Urbanization and land use affect the quantity and characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in a fast-growing municipality. Man-agement of increasing amounts of solid waste has become a major challenge in many cities in developing countries. The present study was conducted for analysis of MSW in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City. For quantitative analysis per capita waste generation was calculated by using digital weighing machine and for qualitative analysis, waste is categorized into mainly eight category i.e. Organic, Paper and paper product, Rubber and Leather, Plastic, Metals, Textile, Glass, and Others. Stratified random survey was conducted in three sub areas: Rural, semi-urban and core urban city using standard questionnaire and KII for qualitative analysis and to know about present status of waste management in Butwal. The per capita waste generation rate of Butwal Sub-metropolitan city is found to be 244.33 g/day. The quantity of waste generation is found to be 47.56 tons/day and 17359.4 tons/year which include wastes from household, commercial and institutional sector. The overall composition of solid waste is made up of 54% organic, 17% paper and paper products, 15% plastic, 5% glass, 2% metal, 1% rubber and leather, 1% textiles and 5% others. After the study the composition of organic waste was found dominant among household, institutional and commercial areas

Postharvest loss is quantitative and qualitative food loss in the postharvest system which is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Fruit ripening is a complex process that dramatically changes in colour, texture, flavour, and chemical compositions. Tomato fruit ripening happens after harvest this ripening processes and storage temperature can severely affect the final product. Banana is a climacteric fruit with poor storage characteristics as it presents a high respiration rate after harvest and ethylene production, which make it highly perishable and prone to postharvest losses. This study was conducted in Arsi zone, Asella town. The objective of this research was to assess the postharvest supply chain loss of banana and tomato, Study the extent of loss in the supply chain (from wholesaler to consumer), put suggestive solutions to reduce such postharvest loss of banana and tomato. Asella town was selected purposely to study due it is known as major marketing activity in the region. In this study, the survey was conducted with about 102 respondents to assess for such fruit losses. The result revealed with 18.2% and 11.82% loss of banana and tomato postharvest supply chain re-spectively. Transportation, loading and unloading and storage condition were the main factors in postharvest supply chain loss of banana and tomato and storage condition is identified as the key issue for product loss

Selenium (Se) is an essential but highly toxic element. Its organic compounds play an important role in biochemistry and nutrition of the cells. Shortage or surplus of this element leads to the occurrence of socially significant diseases. Se concentrations in different regions of the world and its levels in different foods vary widely. Bulgaria does not appear in the World Atlas of Se, and the scarcity of data about the neighboring countries shows serious lack of Se, causing concern about human health in the region. As a result of the present study, data on the status of selenium in soils and wheat from 60 points from the main grain-producing regions of Bulgaria. The results show that there is a significant deficiency of selenium in the soil and especially in the grain of wheat, which is a major source of selenium and its entry into the human body for our geographical areas through the bread.

Geotechnical engineers often encourage geological disaster in ground related to saturated soil and unsaturated soil. Landslide, settlement and slope failure related to creep phenomena are typical problems in geotechnical practices. Creep behavior of saturated soils can explain including time-dependent on effective stress of saturated soil by Terzaghi effective stress theory. Some papers al-ready published to apply the practice problems related soft ground settlements. Landslide in unsaturated conditions was induced by changing of matric suction as one stress of unsaturated soil stress variables, and some experimental researchers have reported inter-esting test results and effectively models for unsaturated soil creeping deformations. This study conducted out unsaturated soil creep test, which suction controlling has a low range with two lateral confining pressures using revised unsaturated triaxial compression apparatus. Solving the practical problems regard to unsaturated soils consider the properties of unsaturated soil that are subjected to creep before occurrence instability of natural slope. Excess pore-water pressures were measured and evaluated matric suction in unsaturated creep test using pressure membrane technique that creep stress increased step by step till unsaturated soil was failure. Comparison failure condition obtained from conventional triaxial compression test under undrained condition and mean effective principal stresses against creep stress. It was found out mean effective principal stress reached to failure line. In addition, soil-water characteristic curve was investigated in order to interpret hydro-mechanical properties and relationship between unconfined com-pressive strength and matric suction was obviously useful that shear resistance of unsaturated soil depend on matric suction.

