in children. Children undergoing evaluation for Autism Spectrum Disorder should be routinely screened for sleep disturbances as they are more common in children with autism and may have an impact on the management of these children. This is the first study of sleep disturbances in Autistic Spectrum Disorder on Indian Population. In this study we screened and diagnosed autism in children and studied the subjective measures of sleep in children with Autism aged 3-12 years as compared to healthy controls of the same age group and studied the relation of sleep disturbances and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Diagnosis of Autism was done using DSM IV criteria and severity of autism was assessed by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).Subjective assessment of sleep was done using Child’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ).Children with Autism had significantly higher score (more disturbed sleep) on 5 out of 8 sleep subscales of CSHQ (Parent measure) viz: Bed Time Resistance, Sleep Onset Delay, Sleep duration, Sleep Anxiety and Parasomnias than did the controls

Sleep disturbances often have a significant effect on the clinical manifestations and symptom severity, as well as on the management of neurobehavioral disorders e.g; Autism in children. Children undergoing evaluation for Autism Spectrum Disorder should be routinely screened for sleep disturbances as they are more common in children with autism and may have an impact on the management of these children. This is the first study of sleep disturbances in Autistic Spectrum Disorder on Indian Population. In this study we screened and diagnosed autism in children and studied the subjective measures of sleep in children with Autism aged 3-12 years as compared to healthy controls of the same age group and studied the relation of sleep disturbances and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Diagnosis of Autism was done using DSM IV criteria and severity of autism was assessed by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).Subjective assessment of sleep was done using Child’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ).Children with Autism had significantly higher score (more disturbed sleep) on 5 out of 8 sleep subscales of CSHQ (Parent measure) viz: Bed Time Resistance, Sleep Onset Delay, Sleep duration, Sleep Anxiety and Parasomnias than did the controls

The aim of the present project was to study the maternal stress in mothers of children with cerebral palsy and also to compare the maternal stress between mothers of children with cerebral palsy and autism, to determine if stress is caused more by physical problem or by behavioral problem in children. The Parental Stress Scale was used in both cases. Data was collected from 30 mothers of children with CP and 28 mothers of children with autism, in the age group 2-12 years. It was found that maternal stress of mothers of children with cerebral palsy lies on the “moderate” level of PSS norms, while within group comparison resulted in 18 out of 30 cases of mothers of CP children lying above average stress level. Further it was found that there was no significant difference in the stress level of mothers of children with CP and those with autism.

The aim of the present project was to study the maternal stress in mothers of children with cerebral palsy and also to compare the maternal stress between mothers of children with cerebral palsy and autism, to determine if stress is caused more by physical problem or by behavioral problem in children. The Parental Stress Scale was used in both cases. Data was collected from 30 mothers of children with CP and 28 mothers of children with autism, in the age group 2-12 years. It was found that maternal stress of mothers of children with cerebral palsy lies on the “moderate” level of PSS norms, while within group comparison resulted in 18 out of 30 cases of mothers of CP children lying above average stress level. Further it was found that there was no significant difference in the stress level of mothers of children with CP and those with autism.

In India almost entire production of saffron comes from the valley of Kashmir. Although, interms of quality saffron produced in Kashmir valley is second only to the world’s best quality produced in Spain, but ranks sixth interms of productivity among the top seven saffron producing countries of the world. It has also been observed that in Kashmir valley production as well as acreage under saffron cultivation has shrunk over the past few years causing a setback to this important activity. Some of the major causes responsible for low productivity are primarily attributed to lack of proper irrigation facilities and traditional unscientific methods of cultivation. Moreover, our study revealed a price spread of more than three hundred percent between the farm gate prices and the market prices, the advantage of which is reaped by the network of intermediaries that dominate the marketing channels in this trade. Our analysis further reveals that small/medium farms use their resources optimally relative to the large farms, which is reflected in their higher productivity and profitability ratios. On the other hand, the large farms were found to be least profitable because of their lower productivity owing to their lower labour absorption rate, due to which their overall cost of production was also lowest

The concept of the Multi-perspective, Systems-based (MPSB) cognitive filter for management from the Multi-perspective, Systemsbased (MPSB) Research is examined by means of concepts from the cognitive science and organizational learning in this paper. It reveals the complex nature of the concept of the MPSB cognitive filter for management and sheds light on how these cognitive filters should be employed in organizations. However, the employment of the organizational learning lenses in the investigation inherits theoretical difficulty from the very subject of organizational learning. All in all, the conceptual discussion in this paper contributes to the theoretical development of the MPSB cognitive filter (explicit knowledge portion) (or just called the MPSB cognitive filter (explicit).) and informs managerial intellectual learning.

