In this work we present a review of the literature on the use of ionophores in dairy cattle elaborated with research on articles in journals, textbooks, dissertations, theses, projects, which cite this question. It discusses the types of ionophores most used as Monensin Sodium and Lasalocid, as well as its mode of action, presents the effects of ionophores on nutrients, discusses the use and risk of ionophores intoxication, ionophores for dairy cattle and performance results of calves and dairy heifers. The objective of this study was to study the effects of ionophores on the performance, milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation parameters and economic viability in dairy cattle.

The fruit mass and the longitudinal and transverse diameters of acerola fruits were measured in order to determine whether the selection of these characteristics more easily measured , leading to indirect gains in reducing seed mass , the increase in pulp yield and reduce the moisture content of the pulp. They concluded that for being heavier and larger weight of fruit pulp, you must first select the genotypes with greater mass fruit and among these, those that produce fruits with smaller cross-sectional diameter , since the evaluation of the two features is that the easier evaluation of the dough mass.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen, and dates of standardization cuts in yield, productivity and seed quality of Panicum maximum cv. BRS Tamani. Nitrogen fertilization, applied when inflorescence differentiation started, did not influence seed productivity and this seems to be due to the availability of N in the organic matter of the soil and by the fertilization of cover made 30 days after sowing. The average values of seed yield in the first year were up to 331.5 kg pure seeds.ha -1 . The cultivar in the second year produced 86.37% less seeds than the first year, regardless of nitrogen doses and standardization cuts.

Recovery of PO 4 3- and NH 4 + from the anaerobic digestion supernatant of sewage sludge and feed in the form of struvite using different concentrations of nutrients in two anaerobic digestion units submitted separately to the exclusive processing with sludge, as well as to the mixture between sludge sewage and crushed food. This process occurs in two stages: the first stage with three sources of magnesium MgSO 4 , MgCL 2 , MgOH 2 , and in the second stage added food crushed next to the sewage sludge in the anaerobic digester. For the increase in PO 4 3- and NH 4 + , concentration in the supernatant that upon reacting with magnesium precipitated during the mechanical mixing at different concentrations of NH 4 + and PO 4 3- , which condition the amounts of magnesium added in the treatment of struvite. Further removal of PO 4 3- , 83.8%, in MgSO 4 precipitates in the supernatant, at a concentration of 20% PO 4 3- . Struvite form to recover the phosphorus from the supernatant of the anaerobic digestion with the organic materials used.

The objective of this work was to study different types of incisions in white pulp pitaya cladodes to promote and anticipate rooting in the formation of seedlings. The collection of cladodes was carried out in clones of pitaya matrix plants. The treatments were: T1 = incision perpendicular to cut (control), T2 = incision bevel, 45º, T3 = removal of 1/3 until reaching the main axis of the cladode (pericycle), T4 = perpendicular incision of 1/3 on three sides of the cladode, T5 = without incision. The different incisions made at the base of the cladode provide a high percentage of rooting. Incisions can be used to obtain a more efficient root system.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly important animal toxin found in pufferfish, mollusks, arthropods, flatworms and amphibians. Although the toxin is related to several cases of food poisoning in humans, recent search demonstrated that TTX has a potent specific action in the blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). The aims of current research is demonstrates that TTX is efficient in therapies related to the nervous, circulatory and motor systems, besides those against cancer. TTX-producing organisms, its mechanism and studies on the therapeutic use of the toxin in medicine are provided. Further studies may reveal other therapeutic uses of TTX related to voltage-gated sodium channels due to its efficiency and specificity in the blockage of these channels.

The regional distribution and the relative risk of bovine tuberculosis are fundamental for directing disease control actions. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and relative risk of bovine tuberculosis in animals raised in different regions of the State of Esp írito Santo, based on surveys of tuberculosis lesions in cattle slaughtered in state slaughterhouses from 2009 to 2012. The incidence of tuberculosis lesions in cattle slaughtered in Espírito Santo was 0.23% and varied among study regions from 0.04% to 0.44%, being higher in the south of the state (44%). Muqui stood out as the municipality where it has a greater occurrence of injuries (1%) and the greater relative risk. The results evidenced the necessity of elaboration and adoption of measures according to the intrinsic characteristics of each region.