Turkey is a country which attracts the world’s attention with its ecological and biological wealth, and also with its high agricultural potential. Approximately, 5% of Turkey’s lands were spared for horticulture. So, it is called as a country of horticulture. Turkey, which can grow subtropical and even tropical crops as well as the crops which’s homeland is Turkey, can grow approximately 48 million t of horticultural crops per year. It can be seen that branding in horticultural crops in Turkey is too low compared to its production quality and number. The main reasons for this problem are, there are so many establishments (with small land size) which act independently from each other, customers don’t seek brands in table consumption and also, standardization rules don’t apply to products which are for domestic market. In order to producers earn more income, consumers to consume products with quality and to reduce product and quality losses, importance should be also given to branding as well as quality production.

http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/tutad/article/view/1071000080/pdf_26

This study was carried out to determine the quality of some medicinal and aromatic plants that grazed by the animals and naturally grown in the rangeland and meadow lands of Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Material of the research consisted of 13 different medicinal and aromatic plant species (Mentha spicata, Origanum onites, Thymus kotschyanus, Salvia officinalis, Artemisia sp., Aloysia citriodora, Melissa officinalis, Tanacetum densum, Ocimum basilicum, Satureja hortensis, Mentha piperita, Thymbra spicata and Phlomis kotschyana) collected in 2017. For each species, randomly three forage analysis samples were taken during the flowering periods of the plants. According to analysis crude protein content (CP) 10.74-24.59%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratios 17.31-40.99%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios 26.39-56.34%, dry digestible matter (DDM) ratios 57.0-75.4%, dry matter intake (DMI) 2.13-4.55%, relative feed value (RFV) 94.1-251.2, calcium content (Ca) 0.94-2.01%, magnesium (Mg) content 0.25-0.63%, potassium (K) content 1.76-3.78% and phosphor (P) content were between 0.14-0.32%. In addition, it was determined that 11 of the species, especially Ocimum basilicum species, took part in the Prime class, which expresses the best forage quality. Moreover, it was determined that forage of Melissa officinalis, with 145.4 RFV value, took part in first forage class, one subclass of prime class. Phlomis kotschyana with the lowest RFV value (94.1) took part in the third forage class. Results of the study showed that the medicinal aromatic plants have a potency of producing very high quality forage. However, it should not be forgotten that before they are introduced to the intensive consumption of animals, their toxic substances contents such as alkaloids and glycosides, and availability between the mineral substances in the forages such as rate of calcium and phosphorus are required to be well known and taken into account.

http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/tutad/article/view/1071000095/pdf_30

The quality of honey from Pervari region was almost known by all over the country in Turkey. This study was undertaken to determine (i) physico-chemical parameters, (ii) antimicrobial analysis and (iii) pollen estimation method with expert computer system obtained from three different sites of Pervari region (Siirt/Turkey). For physico-chemical parameters; moisture, free acidity, diastase activity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), invert sugar, ash, commercial glucose and proline analysis were examined. For anti-microbial analysis disc dilution method were studied on six different bacteria species. For pollen analysis; different and new expert computer system was used for comparison of pollen of plants and honey samples. The aim of the study was to evaluate the properties of multi floral honey determined from three different locations in the same region and the way to understand to which plants were visited by the bees with comparing of pollen grains of flowers and honey by using the expert computer system. Honey samples of Pervari region were of acceptable quality based on recommended criteria of Turkish Food Codex and International Honey Commission.

The aim of this research was to determine the basin characteristics and physical, chemical and morphological properties, classification and mapping of different soils in Madendere Watershed. The study area is located northeastern part of Kocaeli-Kartepe district and it is 14 km from Kartepe center, coordinated as 4515500-4518000 N ve 262400-264800 E (UTM-m). The study area covers approximately 5.5 km2. The study area consists of various topographic features (flat, hilly, rolling etc.). Hilly and rolling physiographic units are particularly common in the study area. Elevation varies from 130m to 440 m above sea level. Average annual precipitation and temperature are 730.4 mm and 11.3 oC, respectively. After examination of topographic, land use, geologic and geomorphologic maps and land observation, 12 soil profile pits were excavated and determined that 10 of them are different from each other in the study area. Detailed land observations were done with grid method and auger examinations. The soil samples were taken from each profile based on genetic horizons and their analyses were done in the laboratory. According to the results of laboratory analyses by taking into consideration of soil taxonomy, these soils were classified and described. The soils were grouped under 4 order, 4 suborder, 6 great groups and 10 subgroups within 10 soil series and soil boundaries were shown on the 1:25.000 scale map. Two of ten soil series were classified as Entisol due to their young age and six are Inceptisol and two were classified as Alfisol and Ultisol. Whereas Gürgenlikdere series has the largest area (22.1%), Ismailinyeri series has the smallest area in the study area (1.9%). In addition, some necessary recommendations were given to solve some soil problems in this study.

