Fouling can be defined as undesired aggregation of living organism on float or submerged thing (ships, wharf, and the others off shore building). Fouling may effect on the function and maintenance of an object by lessen their lifetime, and evoked invasive species. TBT antifouling materials such as in paint widely used to prevent fouling organism, but this substance gave negative impact on the environment. It not only wipe out fouling organism but also other organism and some degree cause imposex. Therefore in 2008, the use of this antifouling was banned by International Maritime Organization. This research aiming to found potential marine natural product there are mangrove as antifouling. This research was conducted on September to December 2016. The experimental design for this research was using completely randomized design. Result shows that experimental the extract of Avicennia marina did not have significant impact on Perna viridis ability to bind onto subtrate. Nevertheless, A. marina had impact on P. Viridis byssus production. Lesser number and shorter length of byssus was yield from the treatment concentration compared to the control. This research indicated that Avicennia marina may has antifouling potential, but further study is needed.

This research aimed to know the growth rate of seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) cultivated by using off bottom method and long line method in coastal waters Tita Dwiwarna Village Banda Central of Maluku. It is expected that this research will provide basic information in business of seaweed cultivation to be developed. The methods were off bottom method and long line method that consisted of 2 treatments and 3 replications. Material used was mostly a polyethylene rope as long as 10 meters with the diameter size 5 mm for a mine rope and 3 mm for a span rope. Initial weight of sea weeds which is tied to a span rope 100 gram. The growth data collection was taken simultaneously with water quality data every week. Data were analyzed by using Cohran test to see homogeneity. The homogeneity data were then analyzed by using t-test to see the different between two treatments. The result of the research has shown that seaweed growth was highest in off bottom methods which average weight on the seventh week reached 690 gram. While the growth with long line methods reached the average weight on the seventh week reached only 609.4 gram. Therefore, the best growth of the sea weed was represented by off bottom method.

Caragenan dan chitosan merupakan bahan yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan edible film. Tujuan penelitian adalah mencari pengaruh penggunaan bahan campuran antara kappa caragenan, iota caragenan dan chitosan dalam perbandingan terhadap kualitas edible film. Metode penelitian adalah laboratorium eksperimental desain dengan perlakuan yaitu campuran bahan kappa caragenan, iota caragenan dan chitosan dalam berbagai perbandingan; Variabel terikat meliputi: transmisi uap air, elongasi, uji kuat tarik, ketebalan. Desain penelitian ANOVA dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang diulang 3 kali..Analisa data menggunakan SPSS 17.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas edible film yang diamati melalui uji tensile strength,elongasi,ketebalan dan transmisi uap air sangat dipengaruhi oleh bahan edible film, terutama penggunaan kappa caragenan dalam campurannya. Edible film yang tidak menggunakan bahan kappa caragenan menunjukkan kualitas yang tidak dapat diuji lanjut karena retak dan sobek dilihat dari morfologi.Perlakuan terbaik didapatkan pada perlakuan kappa caragenan, iota caragenan dan chitosan dalam perbandingan 3:1:0 dengan nilai elongasi 13,55%;transmisi uap air 2,38 g/m2.jam. Perbandingan bahan 3:0:1 memberikan nilai tensile strength sebesar 36,83 N/mm2, ketebalan terendah sebesar 47,67µm pada perlakuan dengan perbandingan bahan 1:1:1. Kualitas terbaik diamati berdasarkan penampakan yang bening, transparan, tipis dengan nilai tensile strength dan elongasi tertinggi.

Halimeda sp. is a kind species of macroalgae that abundant grow in Indonesia. The utilization of Halimeda especially protein for disease prevention caused by the virus has not been done to the fish. The purpose of the study is to know the treatment of crude protein Halimeda sp on Cyprinus carpio infected by Koi Harvest Virus (KHV) on the expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class 1. MHC class-1 is one of the immune adaptive response on fish like this C. carpio. The methods are isolation of crude protein Halimeda sp, purification of crude protein, Haemagglutination (HA) test and dot blot test. The result shows that the crude protein of Halimeda sp. can produce of adaptive immune response like MHC class 1. MHC class-1 has the function of the immune system for maintenance of virus attacks directly. Responsible of treatment crude protein Halimeda sp. on C. carpio can be showed quantitatively using the dot blot test result. The conclusion is the crude protein of Halimeda sp. able to activate the MHC class I and to inhibit the proliferation of the KHV and maintenance of the fish cell of C. carpio..

