Birhors, least known jungle tribe migrated from the forest areas of Ranchi and Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand state and settled themselves in three community blocks of Purulia in early sixties. Hunting- gathering and rope manufacturing are the two main economic activities of the Birhors. They mostly trap rabbit, which they do not kill for meat but sell in the neighbouring market place in Baghmundi town. The economy of the Birhor people is based on rope making. They utilize the local resources, 'chihor lata'(creeper use for making rope). They prepare different varieties of rope namely, 'pagha', 'Jara', 'Jhalkari' 'Barhidora'. The Birhors interact with the neighbouring village and agriculturalists for exchange of forest products and manufactured goods gather for trade and other purposes. Apart from exchange of services exchange of labour is also been observed between the farmer and the villagers.

19 व्या शतकाच्या प्रारंभी इंग्रजी शिक्षणामुळे महाराष्ट्रात नवनव्या जाणिवा निर्माण झाल्या. स्वातंत्र्य, समता, बंधुता, बुद्धीप्रामाण्यवाद, वैज्ञानिक दृष्टीकोन आणि सामाजिक सुधारणा इ. गोष्टीचे भान येत होते. महात्मा गांधीनी जी सामाजिक जागृती घडविली त्याचे दर्शन 1925 नंतरच्या साहित्यातून घडू लागले.हे दर्शन म्हणजे ग्रामीण साहित्याचा प्रारंभ होय.

The test was meant for the students of age group 14 - 16 years studying in class IX in different schools of Chandigarh where the medium of instruction was English. Twelve topics of Social Studies of Class IX were selected for the present study. The achievement test consisting of all multiple choice items related to the selected topics was devised by the investigator keeping in mind the objectives and the content. For trying out the preliminary draft, the test was given to a sample of 50 students of Class IX. For item analysis Kelley's (1939) Method was adopted to find the Difficulty Value (DV) and Discriminating Power (DP) of preliminary draft. The items having Difficulty Value (DV) ranging from 0.25 to 0.75 and the items ranging from .20 to .90 on the Discriminating Power (DP) were retained. As a result of item analysis 23 items were dropped from the achievement test and 15 were modified and finally 137 items were retained out of 160 items in the first draft of the achievement test.

Western philosophical thoughts, social and political ideas were available to Indians mainly through the English language. As a result, Indian literature in English inevitably developed. It becomes the product of British culture which has impact on the Indian intellectual mind. This process percolated gradually. However, Indian English literature is not, and can not be, a part of English literature. It is a literature written by Indians about India. Indian novelists educated in the. West were brought up in two opposite cultures.

Shobha De has explored imaginatively the varied world ofwomen characters in her fiction. She emphasizes the quest for meaning of life, identity and unfulfilled emotional life of the characters through her novels. The object of the present paper therefore, is to provide certain clues for a better understanding of women characters in her novels. It is a modest attempt to study De's women characters in the light of their domestic and socio-cultural backgrounds. Being a woman De is more aware of the predicaments of women. She presents the vital reality and makes us aware of the miseries of women and injustices done to them by their counterparts in the patriarchal society. As a result, the women in her novels appear as life like human beings.

Women empowerment has been one of the fascinating subjects attracted the attention of Govt. and non-government agencies, social scientists, social activist, academicians and researchers across the global and more so in developing countries like India. In order to mitigate the sufferings of Indian women, many schemes/ programmes have been conceived and implemented by the Govt. from time to time. Self help group scheme is one of the such schemes primarily aims at development of self and collective efficacy and vis-à-vis holistic development of the society. The present paper is an empirical attempt focusing on women empowerment through self-help groups in drought -prone Ananthapuramu district in Andhra Pradesh. The findings of the study establish the SHGs have made a positive impact on women empowerment especially in the spheres of social status, economic empowerment and decision-making on various aspects of family matters.

Helplessness in more related with stressors of different origin. Aversive events are stressors which leads to learned helplessness. The Principal aim of the study is to assess the level of significance in relation between the stress coping skills and learned helplessness. The sample consisted of 105 post graduate students in distance education. Having the mean value of 93.83 scores in the learned helplessness, the sample in classified as high and low in learned helplessness. Based on these, group data collected from stress coping skills inventory were also grouped. The statistic used for the statistical treatment are mean, standard error of the mean, standard deviation, t-value and p-value. Based on p-value it has been found that there is significant relation of learned helplessness with reactivity to stress, Resourcefulness, Ability to relax, self reliance and ability to access situations along with learned helplessness. In contrary proactive attitude and adjustability and flexibility proves to be not significant.

Diagnosing a child for ADHD or ODD is critical to the life of the child, more so, when the diagnosis could be wrong. Wrong diagnosis can result in wrong interventions unnecessary medications that can have adverse effects on the child. Studies on this subject are few in India. This is an exploratory study that tries to reduce this research gap using a case study design assesses the experiences of a child wrongly diagnosed with ADHD and ODD. The case study methodology described by Yin has been followed. Pattern matching and Explanation Building have been used for Analysis. Discussion is based on background history, interviews and events from the life of the family. Conclusions highlight and reinforce the findings of earlier studies that describe the trauma due to wrong diagnosis faced by children. The study tries to provide insight to redefine the teacher's role from one that is merely pedagogical to that of an interventionist who can mediate in the life of the child protecting them from overzealous practitioners.

The central theme in Anand's “coolie” is the exploitation of the poor and the under-privileged by the forces of capitalism, industrialism andcolonialism. The term exploitation is not a new coined problem in the modern era but was founded by Karl Marx in Russia and later was comprehendedby the whole universe. The paper will focus on suffering and exploitation of Munoo,who represent s all underprivileged Indians. He symbolises sufferings misery of the poor and exploited masses of India.Circumstantially, “coolie” is a sharp contrast to “Untouchable” because the former discuses social disparity due to economic disparity, the latter discuses social disparity causing other disparities.

The study of population is one of the milestone in the development of social sciences. In recent decades population is multiplying by leaps and bounds. This phenomena is having its impact in every sphere of human lives, more particularly in the social and economic life of the people. Fertility is one of the most important factor in any kind of demographic study which determines the overall levels of growth of a population. Though the birth of a child is basically a biological phenomenon, child bearing in any society occurs in a social set up and is therefore affected by the social structure and the prevailing cultural norms (Rajan 1991). This paper is an attempt to see the possible association between certain socio economic and cultural factors that are associated with fertility among the Muslims of Barpeta district of Assam. They are all migrants from Bangladesh settled in the char areas. Agriculture is their main economy though some are engaged in government services, some others are engaged in daily wage labourers. While studying the fertility pattern of the womenfolk of these population, a total of 101 couples were interviewed and data are collected from them had been analyzed by using standard statistical procedures. The average fertility is found to be 3.52 among the Muslims.