Pleurotus spp. for food has been cultivated on various lignocellulose wastes. This paper studies the feasibility of fast grown wood species sawdust waste as medium for the cultivation of edible mushroom, Pleurotus spp. Wood species studied were mangium (Acacia mangium), damar (Agathis borneensis) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Twenty percent rice bran, 1% CaCO3; 1% gypsum; 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% urea fertilizer as well as TSP (tri-superphosphate); and distilled water, were added to each wood sawdust formula. The results showed that sawdust from those three wood species could indicatively be utilized as medium for cultivating Pleurotus spp. Supplementation of urea into the media performed better result than that of TSP. The highest Biological Conversion Efficiency (BCE) value was obtained on rubberwood containing 0.3 % fertilizer. With respect to the mushroom species in their ability to convert wood sawdust into mushroom biomass, the highest BCE value was recorded from Pleurotus ostreatus, then P. flabellatus, while P. sajor- caju was recorded as the lowest. Inoculation of Pleurotus mushroom at rubber-wood sawdust decreased the C/N ratio, although the used-medium was un-ripe compost.

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin is one of the entomopathogenous fungi species which is widely used to control various insect pests in agriculture areas. This paper observes the effective isolates to control subterranean termites. Five isolates: PLT, SMG, PKM, BDG, and BGR were tested in the laboratory, while three isolates: SMG, PKM and BDG were tested on the field. Each isolate was mixed with sieved sand (60-80 mesh) in various concentration (v/v) of 0% (untreated), 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%. The results showed that based on the laboratory test, 10% concentration of BGR isolate was the most effective in controlling subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and PLT was the most ineffective isolate. However, all isolates tested in the field were not effective against subterranean termites.

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin is one of the entomopathogenous fungi species which is widely used to control various insect pests in agriculture areas. This paper observes the effective isolates to control subterranean termites. Five isolates: PLT, SMG, PKM, BDG, and BGR were tested in the laboratory, while three isolates: SMG, PKM and BDG were tested on the field. Each isolate was mixed with sieved sand (60-80 mesh) in various concentration (v/v) of 0% (untreated), 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%. The results showed that based on the laboratory test, 10% concentration of BGR isolate was the most effective in controlling subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and PLT was the most ineffective isolate. However, all isolates tested in the field were not effective against subterranean termites.

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin is one of the entomopathogenous fungi species which is widely used to control various insect pests in agriculture areas. This paper observes the effective isolates to control subterranean termites. Five isolates: PLT, SMG, PKM, BDG, and BGR were tested in the laboratory, while three isolates: SMG, PKM and BDG were tested on the field. Each isolate was mixed with sieved sand (60-80 mesh) in various concentration (v/v) of 0% (untreated), 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%. The results showed that based on the laboratory test, 10% concentration of BGR isolate was the most effective in controlling subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and PLT was the most ineffective isolate. However, all isolates tested in the field were not effective against subterranean termites.

Nanotechnology research in the realm of forest products can be exploited from lignocellulose into nano carbon. The research was aimed to provide the potency of nano carbon structure from lignosellulose as bioenergy or biosensor material. The materials of teak wood and bamboo were carbonized into charcoal at 400-500 C followed by activation using chemical and physical processes at 800 C for 60 minutes. This process produced charcoal with high crystalinity and surface area. After purification and activation, the activated charcoal was subsequently doped process with Zn and Ni metals which then followed by sintering using spark plasma at 1300 C. The qualities and structure of all the resulting carbon were evaluated using nano scale devices i.e. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer, Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Diffraction X-ray Spectrometer, X-ray Diffractometer, I-V meter and potensiometer. Results showed that the best activated charcoal produced from the chemical-physical activation (KOH steam) possessed high fixed carbon of 84.29%; surface area of 850.5 m /g, crystallinity of 38,99% and resistancy of 0.10. The teak activated charcoal which intercalated by Ni at ratio of 1:5 produced the best properties with crystallinity degree of 73.45% and conductivity of 433.86 S/m. The sintered teak activated charcoal had crystallinity degree of 78.29% with I-V meter pattern in sigmoid shape and the potentiometer response formed a slope approaching the Nerst factors. Nano carbon produced from lignocellulose is a semiconductor and more suitably use for biosensors, particularly the one derived from teak wood.

