This research was carried out to explore the role of the appropriateness of farmer’s indigenous knowledge and their adaptive capacity to floods in An Giang province. KAP (Knowledge-Attitude-Practice), PRA (KIP and focus group discussion) and household survey have been applied to collect data. The results showed that indigenous knowledge plays an important role in adapting to changes in the environment. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) in different Zone (upper zone, middle zone, and lower zone) was decreasingly based on major components as social networks, knowledge and skills, natural resources, finance and incomes, livelihood strategies, natural disaster and climate variability. The research also suggested some solutions to conserve the valuable indigenous knowledge in adapting the change of climate of local people.

Maize is third most important crop of Pakistan that attacked by many insect pests, among all these Chilo partellusis a notorious pest of crop. Chilo partellus is caused huge economic losses of crops in Pakistan. An experimental study was conducted in insect Bio Control Lab at the Department of Entomology, PMAS UAAR during 2018 to check the effect of Cotesia flavipes on Chilo partellus under control conditions. Adult duration of Cotesia sp. was 41.46 hours. Rate of parasitism was 76 percent in 4th instar larvae of C. partellus. Mean number of pupae per larvae were 41-46 pupae per larvae. The mean pupal duration of Cotesia sp. was 8 days. Rate of parasitism was 73 percent in 3rd instar larvae of C. partellus. From each parasitized larvae the mean adult emergence was 28 adults per larvae. The mean pupal duration of Cotesia sp. was 9 days

Scientific and technological progress in agriculture is a system-atic progressive process of improving the means of production, technology and organization based on the widespread use of the achievements of science and technology.

Climate change impacts agriculture in numerous ways including rising average temperatures, rainfall, changes in pests and dis-eases, rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide, ozone concentrations at ground level and changes in the nutritional quality of certain foods. Therefore, achieving global food security for rising global population under limited arable land is a major challenge in the twenty-first century. Maize plays an ever more vital role in the growth of global grains. Maize being a C4 plant has a high yield po-tential as witnessed from highest compound annual growth rate over last decade. However, in many countries maize production has been plateaued due to full exploitation of hybrid and manufacturing technologies. Therefore, maize ideotypes with favourable traits architecture need to be developed for increased stress resistance and higher yield under changing climate. In maize abiotic stress such as drought leads to delay in silking that result in an increase in the anthesis-silking interval, which is a major cause of yield losses. Acidic soils also conflict with maize production (Zea mays L.) resulting in yield losses of up to 69%. In this review, we have discussed the current challenges and different breeding approaches for sustainable maize production under changing climate i.e. climate resilience. With the advent of recent advances in omics approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, great opportunity exists for development of elite climate resilient maize cultivars

In this research, the relationship between the agricultural frontier and production for Ecuador in the period 1985 - 2015 is ana-lyzed. It begins with a review of the existing literature, then, econometric models of autoregressive vectors and error correction are used. The results show that as production rises, an increase in the agricultural frontier is generated; results that are consistent when additional covariates are added. Among the main results, it is observed that the autoregressive vector model demonstrates that the variables (production and agricultural frontier) have a long-term equilibrium relationship. Also, the error correction model indicates that as the gross domestic product increases, the agricultural frontier expands. In conclusion, the results are coherent with each oth-er and reinforce the idea that the Ecuadorian economy in the period of the analysis is still tied to dependence on livestock products.

Previous studies speculated on the existence of an inverse re-lationship between the available nitrogen and the accumulation of defense-related secondary metabolites in plants [1], as a con-sequence of C:N ratio unbalance. According to this hypothesis, the lower nitrogen contents of organically grown plants lead to a shift from the N-containing compounds to the production of carbon-rich defense-related phenylpropanoids. It has been also suggested that this behavior is putatively linked to the increased resilience to pest attacks and damage exerted by organic plants [2-4]. Re-cent research [5] showed that long-term organic fields have been associated with no consistent difference in nitrogen and carbon content, nor in C:N ratio, between the organic and conventional produces. In parallel, pest attacks were preferentially settled on conventional plants respect to organic ones. Organic management reduced insect population but no evidence about plant nutrient unbalance was directly linked with. The study demonstrated that organic soil management promoted salicylic acid build-up, which resulted in discouraging plant–insect interactions. Indeed, salicylic acid accumulation was not associated with lower nitrogen content of organic plants but it depended on alterations in soil microbial communities associated with long-term organic management. The study showed that over-presence of specific microbial groups in-duced plant resistance to pest attacks. By this way, it can be pos-tulated that organic practices promotes plant resistance through derived changes in soil microflora.

