The term dolichoectasia implies abnormal dilatation and elongation of an artery or vein. In the brain, this condition most commonly affects the vertebrobasilar system. The exact etiologic mechanism of the disease is unknown. However, many theories are suggested such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congenital factors (Marfan’s disease, Ehlers Danlos disease, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, Fabry disease and sickle cell anemia).

The development of the use of organoids, as well as adult stem cells, is the expression that the origin of the relationship between science ethics is complementarity.The ethical challenge of organoids lies in the fact that their cells in their development differ and form structures related to those seen in embryonic tissues.One of the challenges that bioethics faces in the area of organoids is the fact that today we are able to use cells in ways that we might not have imagined until a few years ago.

According to different publications, nearly 96% of all spinal neoplasms are metastatic tumors. It is observed that majority (nearly 80%) of patients with disseminated malignant tumors develop spinal metastases

Stroke is a common neurological complication of cardiac arrhythmias and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality unless diagnosed and treated. Sometimes it becomes difficult to discover cardiac arrhythmias in absence of ECG and 2-D echo findings. Here, we are reporting a similar unique case of recurrent stroke who initially was labelled as a case of cryptogenic stroke later found out to have cardioembolic stroke.

Some neurological and psychiatric disorders present with disabling symptoms for which presently effective, mechanism-based treatments are lacking. As a result, researchers all over the world are searching and evaluating newer drugs and also more advanced non-invasive therapeutic methods. One of these methods that modulate brain activity and may be useful in clinical practice is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). In this non-invasive procedure stimulation of electrical activity in the brain takes place through a pulsed magnetic field. rTMS is being evaluated for number of disorders all over the world.

This paper reviews an overall picture of conversion disorder to develop a clear and systematic understanding of its etiology, causes, and treatment.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a clinical but mostly radiological diagnosis with a wide variety of etiologies that is commonly underdiagnosed and missed due to the complete reversibility of its course. The pathophysiology lies in the raised blood pressure that disrupts the internal autoregulation within brain. Ours is a patient who presented as such, is a diagnosed case of B-thalassemia major. One previous author reported of PRES in gravid women with abnormal blood picture which being a rarity interested us in reporting this case [1]. Diagnosis now is more MR based but treatment yet remains elusive and mostly symptomatic.

The COVID-19 worldwide pandemic has profoundly affected our everyday lifestyle, yet in addition to human services conveyance and wellbeing frameworks around the world. Each pandemic begins suddenly, unusually and it surpasses the limit of medical frameworks [1]. Throughout this current year, wellbeing frameworks reacted to the pandemic danger with a lifestyle of general wellbeing estimates intended to both treat and sort the disease, yet additionally to forestall contaminations and critically, to set up the wellbeing framework itself for a surge of contaminated patients. One of the most well-known components to build a wellbeing framework and medical clinic limit has been the wiping out or postponement of planned and elective medical procedures.

Motor Neuron Disease (MND) or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a slow fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective and gradual motor neuronal death with unknown aetiology. The insufficient clearance of glutamate through the glutamate transporter and the specific distribution of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in spinal motor neurons, indicates that glutamate induced neurotoxicity is involved in its pathogenesis. NO is generated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which acts via 10000-fold effect to reverse the neuronal death. NO is destructive within 5 to 7 days as noted in earlier study by various authors. We have used intrathecal sodium nitroprusside to activate the 10000-fold effect to modulate the retrograde neuroregulation in MND.

Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by sub-optimal levels of mitochondrial protein, frataxin, and is characterized by hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Homocysteine (Hcy) is well acknowledged to mediate oxidative stress-induced toxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of several cardiovascular and neurological diseases.Here, we tried to explore the correlation between plasma Hcy levels with various biochemical, genetic and clinical parameters in FRDA. Assessment of Hcy levels in blood plasma of FRDA patients (N = 25) and healthy controls (N = 25) showed that mean levels of Hcy were significantly elevated (9.78 ± 2.7 µmol/l) in FRDA as compared to those of controls (7.0 ± 2.05 µmol/l). The clinical severity of FRDA, as reflected by the (GAA) expansion number in DNA (extent of genetic error), the decreased levels of frataxin protein (primary pathogenic marker), longer disease duration and the high score of Friedreich’s Ataxia Rating Scale (measure of neuromuscular activity) revealed positive correlation with plasma Hcy levels in FRDA patients.

Cytokines are small glycoproteins produced by several cell types, mainly leukocytes, which regulate immunity, inflamma-tion and hematopoiesis. They control several physiological and pathological roles, including innate immunity, acquired protec-tion, and an abundance of inflammatory responses. The research of cytokines starts in the 1950s. However, the exact identification of the structure and its function took many years to explore. The original findings were those of IL-I, IFN, and neurodevelopment factors (NGFs); However, these cytokines were purified and trans-ferred in their name years later.