In many regions of the world, soil erosion is one of the main land degradation processes that reduce the soil productivity by removing fertile topsoil layers, thus decreasing levels of organic matter and the nutrients. Therefore erosion researches constitute an important part of the research on the soils. The aim of this research is the determination of the relationship between land use/land cover and some erodibility indices in Madendere Watershed soils. Land use and land cover classes were generated from Geoeye-2013 image data classification. Forest is the highest land cover in the study area and has about 38.6 % of the total area, while the lowest land cover is settlement which is about 3.6%. Erosion ratio, dispersion ratio, soil erodibility and aggregate stability were determined for 71 each soil samples collected according to grid method from each 200 m distance point and 0-20 cm soil depth in Watershed. According to the results of erodibility analysis for soil samples taken from different land uses and land covers, it was determined that the soils of watershed are high erodible soils. For 1that reason, it was given some suggestions to take some mesurments for this watershed.

Viroids are circular, single-stranded RNAs that infect plants. Viroids belong to two families, Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae, whose members replicate in the nucleus and chloroplast of plant cells, respectively. The host range of viroids includes vegetable crops, ornamentals, and woody perennials, depending upon the viroid species. Viroids are easily transmitted mechanically through contaminated pruning tools. They can also be spread vegetatively by grafting, tuber propagation, infected seed, pollen, and insects. There are over 30 known viroid species that are taxonomically divided into two families. Viroids are also responsible for several cultivated plant diseases in Turkey. Viroids and viroid disease agents causing plant disease (Potato spindle tuber viroid, Chrysanthemum stunt viroid, Citrus exocortis viroid, Hop stunt viroid, Citrus cachexia viroid, Citrus viroid III–IV, Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1–2, Avocado sunblotch viroid, Peach latent mosaic viroid) in Turkey were discussed in this review.

This research was conducted to determine the vegetation structures of the native pastures in the six villages of district Silvan, Diyarbakir, in the year of 2014 .Vegetations of the pastures were studied by the Loop Method. In each pasture 400 loop measurements in 4 lines were made. Plant-covered area rate, botanical composition in the plant covered area was calculated from the loop measurements. 43 plant species of 35 genus from 11 families were determined on the vegetation of the pastures. Plant cover percentages varied between 46.2% to 72.0% and botanical composition rate of grasses, legumes and other family plants in the total plant cover varied between 30.81%, and 72.92%, 16.89%, and 48.25%, 10.19%, and 39.74%, respectively, as depending on the pastures. From the results of the research, it was concluded that vegetations of the pastures were generally composed of invader plants. Therefore the pastures have poor condition. The research on the determination of proper improvement methods for the pastures must be conducted.

The quality of honey from Pervari region was almost known by all over the country in Turkey. This study was undertaken to determine (i) physico-chemical parameters, (ii) antimicrobial analysis and (iii) pollen estimation method with expert computer system obtained from three different sites of Pervari region (Siirt/Turkey). For physico-chemical parameters; moisture, free acidity, diastase activity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), invert sugar, ash, commercial glucose and proline analysis were examined. For anti-microbial analysis disc dilution method were studied on six different bacteria species. For pollen analysis; different and new expert computer system was used for comparison of pollen of plants and honey samples. The aim of the study was to evaluate the properties of multi floral honey determined from three different locations in the same region and the way to understand to which plants were visited by the bees with comparing of pollen grains of flowers and honey by using the expert computer system. Honey samples of Pervari region were of acceptable quality based on recommended criteria of Turkish Food Codex and International Honey Commission.