The stabilization of river system is crucial in socio-economic development, especially in agricultural development, for example irrigation water withdrawal, flood drainage to reduce the impacts of flooding on crop production, etc.

Laser Induced Fluorescence spectrum of acetone extract of stevia has been excited with the help of a blue diode laser (415 nm, 10 mW) and recorded on a mini spectrometer. The spectrum exhibits three prominent bands at 444, 474 and 503 nm along with the well known chlorophyll bands at 685 nm and 730 nm.

A two-season field experiment was conducted at Gemmeiza Research Station, Egypt, during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to study the effect of some wheat plant distribution systems (2, 3 and 4 rows), three N fertilizer levels (80, 100, 120 kg N fed-1) and three K fer-tilizer levels (24, 48, 72 kg K fed-1) on the productivity of both crops and farmers benefit. Sugar beet was planted on both sides of the bed (120 cm width), wheat was planted in all intercropping treatments at 25% of sole culture seed rate. A split-split plot design with three replications was used. Wheat plant distribution allocated to the main plots, N fertilizer arranged in the sub-plots and K fertilizer is presented in the sub-sub plots. Wheat plant height and spike length recorded the highest values by wheat planting in 2 rows fol-lowed by in 3 and 4 rows was showed the lost values in both seasons. Simultaneously; the other characters of wheat i.e. spike grains wt., 1000-grain wt., no. of grains spike-1, no. of spikes m-2, grain yield fed-1 and straw yield ton fed-1 recorded the highest values with 4 wheat rows in both seasons. All studied characters of wheat were increased by increasing N fertilizer levels from 80 to 100 up to 120 kg N fed-1 in both seasons. Most wheat characters were decreased by increasing K fertilizer levels from 24 to 48 up to 72 kg K fed-1in both seasons. Most of the wheat characters were significantly influenced by the different interaction under study in both seasons. Sugar beet yield and its components as well as sugar% recorded the highest values when wheat was planted in 2 rows. Increasing N fertilizer levels increased all studied characters in both seasons. All sugar beet characters were recorded the highest values by using 48 kg K fed-1 followed by 72 and 24 kg K fed-1 in both seasons. Most sugar beet characters were significantly affected by the different interactions between factors under study in both seasons. The best land equivalent ratio (LER) and Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC) achieved the highest values with treatment included 2 wheat rows with 120 kg N and 24 or 48 kg K fed-1. Simultaneously, Aggressivity (A), wheat was the dominant crop and sugar beet was dominated in both seasons. The treatment of wheat planting in 4 rows with 120 kg N fed-1 and 24 kg K fed-1 recorded the highest values for both total income and net return in both seasons.

Field experiments were carried out using 20 genotypes for 3 consecutive years (2017-2019) under two randomly completed conditions (Zanaskar Kargil or irrigation rainfall) to identify high-grain infarct-able wheat genotypes obtained by a single parameter. RBD with three copies in each environment. Combination testing of variation showed significant differences for the GE (genotype-environment) cardinal. The results of AMMI (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) show that the first two AMMI (AMMI 1 - AMMI 2) are symbolic (P < 0.01). It became clear that the division of whole squares was a major source of environmental impact variability, followed by interplay and genetic type effect. The GE cardinal genotype is three times greater than the effect, indicating the presence of different environmental groups. The AMMI Invisibility Value (ASV) lost the G12, G18, G13, G14 and G11 genotypes, respectively. Differentiation to SE is not a physical selection criterion because most incomplete genotypes do not provide the best yield performance and, therefore, grain yield and ASV can be considered simultaneously in a single parameter-free index. Depending on the rainfall and irrigation conditions, the G1 and G18 genes and the High Grain Genome Type Selection Index (GSI) were matched to the results of the biplot observation

Linseed is an important, yet underutilised oilseed crop of the world. It can be used as food and feed, as raw material for pharma-ceuticals, industrial use, textile industries etc. It is an excellent source of omega 3 fatty acid and can be used as a substitute for non-fish eaters. The fatty acid composition is comparable to that of soybean. Apart from oil, it also contains good amount of proteins and secondary metabolites. The nutritional value of the linseed can be further improved by research in various fields like plant breeding, agronomy, food science etc. More knowledge is needed on how the quality of the oil is affected by various biotic and abiotic factors. New ways should be brought up to include linseed in our daily diet.