Currently, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, and P. sajor-caju are prospective fungi for decompo- sition of pulp and paper industry’s waste. This paper studies the possible utilization of rotting fungi spent compost for decomposition of mangium sludge. Initially, the fungi were cultivated for three months on medium prepared from sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood sawdust. The rotting fungi spent compost was then used for degrader activator by inoculating them into the Acacia mangium sludge, then, incubated for six months. Results revealed that after three month incubation the values of the Biological Conversion Efficiency (BCE) of sengon reached 13.41% (G. lucidum), 47.11% (P. ostreatus), and 38.06% (P. sajor-caju). Fungal inoculation into the sludge improved the C/N ratio as much as 71.59%. The usage of higher concentration of G. lucidum inoculums increased the C/N ratio value. After six months incubation, some sludge contents reduced by 48.76% (N), 35.42% (P) and 25% (K), except for Ca and Mg, which increased by 112.9% and 6.67%, respectively. Mineral content of the untreated sludge decreased by about 66.12% (Ca), 68.75% (P) and 4.17% (Mg), except for K and Ca which were increased by 2.08% and 64.52%, respectively. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) value of the sludge after incubation increased by about 3.85% (control) and 56.8% (treated).

One indicator of sustainable forest management is the minimum impact of residual stand damage caused by timber harvesting activities. This paper examines stand damage due to timber harvesting on hilly tropical forest, Central Kalimantan. The study was carried out using samples plot of 200 m x 100 m that was systematically placed on three selected cutting plots with different chainsaw operators working experience. Results showed that the degree of residual stands damage due to timber harvesting ranged between 19.37 – 34.9% with an average of 24.37% categorized as light stand damage. The average stands damage due to felling was 16.27% and skidding was 8.1%. Unexperienced chainsaw operators tend to cause greater damage than well trained chainsaw. Type of residual damage due to the felling on either sloping, rather steep or steep ter rain was dominated by broken tree trunks. The most common type of residual stand damage due to skidding was the collapsed or tilted trees. The residual stand damage due to timber harvesting could be reduced by imposing intensive supervision in the felling sites and provide training and/or refresher to chainsaw and skidding tractor operators especially on cutting technique and environmentally friendly skidding.

Various sawmilling industries of high, medium and small enterprises operate in Indonesia. During log conversion into sawn timber, wood waste occurs in the form of left over cut and sawdust. Small cut waste is lignocellulose material which is potentially used for bioethanol production. This paper studies the possibility of bioethanol production from sengon sawmill waste. High loading substrate method was applied by hydrolizing high concentration substrate, i.e 15, 25 and 35% and two. concentrations of enzymes (12.5 and 15 FPU/g substrate). Result showed that the treatment of 25% substrate and 15 FPU/g cellulase substrate produced the highest reducing sugar of 248.3 mg/mL, while the substrate method could increase the ethanol concentration made from sengon wood waste. concentration substrate concentration of 35% generated the highest ethanol content i.e 17.7% and recover y about 38.4%. It can be concluded that the high loading.

. Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) has been widely planted by communities as an alternative of building and furniture materials. However, there are two inferior jabon wood proferties i.e. low strength (Class IV) and less durable (Class V). Jabon-Bamboo Laminated Board (JBLB) is one posible product that may be developed to improve jabon’s wood properties. This study investigates quality improvement of jabon boards due to fabrication as JBLB and the effect of bamboo layers number on JBLB properties. Andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinaceae (Steudel) Widjaja) and mayan bamboo (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz) were used in this study. Initially, jabon boards and bamboo strips were preserved by soaking in 7% boron solution until reaching the targeted retention of 6 kg/m . The JBLB were manufactured in four different layer compositions using Isocyanate adhesive. The glue spread and cold pressing time applied were 250 g/m and one hour, respectively. Results showed that quality of JBLB was significantly affected by the number of bamboo layers, except bonding strength. Bamboo lamination on jabon board has increased the product density by 10%, modulus of elasticity (MOE) by 71%, modulus of rupture (MOR) by 34% and compression strength by 20% compared with the initial jabon properties. Strength values of JBLB are classified into wood strength class-III .

Natural durability of each bamboo species is different, thus information on natural durability of bamboo species is important for its utilization. This paper investigates the natural resistance of bamboo species against subterranean termites as a basis for species classification. Twenty species of bamboo from various regions in Indonesia (West Java, Banten, the Central of Java, Lampung and Bogor Botanical Garden) were tested against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren according to SNI 7204-2014. Parameters observed were weight loss percentage of bamboo, survival rate of the termites and degree of attack (subjectively). Results showed that based on the weight loss, three bamboo species could be grouped into resistance class I, five species into class II, three species into class III, seven species as class IV and two species as class V. Based on the survival rate of the termites, one of the bamboo species was classified in class I, four species in class II, one species in class III, 11 species in class IV, and three species in class V. Furthermore, according to the degree of attack, four species were heavily damaged, while 16 species showed moderately damage. From the result, it can be concluded that one species of bamboo namely apus (Gigantochloa apus) has the highest resistance class (class I),and four other species of bamboo namely hitam (G. atroviolacea), kuring (G. kuring), india/tulda (Bambusa tulda) and lemang (Schizostachyum brachycladum), were classified in resistance class II. In the utlization, the five species of bamboo can be used without preservation, while the remaining 15 species of bamboo in resistance class III V should be preserved before using.