Keputusan Menteri No.2 2015 telah melarang semua trawl dan pukat tarik. Untuk mengimbangi kerugian tersebut, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan mengeluarkan jaring insang millenium (3,5 inci) dan memberikannya untuk nelayan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi selektivitas alat tangkap jaring insang millenium yang diluncurkan, yang menargetkan ikan kembung (R. brachysoma) dalam hasil tangkapannya. Penelitian dilakukan di Selat Madura, dengan membandingkan jaring insang millennium dengan jaring insang biasa (2,0 inci). Hasilnya menunjukkan kedua alat tangkap tersebut memiliki kategori panjang yang sama (18,28 ± 0,707951 untuk jaring insang millenium, dan 18,78 ± 0,92655 untuk jaring insang biasa). Semua ikan kembung (R.brachysoma) yang tertangkap ditemukan pada tahap kematangan penuh (tingkat kematangan III atau IV). Jaring insang umum menghasilkan biomassa tangkapan yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada jaring milenium (632 ekor), dikarenakan ukuran jaring yang lebih kecil. Jadi, kedua alat tangkap tersebut dianggap selektif untuk menangkap ikan kembung. Agar dapat diterima, diperlukan pengurangan ukuran jaring untuk jaring insang millennium

Bakteri Lactobacillus plantarum merupakan salah satu jenis bakteri asam laktat yang sudah dikenal bersifat ramah lingkungan karena tidak patogenik dan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen sehingga sering digunakan sebagai probiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh serta dosis terbaik pemberian bakteri L. plantarum terhadap histopatologi dan hematologi ikan patin jambal (Pangasius djambal) yang diinfeksi bakteri Edwardsiella tarda. Perendaman dengan L. plantarum dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sistem imun ikan patin jambal (P. djambal) dengan dosis 103, 108 dan 1013 cfu.ml-1 selama 1 minggu yang dilanjutkan dengan penginfeksian dengan cara perendaman E. tarda. Darah diambil dari masing-masing perlakuan untuk dihitung eritrosit, leukosit, hematokrit dan hemoglobin pada jam 0, 12, 24, 36 selama penginfeksian. Setelah penginfeksian selama 3x24 jam, diambil organ hati, ginjal dan insang untuk dilakukan pengamatan jaringan yang dilanjutkan dengan skoring kerusakannya. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa secara statistik meggunakan uji F (ANOVA) sesuai dengan rancangan yang dipergunakan yaitu rancangan acak lengkap. Data penelitian menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda nyata (F hitung>F tabel). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian bakteri L. plantarum berpengaruh terhadap histopatologi dan hematologi ikan patin jambal (P. djambal) yang diinfeksi bakteri E. tarda dengan dosis terbaik pada perlakuan B 108 cfu.ml-1.

Bakteri Lactobacillus plantarum merupakan salah satu jenis bakteri asam laktat yang sudah dikenal bersifat ramah lingkungan karena tidak patogenik dan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen sehingga sering digunakan sebagai probiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh serta dosis terbaik pemberian bakteri L. plantarum terhadap histopatologi dan hematologi ikan patin jambal (Pangasius djambal) yang diinfeksi bakteri Edwardsiella tarda. Perendaman dengan L. plantarum dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sistem imun ikan patin jambal (P. djambal) dengan dosis 103, 108 dan 1013 cfu.ml-1 selama 1 minggu yang dilanjutkan dengan penginfeksian dengan cara perendaman E. tarda. Darah diambil dari masing-masing perlakuan untuk dihitung eritrosit, leukosit, hematokrit dan hemoglobin pada jam 0, 12, 24, 36 selama penginfeksian. Setelah penginfeksian selama 3x24 jam, diambil organ hati, ginjal dan insang untuk dilakukan pengamatan jaringan yang dilanjutkan dengan skoring kerusakannya. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa secara statistik meggunakan uji F (ANOVA) sesuai dengan rancangan yang dipergunakan yaitu rancangan acak lengkap. Data penelitian menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda nyata (F hitung>F tabel). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian bakteri L. plantarum berpengaruh terhadap histopatologi dan hematologi ikan patin jambal (P. djambal) yang diinfeksi bakteri E. tarda dengan dosis terbaik pada perlakuan B 108 cfu.ml-1.

