Purpose: This paper summarized the evolution of community colleges, roles and significant contributions to today's public colleges and universities and society as a whole. The formation of the community college as a junior college is an American invention which stems from 19th century social forces associated with industrialization and an increased emphasis on education. In the late 1800s as America was becoming more industrialized, there was a greater need for trained workers. Many business and community leaders considered the public schools to be the perfect place for the first 2 years of postsecondary education; or more particularly, semiprofessional and vocational training. In light of the high attrition rates found at community colleges, some criticisms are valid to some extent but the importance and roles of community colleges cannot be overemphasized. It develops graduate with knowledge, technical knowhow, skills and disposition for professional carrier and provide opportunity for further studies

The voluntary compliance of social and ecological responsibility of companies is called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Corporate social responsibility is basically a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment. Corporate social responsibility is represented by the contributions undertaken by companies to society through its business activities and its social investment. This is also to connect the Concept of sustainable development to the company's level. Over the last years an increasing number of companies worldwide started promoting their Corporate Social Responsibility strategies because the customers, the public and the investors expect them to act sustainable as well as responsible. In most cases CSR is a result of a variety of social,environmental and economic pressures. The Term Corporate Social Responsibility is imprecise and its application differs.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s criticisms of traditional management accounting practices were widely publicized and new approaches were advocated which is more in tune with today's competitive and business environment. In particular, strategic management accounting has been identified as a way forward. However, there is still no comprehensive framework as to what constitutes strategic management accounting. In this case we shall examine the elements of strategic management accounting and describe the different contributions that have been made to its development.

In India, microfinance has been defined by the Task Force on Microfinance as “provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of very small amounts to the poor in rural, semi-urban or urban areas for enabling them to raise their income levels and improve living standards”. As per the definition of International Labour Organisation (ILO), the microfinance is 'an economic development approach that involves providing financial services through institutions to low income clients'.

Organizational performance is a major issue of concern to stakeholders in any business. Stakeholders are of keen interest on the positive performance of the business enterprise they have interest in. Boosting performance however does not start during regular activities of the organization, but before the regular activities commence through budgeting and during the regular business activities of the organization towards the attainment of the organizational objectives. This research dealt with the impact of employee participation in budgeting as well as the adoption of effective budgetary control in the improvement of organizational performance of medium and large scale enterprises in Nigeria. The data used for this research was collected through the administration of research questionnaire to employees of medium and large scale enterprises in Nigeria. The research hypotheses were tested using regression analysis and correlation. At the end of the research, it was found out that employee participation and in budgeting as well as effective budgetary control are essential tools for the enhancement of organizational performance. The research therefore recommends that medium and large scale companies should adopt the bottom up budgeting system by allowing employees participate in budget formation, as well as the use of periodic budgetary control method.

Target Costing is a disciplined process for determining and realizing a total cost at which a proposed product with specified functionality must be produced to generate the desired profitability at its anticipated selling price in the future. CIMA defines target cost as “a product cost estimate derived from a competitive market price. Target Costing is a disciplined process that uses data and information in a logical series of steps to determine and achieve a target cost for the product. In addition, the price and cost are for specified product functionality, which is determined from understanding the needs of the customer and the willingness of the customer to pay for each function. Target costing is a formal process that attempts to match a proposed product's features/benefits with a viable market price that achieves the company's profitability goals.

redBus.in is an online travel agency offering bus tickets in India. redBus.in was founded by three engineers- Phanindra Sama, Charan Padmaraju and Sudhakar Pasupunuri -who studied together at the BITS, Pilani, and later worked in various companies in Bengaluru. Started modestly in August 2006 with a few seats from one bus operator, redBus today is one of the most successful online bus ticket booking agencies. Today, it has 700 bus operators, 10,000 buses listed on it, works in 15 states and sells around 5,000 tickets every day. The Company raised its first capital in 2007 from Seedfund Advisors, an early stage investor and their second investment in 2009 from Seedfund, Helion and Inventus Capital. Phanindra became the second entrepreneur from India to join Endeavor, a non-profit organisation started by the Harvard alumni. Business magazine Fast Company recently released its 2012 list of the World's 50 most innovative companies. One of the companies to be featured on the list is the Bangalore-based redBus. The journey of redBus has been amazing and an eye-opener to all the budding entrepreneurs. This type of business model is not present anywhere in the world. This paper attempts to explore the journey of redBus. An earnest attempt has been made to develop a case study of redBus that could be administered in management classrooms.

The prospect of agricultural sector depends substantially on the improvement and application of new knowledge through research. Given the inadequate staff time, financial support and staff lines allocated to research, Agricultural researchers should be related with the priority researchable questions. Columnists have recommended part in which agricultural research wishes to improvement. Livestock plays a vital role in the economic development and life of farmers in developing countries like in India. The livestock sub-sector of Agriculture sector is an integral part of our society and giving priority to this sub-sector will enhance the inclusive growth process in the developing countries. Importance of the livestock sub-sector modernity and management of Agriculture sector are increasing day by day due to the rapid increase in the population in the developing countries.

This paper explores the Arthashastra of Kaultilya, an ancient Indian literature (4th Century B.C.); and it's perspectives on organizational management today. Chinmayananda (2003) asserted that from time to time there is a need to look and re-look at the ancient literatures and provide intelligent interpretation and re-interpretation to apply effectively in the context of modern management. The methodology used for this purpose is called hermeneutics; which is a study, understanding and interpretation of ancient text. It is one of the qualitative research methodology used in social science. The foundations of management in organization are revealed from the Arthashastra, which can provide guidance to present managers and leaders of organizations. In his Arthashastra, Kautilya takes an inside-out approach to management, which is self management first before management of every other thing. He advised the future organizational managers and leaders to firstly conquer the enemies within such as desires, anger, greed, arrogance, infatuation, envy, pride or ego and foolhardiness, as it is often said that one who conquers the self, conquers all. The prospects of analysis of Kautilya's Arthashastra in other areas of organizational management such as strategic management, human resource management and financial management can be considered for future research.

Handloom industry is one of the oldest industries in India and provided livelihood to millions of rural people across the country for centuries. However, it was reduced to ashes during the colonial rule by the entry of cheap and quality cloth made in the mills in England. But after independence it started reviving due to the government intervention. To-day, it contributes nearly 14 per cent share of the total production of textile industry. This Paper analyses the challenges and opportunities before the handloom industry and suggests few remedies to strengthen its position in the economy.

India is one of the developing nations of the modern world. It has become an independent country, a republic, more than a half century ago. During this period the country has been engaged in efforts to attain development and growth in various areas such as building infrastructure, production of food grains, science and technology and spread of education. The life expectancy has increased and many diseases have been controlled. However, there are many areas in which Indian society is experiencing a variety of problems. Some of these problems have their roots in our colonial past while others are related to demo-graphic changes, socio-political conditions and cultural processes. This lesson tries to acquaint you with some of the problems and the psychological factors involved in them. You will learn about some of the possible ways in which psychological interventions can help in dealing with the problems

Life cycle costing is a system that tracks and accumulates the actual costs and revenues attributable to cost object from its invention to its abandonment. Life cycle costing involves tracing cost and revenues on product by product bases over several calendar periods. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of an asset is defined as “The total cost throughout its life including planning, design, acquisition and support costs and any other costs directly attributable to owing or using the asset”. Life cycle cost of an item represents the total cost of its ownership, and includes all the cost that will be incurred during the life of the item to acquire it, operate it, support it and finally dispose it. Life cycle costing is a means of estimating all the costs involved in procuring, operating, maintaining and ultimately disposing a product through out its life.