A key concern in management research and management development is on how to produce and transfer relevant and actionable management knowledge to the world of management practices. Addressing this concern is an aspiration of the Multi-perspective, Systems-based (MPSB) Research, which was launched by the writer in 1992 to evaluate various management disciplines based on Critical Systems Thinking (CST). This paper provides an updated account of the MPSB Research and examines how the MPSB Research can create relevant and actionable management knowledge, based on a proposed theoretical framework called an MPSB knowledge supply chain framework.

Due to the tremendous technological and computational boom; the rapid improvement of the information systems and its technologies and methodologies; moreover the tendency of governments to downsize the overall expenditures on health care; in addition phenomenal emergence of the internet, that made most vital fields in everyday life are seeking the computerization of their environments to achieve better performance, reliability and cost reduction. That reflected also in the health care industry. In this paper we will study the e-health care information systems especially the health management information systems (HMIS) to replace manual work and a reliable web - based system which serves health care will be designed and built. This proposed system is centralized database which contains the patient’s records. It will enable the pharmacist to access the database and show the patients profiles to give them the required medicine in the prescription by a physician and determine the number of iterations and doses as shown in the patient profile. This system ensures giving prescription in a safe manner and it is efficient due to reducing healthcare costs and providing the time.

The present preliminary study was undertaken to evaluate the hand pumps’ water quality in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. A total of 11 water samples were collected from hand pumps at different places and were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. The results of evaluated parameters were compared against the standard guideline values suggested for drinking and irrigation purposes. The parameters studied were pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, sodium, chlorides, nitrites, sulphate, potassium, carbonate and bicarbonate. The results showed that only electrical conductivity was deviating from the suggested permissible limits for two sampled sites while all other studied parameters, for all studied areas, were falling within World Health Organization suggested ranges. The chemical indices like Sodium Absorption Ratio, Sodium Percentage and Residual Sodium Carbonate classify the water quality as excellent for agricultural practices. To protect water quality, it should be assessed regularly. Agricultural run offs and domestic wastes should be treated properly before disposing off and waste materials should be dumped to suitable sites.

Microfinance is often defined as financial services for poor and low income clients, including consumers and the self- employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. The basic principles of micro credit is to give poor people access to capital and exploit their capacities and potentialities for economic development. The present study overhauls the role of micro finance and economic growth and its impact. Microfinance is at a booming stage with a great potential for growth. Now this sector has begun to grown, and challenges must be addressed to make this growth effective and sustainable. Therefore, this study contributes to transforming rural India into an engine of economic growth and impact on different communities.

The nuclear weapon experiments in May 1998 by India and Pakistan make them Nuclear weapon states. While studying Pakistan- India's rivalry it is evident that there was a significant role of nuclear weapons in Pakistan-India hostility much more before their nuclear tests in May 1998 .In tracing the role of nuclear weapons between Pakistan - India's strategic rivalry, the first incident was the Brasstacks crisis (1986-87) when nuclear weapons role was seen by International community in South Asian region.

The present investigation examined the impact of various teaching strategies wherein, it was proposed that teaching same subjects through different methods would improve the scientific attitude among primary level students. The invisible thread of scientific attitude was explored by drawing data from two different primary classes (viz. IV to V), two sections for each. Final sample of the present study comprised of 95 participants within the age range of 9 to 12 years. The scores were obtained on academic performance which includes formative and summative assessment (FA1, FA2, FA3, & SA1) and a test on environment conducted by ICWSSAR (Indian council of wildlife studies in South Asian Regions, an NGO). Obtained scores on various occasions of the present investigation were analyzed by using higher statistical techniques including t-test and 3-way ANOVA. Results were discussed in the light of Indian socio cultural context which reveals that performance of the participants improved on treatment 5 (T5) i.e., FA3 over treatment 1 (T1) i.e., FA1. In addition, the analysis also showed that one can enhance the scientific attitude by using different teaching strategies which could also be promoted to be used in daily life settings. Thereby, students can grow personal aptitude towards science and related fields.

