Traditionally, geography with the GIS tools was bound to modeling the surface of Earth. However, exploration of the extraterres-trial planets by various missions have led to creation of databases storing the models of extraterrestrial relief, images, and thematic maps. This data can be used for conducting GIS analysis using variety of tools provided by ArcGIS software package. This case study is focused on creating the thematic map of the surface of the Mars, which outlines the hydrological features such as ancient river channels.

The influence of wheat-rye translocation 1BL/1RS and allelic combinations of 7+9/j and 7+8/j on the genetic degradation of wheat dihaploid lines was studied. The results of the study showed close to normal genetic degradation, which is assessed on the basis of the presence or absence of 1BL/1RS translocation in the DH lines obtained from eight hybrid combinations.Due to the association between the allele encoding the Glu-B1 high-molecular fraction 7+9 and the low-molecular allele ‘j’ from the locus Glu-B3, dihaploid lines were obtained with certain combinations of high-(HMW) and low-(LMW) molecular weight glutenin configurations. This phenomenon could significantly limit the possibilities of combinational selection in some cases.

In India the onset of the Southwest Monsoon Rainfall over Ker-ala Coast and its advance over the country is considered of great importance to the economy of the country as it involves the rain-fall. The success or failure of crops, irrigation projects, hydroelec-tric power generation, drinking water supply, etc. in any given year is closely linked with the behaviour of the Southwest Monsoon Rainfall. Thus, everybody is anxious to know the date of onset of Southwest Monsoon over Kerala Coast and its progress and thus the quantum of rain with the start of warm summer month of May. India Meteorological Department (IMD) issues every year several types of weather forecasts. One such is long range Southwest Mon-soon onset and rainfall forecasts.

The speculations and forecasts regarding Climate change and the effects it will have on various populations have left no stone unturned. There have been various studies and there are numer-ous implications of Global warming on our planet. The projections of Human population by the end of this century, rising sea levels and declining biodiversity are major concerns for the Carbon foot-print we leave on Earth. But the most immediate one, and perhaps the one with the maximum impact worldwide will be Food short-age across Continents. This will have major consequences as we rustle between reducing our Carbon footprint and increasing Food production simultaneously as the margin to achieve both without affecting the other is very fine.

The effects of climate change on North Kordofan state ecosystems are severe, widespread and affect food security as well as productivity; hence in the latest years the state characterized by limited rain fall situations. Therefore, efficient use of micro-dosing fertilizers seems to be of vital importance to enhance productivity of the rain-fed crops cultivated in the area. The present research was conducted during two successive rainy seasons (2014/15 - 2015/16) at two locations. The research was carried out to investigate the effect of micro- dose of NPK with control treatments on yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The study concerned with pearl millet yield attributes such as: number of tillers per plant, tillers weight (g), 1000-grain weight (g) and yield (ton/ha). In case of cowpea the attributes include: number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight (g) and seed yield (ton/ha). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six replications. Data were analyzed using (ANOVA). In pearl millet, micro dose was significantly higher than control in number of tillers per plant and tillers weight found to be 24.12g in case of dose application and 17.80g in control. The results showed highly significant effect of micro-dose in pearl millet yield (p = 0.05), high micro dose recorded 3.30 ton/ha, while the control recorded 2.17 ton/ha. On the other hand cowpea produced the highest number of pod per plant under micro-dose (24.06) and (17.61) with control. The highest number of seeds per pod was demonstrated by micro-dose treatments which resulted in increased final seed yield of 2.65 ton/ha as compare to control 1.69 ton/ha. It was concluded that application of micro-dose of NPK had a significant effect in most studied attributes and shortening the maturity period. Therefore, to increase yield and yield components in the study area during rainy seasons application of micro-dose of NPK is recommended.

The present study was conducted in Sandakpur rural municipality and Ilam municipality of Ilam district between November to December 2018 with a view to determine the socio-economic conditions of kiwi entrepreneurs and their investment appraisal along with major production and marketing constraints. Study collected primary information from 41 kiwi growers, 4 district traders and 2 local marketers by administering semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire. Results revealed that the average cost of production per kg of kiwi was Rs.115. Similarly, estimated average marketing cost was Rs. 38 per kilogram while average processing cost was Rs. 180. Further, kiwi sub-sector alone contributed 20.44 percent of total annual household income. The result showed that the average net present worth, financial rate of return, payback period and break even volume per hectare were Rs.588662, 36%, 5.01 years and 1789 kg respectively. Likewise, average benefit cost ratio per hectare was 1.47 with maximum value of 5.29 and minimum value of 0.32. The highest price spread was assessed in case of processing channel of worth Rs.605. The study ranked wild animal attack as major production problem while inadequate storage structure was the most ranked marketing problem. Study suggested bulking kiwi production along with provision of storage structures and processing industries in the study area