Currenty, raw and supporting materials for adhesives industr y such as NaOH, NH OH and methanol are available in the domestic market, while raw material such as phenol and resorcinol derived from petroleum are reduced significantly, then, the use of raw material from other natural resources, like tannins derived from the tree bark is potentially developed. This paper explores and characterizes adhesive raw materials from mahogany bark (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.) as phenolic source and tapioca as a source of carbohydrates. This paper also studies the copolymerization reaction between mahogany tannin extract with formaldehyde, as well as their mixtures with tapioca for adhesive application and its gluing quality. Pieces of mahogany barks were cut into chips measuring of approximately 2 x 1 x 0.1 cm, then soaked in an extractor containing of hot water (70-80 C) with a ratio of bark chips : water = 1: 3. Extraction was undergone for three hours with continuous stirring before the mixture was cooled and filtered. The chip bark residue was repeatedly extracted using the same procedure for the second cycle. The obtained filtrates were then mixed with the first one and divided into two parts: crystallized in a water bath and the other part was used for adhesive manufacture. The results showeed that tannin extracted from the bark of mahogany was a dark reddish brown in colour similar with that of phenolic compounds with viscosity of 1.04 poise, specific gravity of 1.02 and the degree of acidity (pH) of 4.0. Extraction of mahogany bark yielded 8.10 % extract, with an average solid content of 2.01%, phenolic compounds level of 6,9%, and distribution of molecular weights ranging from 44-658. The optimum adhesive formulation of the extract mahogany bark was the mixture using of 0.25 mol of technical resorcinol with 15% tapioca, 1 mol technical formalin and 4% catalyst (NaOH 40%) of the total adhesive weight.

Wood utilization for various products such as building construction, furniture and handycrafts deserves through attention to the properties such as chemical composition and durability, as those are interrelated. This paper investigates chemical composition and natural durability of 20 wood species originated from several Indonesian regions. Celluloses content was analyzed according to Norman and Jenkin methods; lignins content was tested according to SNI 14-0492- 1989; and extractives content was analysed based on SNI 14-1032-1989. Testing of wood durability was conducted under the shade at Cikampek, experiment station, West Java. Durability observation was conducted in one year afterwards by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by wood-destroying organisms. Results show that jaha wood (Terminalia arborea K.et.V.) exhibited the highest cellulose content (61.35%), while the lowest (43.30%) at bambang lanang wood (Michelia champaca L.var.pubinervia). Mahang putih wood (Macaranga hypoleuca Muell. Arg.) contain the highest lignin (35.80%), conversely cempaka wood (Elmerrillia papuana Dandy) contain the lowest lignin (23.67%). The highest extractive content (7.87%) was found at bawang wood (Azadirachta exelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs), while the lowest content found at kandis wood (Pentaphalangium pachycarcum A.C. Smith.) with extractive content of 1.52%. Assessment on natural durability indicated that four species were categorized as durable (class II), six species as rather durable (class III), three species as not-durable (class IV), and seven species as perishable (class V).

Forest harvest is the first activity to undertake in extracting logs from the forest site. The amount of wood wastes generated during logging operation can be used for measuring the value of exploitation factor (FE). The greater FE indicates more efficient of wood utilization. Indonesian government has so far decided the formal FE is 0.7. This value is no longer accurate for the current better forest management situation which adopting practices of reduced impact logging-RIL and or RIL-C. Considering from economic aspects, the FE value has a very important role, i.e. as multiplying factor in determining annual allocation of wood production (JPT) and as a basic parameter in predicting earn business provision of natural forest (PSDH). Ecological aspects may interprete that the bigger FE value will bring about reduction of forest damages. This paper examines the FE in Sub-Region of East Kalimantan. Results show that the proper FE value for the East Kalimantan Province is ranged between 0.77 – 0.89. The amount of FE value is more influenced by factor of feller skills than the management competence factor of IUPHHKHA.