Weeds not only cause yield and quality losses in cultivated plants but also hinder harvesting. To effectively reduce these negative effects, its crucial to identify the weed species and choose the most appropriate control method. Conducting regular surveys in areas where crops are grown is essential for this purpose. This study was carried out to determine the weed types, densities, and frequency of occurrence in barley, wheat, alfalfa, sainfoin, and vetch cultivation areas, which are widely cultivated in the Hamur district of Agri province in 2022. In addition, face-to-face surveys were conducted with 100 different producers who cultivate these cultivated plants. During the surveys, 63 different weed species belonging to 19 families were determined throughout the district. At the level of cultivated plants, the highest number of weed species were found to be 42 species belonging to 17 families in sainfoin, 31 species belonging to 14 families in wheat, 27 species belonging to 13 families in barley, 25 species belonging to 16 families in alfalfa, and 18 weed species belonging to 12 families in vetch. Weeds with a higher incidence compared to cultivated plants were Convolvulus arvensis L. in the wheat, Cardaria draba L. (65%) in the barley, Convolvulus arvensis L. (55%) in the sainfoin, Tragopogon pratensis L. (45%) in the alfalfa, and Tragopogon pratensis L. (60%) in the vetch cultivation areas. In the face-to-face surveys conducted within the scope of the study, 65% of the farmers stated that weeds are the most important plant protection problem in agricultural production areas. The majority of the producers reported that they preferred the mechanical control method against these weeds.

Due to the geographical structure of Siirt Province, mainstay of a significant part of the population is based on livestock and crop production. Livestock is usually carried out in the form of meadows-pastures livestock. The most essential feed group in animal production is forage. At present, the dry hay amount provided from meadow-rangelands and forage crops are 130.461 and 60.177 tonnes, respectively. On the other hand, there are 101.899 of animal existence equivalent to livestock unit in Siirt. The fodder requirements of these animals are 464.914 tons per year. Total fodder production of province from natural meadow-range areas and forage crop cultivation is 190.638 tonnes but this is enough for 41% of animal existence. Therefore, management techniques must be followed and should be accelerated to the breeding studies to increase productivity in existing meadow-rangelands. Besides, cultivation area of forage crops should be increased and the crop rotation systems must be developed and priority should be given to forage crops within the crop rotation system particularly in fallow areas.

The remediation technology for contaminated soils, which represents an economic liability as well as a technical challenge. Recent interest in metal hyper accumulation has been stimulated by the potential for phytoremediation of polluted soils, using metal accumulating plants to clean soils of contaminants. The use of plants to clean up a site is an inexpensive and environmental technique that can be adapted by the people. Phytoremediation technology is formed by 8 systems that are phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, hydraulic control, buffer strips (riparian buffer strips) and vegetative cover systems. This study focused on the phytoremediation that use of plants to remove pollutants from the soil and water and to render them harmless.

In this study, Co-B catalyst was synthesized by using activated carbon obtained from Siirt pistachio shell, which is an agricultural waste, and this catalyst was used in hydrogen production process. Siirt pistachio is one of the most important agricultural income sources of Siirt region. After processing pistachio, the remaining pistachio shell is considered as agricultural waste, and the efficient use of this waste is of great importance. Activated carbon supported Co-B catalyst was used in the reduction of NaBH4. In order to define the kinetics of the catalyst, different NaBH4 concentrations, catalyst concentrations and temperatures were studied. In the methanolysis experiments using the same NaBH4 concentration at 30 °C with different catalyst amounts, the completion time of the reaction was shortened as the amount of catalyst increased, and the rate of hydrogen production was observed to be increasing. In the presence of activated carbon-supported Co-B catalyst, when different temperature (30-60 oC) activities of methanolysis experiments were examined, it was observed that the reaction rate increased significantly with increasing temperature. It was found that agricultural waste can be efficiently used to produce support material for the production of high capacity catalysts. Finally, the reaction pattern was extracted using the data from the results of this experiment, whereby an empirical formula was derived, and the result of the future experiments can theoretically be obtained with this equation. As a result of this study, Siirt pistachio shell, considered as agricultural waste, is effectively processed and converted into a product with high added value.