Fruit fly is one of the serious pest of Citrus. Among 16 species of fruit fly reported in Nepal, 6 species of fruit flies were found in citrus fruits. According to pest surveys done in Dhankuta and Sindhuli, the species found are: Melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), Ori-ental fruit fly (B. dorsalis), Peach fruit fly (B. zonata), B. tau, B. scutellaris and Dacus longicornis. Chinese fruit fly, B. minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) has created devastation in the sweet orange orchards in eastern hills of Nepal and the infestation rate have been found up to 100%. Unlike other Bactrocera species, B. minax is univoltine and oligophagous and adult flies becomes active from April to July. The two highly attractive para-pheromones, Cue lure and Methyl Eugenol used for many Bactrocera species are not at-tractive for this species. For B. minax, food based lure i.e. protein baits are used. Maintaining field sanitation by proper disposal of infested fruits, winter/summer ploughing, visual cue lures such as colored sticky spheres, mass trapping by using para-pheromones and food based lures, foliar insecticidal spray are the pest management strategies adopted in China, Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal. Area Wide control program has been launched using technologies: monitoring, Great Fruit Fly Bait (Protein Hydrolysate 25%+0.1% Ab-amectin) developed by Ecoman Biotech, China, trapping and field sanitation in the year 2018 which has proved successful in control of B. minax in the sweet orange orchards of Sindhuli

Semi-arid regions like Rayalaseema of Andhra Pradesh were adopted by programmes like Integrated Watershed Management Program in order to improve productivity and livelihoods especially marginalized sections such as SC/STs. These are poor, asset less, socially depressed, and economically backward. With this aim, IWMP provided financial assistance to improve their lives by engaging them through farm-based and non-farm based activities under the components of Natural Resources Management, Productivity Sup-port Improvements and Livelihoods for the period 2017-2020. To evaluate their performance and improvement, the study carried out a detailed field-based study with extensive field surveys; in-depth interviews focused group discussions, case studies and also collected secondary data for effective analysis. The results can be seen in the target-based activities of financial assistance and works provided to develop their land and livelihoods. This further led them to move towards sustainable development in all spheres of life especially, their self-esteem and social imagery.

In India, 75% population are live in rural area and agriculture fish farming are major occupation of them who are live in village. The total fish production of 10.07 million metric tonnes in India presently has nearly 65% contribution from the inland sector and nearly the same from culture fisheries. Actually Fish constitutes a major source of protein in our diet. Fish apart from being important in human diet, its fatty acid are currently under intense scientific investigation because of numerous health benefits attributed by them. The amount of protein in fish muscle is usually somewhere between 15-20%, but values lower as 15% or as high as 28% are occasionally met with in some species. IMC are demandable and easily acceptable for consumers, it can fulfil population demand for their nutritional value in everyday life and air breathing fish are not easily available and acceptable by all classes of consumer. Among IMC Rohu (Labeo rohita) achieve the 1st position as it can fulfil population demand for their nutritional value at a lower cost for the above reasons. Even induced breeding become more popular in IMC where as the anthropogenic activity is tough for air breathing fishes. Their seeds collected from the natural environment, but due to exposure of chemicals in land and water the population be-come enough less day to day. So we have to save them from the list of endangered species for their nutritious value as compare to protein and lipid.

The goal of this research was to investigate the potential use of Ricinus communis L. (castor oil plant) for the remediation of metal-polluted sites. This field study was performed in industrially polluted soils that contain high concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd situated at different distances (0.1, 2.0 and 15.0 km) from the source of pollution – KCM (Non-Ferrous Metal Works) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The amount of heavy metals in different part of castor oil plant (roots, stems, leaves, capsule, seeds) and oils was determined by ICP. The castor oil plant is tolerant to heavy metals. Bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor values were greater than one, which suggests that heavy metals accumulate efficiently in the shoots. The presence of low levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as high levels of monounsaturated acids result in the production of a high quality biodiesel. The castor bean is a plant that can be used simultaneously for phytoextraction of heavy metals from soils and as biofuel. It can be grown on soils heavily con-taminated with heavy metals, which are not suitable for the cultivation of food crops