Commercial wood putty products available in the market nowadays are mostly chemical solvent-based, such as epoxy and latex. These products give desirable physical, mechanical and chemical performances, however their volatile organic compounds are detrimental to the environment and harmful to the health. This paper explores the use of teak fine powder mixed with shellac and putty powder as an alternative formulation of organic wood putty. These alternative formulas were tested on tusam and rubber wood by assessing their physical, mechanical and chemical performances in comparison with the most commercial putty products, i.e. epoxy (DK1) and piroxylin (DK2). Samples of two wood species were treated by spreading them with various wood putty solutions. Weight and dimensional changes due to treatment were determined in wet and dry sample conditions. Results show that weight and dimensional gains due to spreading treatment varies according to wood species, grain orientation and putty solution. Tusam samples possessed greater weight and dimensional gains than those of rubber wood samples. All organic putty formula was able to protect wood from water intrution, but less effective than the commercial putty DK1 and DK2. The organic wood putty had lower scratch resistance and less resistant against chemical liquids than the commercial ones.

The resistance of twenty bamboo species from different regions of Indonesia were tested against drywood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.). Each bamboo species was cut into dimension of 5 cm x 2.5 cm x 1 cm. The test was conducted according to SNI 7207-2014. Parameters mass loss percentage of bamboo, survival rate of the termites, and degree of attack (subjectively) were observed as the basic to classify the resistance of bamboo against drywood termites. According to the mass loss percentage, the bamboo species were assigned into five groups: two bamboo species as resistance class I, six bamboo species as class II, five bamboo species as class III, four bamboo species as class IV, and three bamboo species as class V. Based on the survival rate of the termites, the natural resistance of bamboo could be assigned into five groups: two bamboo species as resistance class I, one species as class II, ten bamboo species as class III, five bamboo species as class IV, and two bamboo species as class V. The classification according to the degree of attack showed that two bamboo species experienced severely attack (38 - 40.5%/score 90), while the rest eighteen bamboo species had medium attack (18.4 - 34.9%/score 70).

White-rot fungus, Basidiomycetes is an unique group of microbes among the major decomposers of plant polymers or biomass. Their existences are under pressure due to Indonesian tropical forests degradation caused by forest fires, excessive exploitation, land conversion and biopiracy . Based on natural process of of white rot fungi, it could be utilized for bioresources, i.e improvement of food quality and leading of new functionality (the food industry), delignification (pulp & paper), production of ethanol (biofuel), biosensors and bioremediation. This paper studies isolate, selection and evaluation of the potential extracellular enzymes laccase (Lac) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) from fungi grown in Indonesian tropical forest. A total of 178 samples of fungi fruit were collected from Indonesian tropical forest, including West Java, East Java and East Kalimantan Provinces, then they were isolated and selected on RBBR agar media for futher analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences of 26 pure isolates, in term of its capacity to decolorize RBBR, and only six pure isolates (JB-7.1.1, BST-F16, Gr-W3.2A-C, TRK-1, TRK-2, and TRK-3) were able to oxidize RBBR more than 1 cm per day. Futhermore, two isolates were selected as their enzymes production was higher than another, those were.

Bamboo is potential as an alternative material to substitute wood. This paper examines the effects of using different resin contents and strand dimensions on the properties of its oriented strand board (bamboo OSB). Tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kurz) was used as raw material in manufacturing the bamboo OSB. Laboratory scale oriented bamboo strand boards were fabricated using each bamboo strand length (7.5, 10, and 15 cm) and glued with liquid phenol formaldehyde adhesive at various resin contents (6, 7 and 8%) of the bamboo strands dry weight. Results show that the average density of fabricated bamboo OSB was 0.75 g/cm . Physical and mechanical properties of bamboo OSB were significantly affected by resin content, except the modulus of elasticity (MOE). Higher resin content gave better physical and mechanical properties of the boards. MOE of bamboo OSB was also significantly affected by the strand length. The longer strand dimension produces boards with higher MOE values. All oriented bamboo strand boards studied meet the Indonesian and Japanese Standard requirements of type 24 particleboard and also meet the British Standard requirements of both Type OSB/2 and Type OSB/3.

In general, pine resin yield is affected by various factors i.e. pine tree species, growing environment and tapping method. This paper studies pine resin tapping yield by drilling method using H SO stimulant. Tapping point is designed in the depth of 4, 6 and 8 cm and sloping 25°. Three stimulant concentrations (0, 15%, 30%) were brushed in the tapping point and the treatments were repeated 10 times. Experimental design based on 3 x 3 factorials in completely randomized design. The first factor is the depth of drilling holes, the second factor is the concentration of H SO stimulant used and reptition of 10 times. Pine resin yields were analyzed using analysis of variance and further test was conducted by honestly significant difference test. Results show that tapping pine by drilling and stimulant addition produced pine resin between 15.5 to 109.3 g/tree/collection (56.3 g/tree/collection on average) or between 2.6 to 18.2 g/tree/day (9.4 g/tree/day on average). Pine resin yield is significantly influenced by drilling hole depth and H SO stimulant concentrations. The deeper the drilling hole, 2 4 the more pine resin yield, and the higher the concentration of H SO stimulant the higher pine resin yield. Pine resin yield of 8 cm tapping depth is 65.96% higher than 4 cm tapping depth, and 30% H SO improved the yield by about 56.45%. The largest pine resin yield is achieved from tapping point of 8cm depth and 30% H SO that yiled about 90.7 g/tree/collection in average.