Increased sea surface temperatures due to global warming that occurred from the early to mid 2016 caused of coral bleaching in several locations in TWP Gili Matra. Observations of coral bleaching obtained from coral colonies compotition affected by bleaching (50%), white (18%), death (1%) and was not affected (31%). These implications resulting decline in coral cover but not significant (F (1,013) = 0.333, p > 0.05) from 23,43% ± 2,61 SE in 2012 to 18,48% ± 4,14 SE in 2016 and a significant decrease (P (58,06) = 3,8e-06) recruitment of coral (coral Juvenil) from 6,66 ind.m-1 ± 1,04 SE in 2012 to 1,41 ind.m-1 ± 0,16 SE in 2016. the other impact is a significant reduction (P(20.84) = 0,00053, p <0,001) the abundance of reef fish from 28.733,26 ind.ha-1 ± 3.757,89 SE in 2012 to 11.431,18 ind.ha-1 ± 702,53 SE in 2016 and a decline in the biomass of reef fish but not significant (F (0,58) = 0,46, P> 0.05) from 506,56 kg.ha-1 ± 99,05 SE in 2012 to 438,41 kg.ha-1 ± 45,69 SE in 2016. The decline of coral recruitment resulted in the recovery of the affected areas bleaching becomes slow because of the juvenile new coral mostly dead. The second impact of bleaching is an abundance of fish decrease, indicating that is available only fish big size (adult) and very less of small fishes, including juvenile.

Perairan Malang Selatan merupakan daerah yang potensial sebagai daerah penangkapan ikan. Keberadaan berbagai jenis ikan pelagis kecil terutama ikan planktivor secara langsung dipengaruhi oleh pertumbuhan fitoplankton dan zooplankton. Fitoplankton mempunyai peran penting sebagai dasar rantai makanan dalam ekosistem perairan, sedangkan zooplankton merupakan herbivor pemangsanya. Pertumbuhan fitoplankton dan zooplankton dipengaruhi oleh faktor oseanografinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi komunitas plankton dan hubungannya dengan parameter oseanografinya, serta distribusi spasial plankton di daerah penangkapan ikan di Perairan Malang Selatan, Jawa Timur. Metode purposive sampling dengan teknik zigzag pada 10 titik sampling digunakan dalam pengambilan data pada penelitian ini. Sedwicgk rafter counting cell digunakan dalam metode penghitungan plankton. Sampel plankton diambil secara horizontal dan vertikal pada kedalaman 1 dan 15 m dengan jaring plankton bermata jaring 20 µm, sedangkan parameter oseanografi secara in situ diukur menggunakan aqua quality sensor tipe AAQ 1183 C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan fitoplankton sebesar 49.764 sel/m3, didominasi oleh genus Chaetoceros. (Bacillariophyceae), dan kelimpahan zooplankton sebesar 894 ind/m3, didominasi oleh genus Nauplius. (Copepoda). Indeks keanekaragaman dan keseragaman fitoplankton dan zooplankton dapat dikategorikan sedang, berturut-turut sebesar 1,77–1,85 dan 1,70–1,77; 0,58–0,59 dan 0,77–0,79, sedangkan indeks dominansinya masuk dalam kategori rendah yaitu berturut-turut 0,27–0,28 dan 0,24–0,27. Analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) menunjukkan bahwa parameter oseanografi utama yang paling berpengaruh pada variasi komunitas plankton adalah turbiditas, klorofil-a, oksigen terlarut dan fosfat. Hasil uji T menunjukkan bahwa distribusi spasial kelimpahan fitoplankton dan zooplankton pada kedalaman 1 m dan 15 m berbeda nyata. Studi ini memberikan informasi penting tentang kelimpahan plankton dan faktor oseanografi yang berpengaruh di daerah penangkapan di Perairan Malang Selatan.