Corona viruses are a family of viruses which are zoonotic, means they are transmitted between animals and people, if they come in contact.Investigation showed that SARS-COV was transmitted from civet cats to human and MERS-COV from dromedary camels to hu-mans. COVID means CO=Corona, VI=Viruses, and D=Disease. The impact of COVID-19 on the agriculture is devastating, complex and varied across diverse segments that form the agricultural value chain. This impact will reverberate across the larger economy and will linger longer than few months

Urbanization and land use affect the quantity and characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in a fast-growing municipality. Man-agement of increasing amounts of solid waste has become a major challenge in many cities in developing countries. The present study was conducted for analysis of MSW in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City. For quantitative analysis per capita waste generation was calculated by using digital weighing machine and for qualitative analysis, waste is categorized into mainly eight category i.e. Organic, Paper and paper product, Rubber and Leather, Plastic, Metals, Textile, Glass, and Others. Stratified random survey was conducted in three sub areas: Rural, semi-urban and core urban city using standard questionnaire and KII for qualitative analysis and to know about present status of waste management in Butwal. The per capita waste generation rate of Butwal Sub-metropolitan city is found to be 244.33 g/day. The quantity of waste generation is found to be 47.56 tons/day and 17359.4 tons/year which include wastes from household, commercial and institutional sector. The overall composition of solid waste is made up of 54% organic, 17% paper and paper products, 15% plastic, 5% glass, 2% metal, 1% rubber and leather, 1% textiles and 5% others. After the study the composition of organic waste was found dominant among household, institutional and commercial areas.

The family of palm trees, Arecaceae, provides to the incredible biological diversity in the tropics, and currently includes 181 gen-era and over 2600 species. Of these 2600 plus species, only a portion of these species have been molecular characterized because many of these species had little or no economic value to Americans and Europeans, so they have simply not been a priority to bio-prospectors, until now. The advancement of Angiosperm353® a biotechnology kit, can differentiate the inner workings of this vast plant family, and minute details can finally be resolved. In particular, there have been discrepancies between the species of the genera Attalea, which include agriculturally and economically important members, that share similar morphology, which are hard to differ-entiate morphologically. Every member of this genus have not been molecularly characterized at this point in time, and this manu-script proposes the use of Angiosperm353® to help resolve the inner workings of this enormous plant family, to help bio-prospectors correctly identify members of this genus.

Corona viruses are a family of viruses which are zoonotic, means they are transmitted between animals and people, if they come in contact.Investigation showed that SARS-COV was transmitted from civet cats to human and MERS-COV from dromedary camels to hu-mans. COVID means CO=Corona, VI=Viruses, and D=Disease. The impact of COVID-19 on the agriculture is devastating, complex and varied across diverse segments that form the agricultural value chain. This impact will reverberate across the larger economy and will linger longer than few months.

As we the whole world is suffering the deadly disease affecting people worldwide. No age specification, area, culture or anything everyone is getting infected with this pandemic disease Covid-19.Ages ago when some other pandemics attacked on world were Spanish influenza, malaria, chicken pox or others. At that time people also lost their lives and their love ones the whole families becomes a part of soil.

Tobacco is one of the important commercial crops of India and also called as “golden leaf ”. It provides employment directly and indirectly to 38 millions of people. Indian tobacco is exported to over 119 countries across the globe. During 2015-16, India’s un-manufactured tobacco (FCV and non-FCV) exports accounted for about 86 per cent of total exports of tobacco and tobacco products in terms of quantity and 71 per cent in terms of value in rupees. Out of the total Indian unmanufactured tobacco exports, FCV tobacco exports constituted 72 per cent in terms of quantity and 81% in terms of value. FCV tobacco exports were in the order of 1,51,670 Metric tons valued ? 3,495.81 crores ($ 531.48 million) against 1,49,700 Metric tons valued at ? 3,201.71 crores ($ 486.73 mil-lion) during the same period last year showing an increase of 1 per cent and 9 per cent in terms of quantity and value, respectively. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with reference to FCV tobacco; to examine the pattern of export destination of FCV (Flue-cured virginia) tobacco. To achieve this, annual export data on region-wise for the period 2010-11 to 2015-16 has been used and analysed by using the first order Markov chain approach. The study reveals that West Europe followed by Africa and North and South America are the best and loyal importer of unmanufactured tobacco from India. Also, it is suggested that India should not only depend on these trade partners only but also diversify its exports to other regions too