Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease (MND) with the worst prognosis with 4-5 years. Both upper and lower motor neurons in the cortex and in the brainstem spinal cord are affected. No effective treatments are available yet. Furthermore, in 10-14% ALS cases are involved with genetic defects, while about 90% cases are reported as sporadic. In fact, immune dysregulation causes the activation of inflammatory cells that augment the ALS disease progression. M2 macrophages have immunosuppressive activity, produces high level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and mediates tissue repair, noticed in diabetic and nephrotic mice. The M1-type of macrophages (M s), are pro-inflammatory and causes lung disease, like ALI (acute lung injury) and ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome). Recently, it was demonstrated that M2-type of M s are immunosuppressive, can induce boost Tregs (Regulatory T cells), and serves as a candidate for immune-cell-based therapy for ALS.

Spinal cord is one of the critical components of the human body connecting brain to the rest of the body. Any Injury of the spinal cord can affect strength, sensation, balance and mobility. Severe spinal cord injuries are often sudden and unexpected leaving a devastating experience not just to the individual but to the entire family. Trauma, road traffic accidents, falls, infections are some of the common causes of spinal cord injuries. After immediate stabilization by medical or surgical interventions, comprehensive rehabilitation is must to bring the effected individuals closer to what they were earlier in terms of functional and emotional wellbeing.

Ancient schwannomas are slow growing variant of benign schwannoma. Although commonly occur in head and neck region, the Sinonasal ancient schwannoma with extension into orbit are sparsely reported. Histopathologically, these tumours develop degenerative changes due to their long-standing nature and thus can be confused with malignant nerve sheath tumours or sarcoma. Diagnosis is made by combined HPE and Immunohistochemical analysis that reveals diffuse S-100 positive staining. Treatment of choice is surgical gross total excision. We present to the best of our knowledge, a fourth in world literature report of Sinonasal ancient schwannoma with intraorbital extension presenting to our OPD with abaxial displacement of involved globe and was treated with pure endoscopic gross total removal by transnasal route

Ivermectin, an anthelmintic medication used to treat parasitic infections, has gained recent attention for possible treatment of COVID-19. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-Co-V-2 virus. Ivermectin has been associated with severe adverse side effects including encephalopathy. Here, we report a case of a 76-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented with new onset encephalopathy following three days of self-medicated ivermectin use in treating COVIC -19 pneumonia. As a result of his altered mentation, he fell down 12-step staircase and experienced traumatic head injury with loss of consciousness. On admission, his head CT without contrast showed traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage bilaterally in the frontal and temporal lobes, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and nondisplaced left occipital and mastoid temporal fracture. No intervention was recommended at that time by neurosurgery. Patient’s Covid-19 pneumonia was treated with 5-day course of remdesivir and 10-day course of dexamethasone along with use of supplemental oxygen. His respiratory status improved overtime, but his neurological status continued to decline. Unfortunately, patient passed away after five weeks of hospital stay. Encephalopathy is a rare side effect of ivermectin. Our case highlights the dangers of self-medication in treating COVID-19 pneumonia. We would like to encourage health care providers to educate patients about the potential adverse effects of off-label ivermectin use.

Background: The therapeutic benefits and efficacy of repetitive trans cranial magnetic stimulation along with physical therapy in exerting the cellular and molecular aspects, and changes in neurophysiological markers during the functional recovery in ischemic stroke patients have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study is to determine the role of serum growth factors levels as a surrogate marker, using 1Hz rTMS with conventional physiotherapy in patients with ischemic stroke.

Introduction: stroke-related mortality and morbidity remain high, especially in low-income countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the clinical characteristics, the brain CT scan characteristics and the intra-hospital mortality of strokes. Materials and Methods: this is a descriptive, retrospective study over a period of 5 years, from July 2011 to June 2016. Included all patients hospitalized for stroke in the neurology department of Befelatanana University Hospital during this period with or without scanning evidence.

Background: Small cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neuroendocrine neoplasm most commonly arising from the lungs. Extrapulmonary SCC is a rare pathology that have been previously described in the literature, namely GI and GU tracts. The onconeural antibody anti- neuronal nuclear antibody type I (anti-Hu) is highly specific for SCC of the lung and, when found in the serum or CSF of a patient, warrants oncological workup to look for an occult malignancy

What is the reason behind the absence of the symmetrical trend between scientific and technological development and comprehensive human health? Where is the harmony between scientific and technological development with human health? On the one hand, why are we seeing the revolution of science and technology like never?

Choi applied the mentalizing model to describe the psychologi- cal impacts of coronavirus outbreak on a patient with borderline personality disorder (BPD); and considered how the lockdown ef- fects and COVID-19 pandemic stressors combined to increase the expression of psychopathology