The waters of Yapen Timur in Yapen Islands, Papua are semi-open waters with high potential natural resources. Recent research on chemical and biological parameters more specifically of nutrient concentration and phytoplankton abundance is still very limited. The study aimed to observe the concentration of nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), and their relation with the abundance of phytoplankton in Yapen Timur waters, was conducted on January 5Th to February 5th, 2016. Using explorative method and purposive sampling method, with 15 sampling points. Data analysis using Spectrophotometer at wavelength 545 nm for nitrate and 885 nm, whereas for phytoplankton abundance use APHA equation. Spatial distribution of nitrate, phosphate and phytoplankton abundance using kriging-method equation and Software Ermaper 7.0. Nitrate concentrations were found to be between 0.2 mg - 0.7 mg / l, phosphates ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mg / l and the abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 49,682 to 139,490 ind / l. The correlation coefficient analysis indicates the relationship between nitrite and phytoplankton of 0.3947, phosphate and phytoplankton of. 0.0068. The concentration of nitrate and phosphate at the observation site indicated that the water quality belongs to the oligotrophic waters, the abundance of phytoplankton is high and there is no blooming in certain species, and the relationship between the nitrate and phosphate concentration is positively correlated with the abundance of phytoplankton at the observation site.

The objective of this study was to find out the antioxidant activities along with phytochemical screening of R. mucronata leaf extracts. R. mucronata leaves were collected from Pilang, Probolinggo. The extraction use three different solvents with different polarity (Methanol, Ethyl acetate, and Hexane). The antioxidant activities were determinted by the Diphenyl picryhydrazil (DPPH) metode used four different concentrations (31,25; 62,25; 125; and 250 ppm). The antioxidant analysis of mangrove R. mucronata showed that the ethyl acetate extract has the highest antioxidant activity (160,417 µg/ml) than the methanol (-117,498 µg/ml) and the hexane (327,611 µg/ml) extracts. The phytochemical screening results that the methanol extract contains 1195 µg/ml flavonoid compounds, 124,44 µg/ml alkaloid compounds and 576,64 µg/ml of tannin compounds. Meanwhile the ethyl and the hexane extract contains alkaloid compounds (44,91 µg/ml and 41,49 µg/ml ) and tannin compounds (84,84 µg/ml and 67,30 µg/ml).

Marine yeast is uniceluller microorganism from group of fungi. Marine yeast was isolated from East Java Beach have potention of biotechnology in food section. Marine yeast as an agent in hydrolyzing trash fish protein to be able to increase nutrition value of amino acid. The researches of protease characteristic from marine yeast and its activity in hydrolizing protein are poorly demonstrated. Therefore, study on characteristic of protease from marine yeast and its activity is important to overcome abundance of trash fish. The aim of this research was to know protease characteristic of marine yeast and characteristic of trash fish protein hydrolysate. This study used exploration method. The result of this study were the protease characteristic from crude extraction of marine yeast showed that protein concentration value is 22.17 mg/L, protease activity is 21.50 mU/min/mL, Vmaks is 37.25 mmol/L/min and KM value is 2.3 × 103 mM. While the characterstic of trash fish protein hydrolysate is 22.35%, the total of amino acids is 1.32% and the molecular mass is 14.39 kDa. In addition, this study showed that protease activity from marine yeast extraction had low activity because protease extracted from marine yeast is crude extract.

Wonorejo Reservoirs gets input water is constantly being from Kali Wangi with carrying burdens waste of human activities, agriculture, settlement and animal husbandry. So, that it can trigger fertility on reservoir waters. Water trophic levels can be described from the primary productivity and useful to estimate production of fish in these waters. The purpose of the research was to identify the influence of productivity primary waters and the potential fish are caught in Wonorejo Reservoirs. The methodology used observatorial methods and for water trophic level used Tropic State Index Method. Water quality in reservoir got the temperature ranges 29-31oC, Secchi disk range 57,5-98,5 cm. Chemical parameter obtained pH range, DO range 6,21-10,03 mg/l, CO2 range 3,9-18,97 mg/l, nitrat range 0,54-1,6mg/l and ortophospate range 0,005-0,168 mg/l. Chlorophyll-a values range 2,76-16,1 mg/m3. Primary Productivity 1,63-4,55 g C/m3/hari. TSI values range 51,282-61,080. The conclusion that water trophic level in Wonorejo Reservoirs are classified eutrofic heavy waters and fisheries potensial as much as 3963,252 ton fish/year. The results of the studied is expected to provide a reference to local government management and management Wonorejo Reservoirs in managing to appropriately , continuous and sustainable.