Background: Ocular trauma is a major cause of preventable blindness and visual impairment in the world. Despite its public health importance, there is relatively less data on magnitude and risk factors for ocular trauma, especially from developing countries. Hence to plan effective interventions, it is essential to have information on the extent and pattern of Ocular injuries. Objective: To determine prevalence and pattern of ocular injuries in patients admitted in department of Community Ophthalmology, Sheri-i-kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar (J&K). Design: Hospitalbased crosssectional epidemiological study conducted between January to December 2012. The eye department serves as a major referral centre.

With the increase in the number of student exchange, programs and scholarships offered by governments in recent years, student mobility across borders has also increased. The Pakistani government also offers different exchange programs and scholarships for foreign students and a number of international students come to Pakistan for their higher studies. This research was conducted to understand the essence of the social and cultural adjustment experiences of Nepalese students enrolled in the University of the Punjab and the study has employed a hermeneutic phenomenological approach for the purpose. The sample consisted of Nepalese female students and the data collection techniques of in-depth interviewing, focus group discussion and review of available literature was used for the study. A triangulation scheme was employed to increase the credibility and validity of the data. The thematic analysis of the data gathered showed that adjustment is an on-going process. The Nepalese students encounter challenges and adjustment issues but parallel with these, facilitating factors also start appearing which enable the Nepalese students to work out ways to deal with the adjustment issues and feel integrated with the host community at Punjab University, also helping them to grow both mentally and spiritually in the process.

Discussing the target of the Basel III agreement, its upgrades or its actions is simple, because at the end the goal remains positive and unanimous: economic and financial stability and harmony across the globe. On the other hand it is advisable and necessary to observe from a bit more skeptical and scenarist view in order to detect expectation and potential response in both financial sphere and real economy. Throughout the analysis conducted under this article we will start by defining the implementation effects of these new rules on banks as well as on the real economy and shareholders, observing also the dichotomy of qualitative or quantitative effects. Following we will build possible scenarios of the impact on banks and their response to ensure adaptation towards the new structure of regulatory oversight.

The present study deals with the ichthyofaunal diversity of Hub Reservoir in Sindh, Pakistan. Undertaken during 2006-2009. The results of present investigation reveal the occurrence of 21 fish species belonging to 7 orders and 9 families. The order Cypriniformes was found to be dominant (12 species) followed by Perciformes, Osteoglossiformes and Siluriformes (2 species each) and Clupeiformes, Symbranchiformes and Chiocephalioformes (1 specie each).The value for richness was significantly high in the months of April and May. Variety of exotic fishes has been stocked in the reservoir viz. Tilapia mossambica, Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio. The famous game fish, Tor putitora (Mahseer ) was recorded only during the year 2006- 2007 so far. Mahseer is a prized fish both for sport and commercial anglers. Mahseer stock needs protection and restoration.

The evolution of computer networks, computational architectures and Web 2.0 brought more dynamism to Internet resources requiring and facilitating further improvement by those who use them for learning. Within this universe of digital resources available in cyberspace , we give more highlight to metaverse, represented in this work by the Second Life platform that allows greater interactivity between users , by the computer , and provide a virtual world has similar characteristics to real world .Some scholars now see the three-dimensional environments as a new way of teaching focused on the digital generation. Digital natives born with the emergence of internet and experienced the rapid advance of technology during the process of understanding the world. The characteristics of the new generation using different types of media and perform several activities simultaneously in their daily routines, makes multifunctional environments such as games or simulators become essential tools for knowledge sharing in a fun and motivational way, thus favoring form a significant learning mediated by digital technologies .