Adopting temperature-dependent interaction parameters in the Lennard-Jones potential, the vapor-liquid phase diagram of methane was produced using NVT Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo technique. Published second virial coefficient data were used to fit a simple two-parameter temperature-dependent model for the interaction parameters. The simulations were carried out in the temperature range 120-190 K. The critical density and temperature were evaluated using Ising-scaling model. Using the temperature-dependent interaction parameters in the simulation has reduced the root mean square deviation by 94.7% compared to the temperature-independent interaction parameters. The evaluated critical temperature was enhanced using temperature-dependent interaction parameters, whereas the simulations using temperature-independent interaction parameters predict a better critical density value.

Inventing new ways to recycle and reuse the accumulated byproducts is the most pressing and daunting challenge facing future process engineers. Millions of tonnes of Phosphogypsum (PG) is stacked in Jordan and worldwide every year. Numerous PG laboratory-scale beneficiation methods are already developed. This research is the first in moving PG Beneficiation methods from laboratory scale to pilot-scale using pilot Vacuum Belt Filter (VBF) to clean PG. In this research, VBF Pilot equipment is designed, constructed, troubleshooted and operated. This pilot study affirmed the difficulty in controlling the process input parameters in pilot VBF when compared with batch filtration. Full factorial (23 ) experimental study is conducted to study the effect of number of washings, number of passes, and acid concentration using sulfuric solutions on PG P2O5 content reduction. The three studied parameters showed a significant effect and their interaction was significant and contribute significantly to a considerable reduction in PG P2O5 content. The Pilot VBF was successfully operated to achieve an acceptable reduction of PG P2O5 content. In this novel pilot VBF research, numerous process insights were practically gained that significantly helped in optimizing VBF performance in reducing P2O5 content in PG.

Effectiveness of a pre-denitrification activated sludge treatment system is governed by the kinetics of the biological reactions, and the hydrodynamic mixing behavior in the reactors. Achieving good mixing conditions within a reactor not only enhances the transfer of reactants but also ensures homogeneous environmental conditions throughout the vessel when required, allowing for an effective usage of the reactor’s total volume, leading to optimized, low-cost operation. In this work, a pre-denitrification activated sludge system performance with regards to the biological treatment of organic carbon and nitrogen was investigated, under two scenarios for non-ideal mixing in the anoxic reactor. The system performance is simulated based upon the Activated Sludge Model 1 model’s biological reactions, and combining two non-ideal mixing two-parameter models: CSTR with bypass and dead volume, and two CSTRs with exchange. Performance discrepancies were then identified in the presence of non-ideal mixing. The system’s performance was found to be more susceptible to the presence of a dead volume/bypass scenario compared to the two CSTRs with material exchange scenario. Under non-ideal mixing conditions, effluent concentrations of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, organic carbon increased marginally, while effluent concentration of nitrate increased significantly. Similarly, the waste stream concentrations of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and organic carbon increased significantly as a result of an increase in the concentration of the heterotrophic biomass. The outcome of this study provides an insight when troubleshooting the operation of pre-denitrification activated sludge systems for non-ideal mixing conditions.

The current study examines the possibility of utilizing the Jordanian volcanic tuff aggregates as a source of many construction materials. Different mixtures were prepared by replacing the commonly used normal aggregate with volcanic tuffs aggregate to determine the best mixing proportion with similar size in different ratios as 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The impacts of this replacement on brick’s compression strength, dry weight and water absorption, transverse strength, absorption and weight of terrazzo tiles, loss Anglos and CBR values have been examined and evaluated. The results revealed an improvement in compressive strength of bricks at a replacement ratio of 25%, with concomitant reduction at higher replacement ratios, while water absorption increased as the ratio of tuff increases. Transverse strength of terrazzo tiles was recorded as 6.08, 5.78, 5.78, 5.21 and 5.19 MPa at substitution ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Utilization of volcanic tuffs resulted in a significant reduction in the dry weight of bricks and terrazzo provided lightweight material. CBR test indicated that this material can be used successfully in foundations and as a sub-base material. The obtained results buttressed the benefit of utilization of natural volcanic tuffs as construction materials.

Output regulation control for a CSTR benchmark problem is considered using a feedback linearization technique, where a linear control method is applied to the system for the purpose of maximizing the yield of a desired product at a specific operational temperature. Simulation results showed that the proposed feedback linearization-based controller strategy was successful in maintaining the desired product concentration at its set points, while maintaining the cooling jacket temperate fixed at all times, and the manipulated variables were maintained within their respective operational limits. The proposed feedback linearization-based controller provided very promising results, where it guaranteed a precise operation of the reactor with good performance in terms of a stable transition with no overshoot, and exhibited robustness by rejecting the tested disturbance in the form of a sinusoidal time variation in the reactant feed concentration.

