How long does the immunity inferred from COVID-19 infection last? What are the chances of contracting the virus again? How likely is reinfection with a new strain? What will be the severity of a probable reinfection? When will herd immunity against COVID-19 set in? Queries of such nature are puzzling not just the general population, but are also posing a formidable challenge to scientists and epidemiologists.

The primary objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of administration of isobaric versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Administering hyperbaric solution intrathecally is advisable for lower abdominal surgeries as the drug was found to produce a high sensory block when compared with isobaric bupivacaine. The longer duration of analgesia and the more gradual fall in blood pressure seen with isobaric bupivacaine are definite advantages over hyperbaric preparations. The isobaric preparation is of much help in perineal and lower limb surgeries

Chordomas of the mobile spine (C3 to L5) constitute less than 5% of the overall incidence of chordomas in the spine. They generally are osteodestrictve leading to vertebral collapse and severe deficits including paraplegia and quadriplegia. We present a case series of 3 sacral chordomas operated in a period of 1 year from 2017 to 2018 in a tertiary care center in southern India. Apart from clinical presentation and surgical clearance, we present our take on challenges faced by patients of extensive spinal malignancy to finance and care for their disease in a developing country bereft of state assistance in healthcare.

Postoperative haemorrhages (POH) after any neurosurgical procedure can be seen at surgical site or at virgin sites away from operative field, more commonly known as remote haemorrhages. Cerebellum is the most common site of remote POH while supratento-rial remote POH are very sparsely described in literature. usually benign in their clinical course but sometime can condemn patients to devastating morbidity and mortality. Due to the rare reporting, natural history of remote POH and its exact pathophysiology is not very well known that can put clinicians in a jumbled position. Multiple theories have tried to explain its genesis, of which most widely accepted are “Cerebellar sag theory” and “Drain theory”. Other theories that lack good supportive evidence blames surgical position, sudden decompression of intraaxial lesion, preoperative coagulation defects and cryptic vascular malformations as plau- sible culprits for remote POH. Their treatment is usually based on severity of clinical presentation and can range from observation to need of surgical evacuations

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pertains to the significant potential for brain parenchymal lesions after suffering cranial trauma. Individuals with TBI are at high risk for developing neuroendocrine dysfunction, especially moderate and severe types. This study was conducted to understand relationships between hypogonadism and outcomes at 6 months post-TBI and to studythe effect of testosterone supplementation in patients with persistent hypogonadism on the outcome of moderate to severe TBI.

Huntington’s disease (HD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are two neurodegenerative diseases for which different pathologies and limited commonalities have been described. Here, we report the second case in the literature of comorbid MS and HD. When comorbidity occurs between rare diseases, shared pathological pathways may be suspected and common genetic or environmental triggers can be hypothesized to ultimately advance the understanding of the two diseases.

urrently planet earth is in deep trouble housing not only the Covid pandemic with new strains like delta and epsilon and many people not willing to get vaccinated thereby spreading the virus globally, but our drug and non-drug addiction pandemic as well. Nora Volkow director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) estimated that opioid induced overdoses increased to 30 - 40 percent post COVID. In fact, in 2020, 93,000 people died from narcotic overdoses. In the face of the current Opioid crisis in America killing close to 1,000,000 people since 2004, and even more when we consider tobacco smoking, we are hereby proposing a novel approach to assist in at least attenuating these unwanted premature deaths. The current approach is failing, and other alter-native approaches should at least be tested

The article provides a systematic review of the results of the researches on the effectiveness of the application of functional elec- trical stimulation (FES) for low extremities during the rehabilitation of patients after stroke. It is considered the effect of using FES on the improvements of walking speed, kinematics and gait symmetry, the ability to overcome obstacles, as well as improvements in the range of ankle movement and foot clearance while walking. In addition, it is discussed the positive impact of FES on muscle tone, on reducing the energy consumption and the risk of falls during walking, increased confidence and comfort of patients when walking with FES. This analysis also considers the speed of patients’ adaptation and their tolerance for FES devices, provides a comparative characteristic of functional electrical stimulation with using other ankle orthoses (AFO).

Neurological disorder is recognized as disorder of the brain and nervous system. These disorders of different origin e.g. Toxic metabolic, vascular infection, immunological or traumatic (Leonard and Astun 1997), Neurological disorders pose a great public health challenges. They affect not mortality and morbidity but also enormous socio-economic impact on the patient and the family. In neurological rehabilitation patient goals are focused not only on improving independence in daily living activities, but also to enhance the socio-occupational functioning.

In Ethiopia, mental illness in particular depression is the leading non-communicable disorder in terms of burden. The purpose of this review is to provide latest available comparison of depression among married and divorced people in Ethiopia.

This commentary explores the neurobiology of spirituality and asks whether it is possible or desirable to apply genetic engineering to increase human spiritual and religious experience - (gene-spirituality) to deal better with the ever-increasing catastrophes that face humanity? Neurological connections between spirituality and reward genes, reward deficiencies (RDS) (hypodopaminergia), the mirror neuron system, and the default mode network are examined. Some interventions from addiction medicine that may be useful to enhance the neuro-spirituality connectome identified as a cornerstone of the Purpose and Meaning of Life as Reward (PMLR) are identified as reasonable targets for interventions to treat RDS and balance DMN activity.

Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic there is an increased need for assessments to be administered through Telehealth services. The MoCA, a screening for cognitive and memory impairment, has not been fully evaluated for the effectiveness of teleadministration. This study explores the MoCA as an effective measure for screening cognitive and memory impairment when administered electronically. College students were administered the MoCA via teleadministration and the Total Scores were evaluated (N = 90).