Olive is a very important and useful fruit species that is cultivated economically in the Mediterranean regions. Yield and qual-ity effects of olive oil and olive fruits are increased by many methods, one of them is fruit thinning. Fruit thinning is an application to control periodicity as well as increasing fruit yield and quality in olive cultivation. In addition to olives, it is currently applied in apricots, peaches, apples and pears. In recent years, potassium salt of naphthalene acetic acid (K-NAA) started to be used intensively in thinning of various fruit crops. In this study, the effects of chemical fruit thinning by using naphthalene acetic acid as potassium salt (K-NAA) on fruit yield and quality of the table olive varieties Domat, Gemlik and Memecik was determined. NAA was applied at 120, 160 and 200 ppm at 12, 16 and 20 days after full bloom, respectively, and at 100, 120 and 150 ppm at 3 - 5 mm fruit length. It was determined that 160 ppm at post-bloom and 120 ppm at fruitlet stage gave the highest increase in yield. The highest yield was obtained from Memecik and the lowest yield from Gemlik. In terms of quality parameters such as fruit weight (g), flesh/pip ratio (%), yield per unit trunk sectional area, fruit width (mm), and fruit length (mm), 160 ppm at post-bloom and 120 ppm at fruitlet stage gave the best results. This research is very important as it is a method to reduce alternate bearing and to increase yield and quality in olive.

Wastewater is becoming an important alternative resource to reduce water foot prints in many sectors. Agricultural irrigation sector accounts for the maximum (approximately 70%) use of fresh water worldwide. With increasing scarcity of fresh water resources, many developing countries have been using untreated or partially treated wastewaters for irrigation. Aim of this review is to present the status of wastewater generation, treatment and reuse in irrigation across major developing nations. These countries were selected on the basis of high population, low national water stress ranking (NWSR) and data availability (Table 1 and 2). Further, current challenges of presence of pathogens, antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria in high concentrations in wastewaters reused for irrigation have been critically discussed. The wastewater generation data across these nations show a large range of 0.0805 - 58.92 km3/year, out of which barely 0.022 - 17.89 km3/year receives treatment. The vegetables (mostly lettuce) irrigated with wastewaters have reported high contamination of pathogens such as Enterococci, Salmonella, Vibrio, Clostridium, Klebsiella, helminth eggs. Similar results have been obtained for ARBs. Antibiotics concentrations reported in wastewater used for irrigation were up to 368 mg/L and up to many µg/Kg of antibiotics in plant tissues have been found to accumulate in edible crops raised with such waters. Antibiotics SMX and CIP were most widely present in wastewaters due to their excessive use in these countries as well as their persistence. Existing treatment technologies have not been found to be suitable to remove all these emerging pollutants from wastewaters. Moreover, lack of data on such pollutants from developing nations is the major challenge to tackle the problems associated with safe wastewater reuse and calls for appropriate policy reforms and development of upgraded technology to combat such issues. Therefore, it is suggested that regular detailed research inputs are required to ensure long term sustainability for a safe reuse of this misplaced resource to conserve human and environmental health.

Soil microbes show positive ecological interactions which promote nutrient recycling, decomposition and plant growth. To study the effect of different fertilizer sources on soil organic matter and soil microbial population in broccoli field, an experiment was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal from September 2015 to February 2016. The research consisted of ten treatments viz; recommended NPK fertilizer, Farmyard manure (FYM), Vermicompost (VC), Cow urine (CU), Bio organic fertilizer (BOF), (NPK 50% + FYM 50%), (FYM 50% + CU 50%), (FYM 50% + VC 50%), (FYM 50% + BOF 50%) and (25% FYM + 25% VC+ 25% CU+ 25% BOF) in randomized complete block design replicated three times. The study revealed that highest soil organic matter was recorded in FYM (50%) + vermicompost (50%) treatment (2.85%) which remained statistically similar with all other organic treat-ments. The recommended NPK treatment had significantly lowest SOM (2.06%). The highest bacteria population (43.6 x 107 cfu/g)and highest fungi population (11.0 x 106 cfu/g) were observed in treatment consisting all organic fertilizer sources (25% FYM + 25% VC+ 25% CU+ 25% BOF). In recommended NPK treatment, the bacteria and fungi population were 4.10 x 107 cfu/g and 7.1 x 106cfu/gin 10-6 dilution respectively. But, in the treatments consisting organic fertilizer sources, bacteria population ranged from 2.93 x 107 cfu/g to 43.6 x 107 cfu/gand fungi population ranged from 7.33 x 105 cfu/g to 11.0 x 106 cfu/g in the same dilution respectively. Positive regression relation was also observed in between soil organic matter and soil microbes. Therefore, organic fertilizer sources supported for soil organic matter enrichment and promotion of bacteria and fungi population in the soil in comparison to chemical fertilizers.

The experiment was carried out at four regional stations (Rangpur, Chandina, Faridpur and Kishoreganj) and JAES, Manikganj to develop breeding lines with better performance in respect of seeding time and growth. Significant differences were observed among the treatments for plant population, plant height, base diameter and fibre weight at Manikganj, plant height and fibre weight at Rangpur and Chandina station. Pooled mean over stations revealed that the tested strains C-2234 (4.37 t/ha), C-2236 (4.12 t/ha) and C-2281 (3.87 t/ha)out yielded both the check varieties BJRI Deshi Pat-5 (3.68 t/ha) and CC-45 (3.57 t/ha) in terms of fiber.