Composting is considered an economic and effective method of recycling green waste (GW), because it helps protect the environment and encourages economic development. However, conventional composting technology is time consuming, generates foul smells, and produces immature compost. The GW composting process was conducted using an aerated static windrow with GORE( R ) cover membrane technology, in combination with an air-floor aeration system at the industrial scale. This study investigated the variation of physico-chemical properties during the green waste composting process. The composting process was monitored through the determination of moisture, dry matter (DM), bulk density, water soluble carbon (WSC), ammonium-N (NH4 + -N), and nitrate-N (NO3 - -N) evolution. The technology greatly improved the composting conditions and compost quality in terms of bulk density, moisture, nitrogen transformation, and WSC. The results obtained in this study indicate that using an aerated static windrow with GORE(R ) cover membrane maintain the moisture in optimal conditions by retaining the water within the compost itself increases the microbial activity and the rate of organic matter (OM) decomposition by microorganisms. Our results support the recent research indicating that nitrification could occur above temperatures of 45 °C and might be caused by the existence of microbial communities that are resistant to high temperatures and have the capability to nitrify. The decreased of NH4 + content and increased of NO3 - in the composting materials indicate that the compost has achieved maturity and is ready for use. The evolution of the GW by using an aerated static windrow with GORE(R ) cover membrane technology produced a mature product that can be used in agriculture

Petroleum oils are predominantly made of various hydrocarbons with trace compounds including corrosive aided compounds that basically known as the salts, organic acids and various forms of sulfur. The scope of the current research was based on the investigations of the effect of salts, organic, elemental sulfur and Mercaptans of crude oils on the corrosion rates of seven different types of ferrous metals that important in the industry of crude oil refining. As the procedure the important corrosive properties of two different selected crude oils and the chemical compositions of the selected ferrous metals were analyzed by the standard instruments and methods. There were determined the corrosion rates of prepared metal coupons from selected ferrous metals with the similar dimensions after certain immersion time periods with respect to both crude oils by the weight loss method while analyzing the corroded metal surfaces through the microscope also simultaneously analyzed the decayed metallic elemental concentrations from metals into crude oils and the variations of initial hardness of the metals. As the foremost outcomes of the existing analysis there were obtained the significantly lower corrosion rates from stainless steels which are having at least 12% of chromium with sufficient amount if nickel, relatively higher corrosive impact from salts especially at the lower temperatures, formations of ferrous sulfides, ferrous oxides, corrosion cracks and pitting corrosion, significantly decay of copper from Monel metal, higher decay of ferrous from some of carbon steels and slight reductions of the initial hardness of metals after the formations of the corrosion on the metal surfaces.

The main intention of this work is to study the adsorption rate and mechanism for the adsorption of Malachite Green dye (MG) onto Jordanian diatomite. A series of experiments were conducted under a variety of conditions such as the mass of diatomite, initial MG concentration, and pH of the solution. The mechanism of adsorption was elucidated based on different kinetic models. Experimental conditions showed a considerable effect on the adsorption rate. Alkali conditions promote MG uptake and increase the rate of adsorption. Approximately 99% of dye removal was achieved as the diatomite dosage increased from 0.25g to 1.5g. The adsorption rate-controlling step was found to be a combination of chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion, with the external mass transfer predominating in the first five minutes of the experiment

This study describes and evaluates the performance of producing a pure Helium fraction from Helium extraction facility designed for cryogenic natural gas plants. A generic concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction, which has relatively lower capital and operating costs should be provided. In order to achieve this objective, a new concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction from a crude Helium fraction, is proposed based on simulations run under diverse process conditions regarding crude Helium gas’ temperature, pressure and composition. This concept is characterized by; reducing the plant safety requirements due to the extensive separation of combustible components, and compact layout of Helium extraction plant. Further re-purification is included in the subsequent Helium liquefaction step through selective adsorption, hence then increasing the purity of the Helium product and reducing the plant energy consumption required for liquefying Helium-rich fraction and the valuable Helium boil-off routed from the storage facility. The Nitrogen-rich fraction is routed to Nitrogen liquefaction installation. Liquid Nitrogen is generated within Helium recovery facility for liquid Helium shielding and container cooling. Surplus gaseous Nitrogen either can be liquefied and used within cryogenic natural gas plant as process coolant or be vented to atmosphere.

This study describes and evaluates the performance of producing a pure Helium fraction from Helium extraction facility designed for cryogenic natural gas plants. A generic concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction, which has relatively lower capital and operating costs should be provided. In order to achieve this objective, a new concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction from a crude Helium fraction, is proposed based on simulations run under diverse process conditions regarding crude Helium gas’ temperature, pressure and composition. This concept is characterized by; reducing the plant safety requirements due to the extensive separation of combustible components, and compact layout of Helium extraction plant. Further re-purification is included in the subsequent Helium liquefaction step through selective adsorption, hence then increasing the purity of the Helium product and reducing the plant energy consumption required for liquefying Helium-rich fraction and the valuable Helium boil-off routed from the storage facility. The Nitrogen-rich fraction is routed to Nitrogen liquefaction installation. Liquid Nitrogen is generated within Helium recovery facility for liquid Helium shielding and container cooling. Surplus gaseous Nitrogen either can be liquefied and used within cryogenic natural gas plant as process coolant or be vented to atmosphere.

The measured kinematic viscosity and density and the calculated absolute viscosity for selected quaternary and quinary n-alkanol mixtures are presented in this study. The mixtures are composed of 1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1- heptanol, 1-nonanol, and 1-undecanol. Both the kinematic viscosity and density were measured for the pure components and several intermediate compositions for the selected mixtures at two temperature levels of 293.15 and 298.15 K. The measured data were used to test the predictive capability of different models. The McAllister three body interaction model and the GC-UNIMOD model showed the best overall predictive capability of all models.

Output regulation control for a CSTR benchmark problem is considered using a feedback linearization technique, where a linear control method is applied to the system for the purpose of maximizing the yield of a desired product at a specific operational temperature. Simulation results showed that the proposed feedback linearization-based controller strategy was successful in maintaining the desired product concentration at its set points, while maintaining the cooling jacket temperate fixed at all times, and the manipulated variables were maintained within their respective operational limits. The proposed feedback linearization-based controller provided very promising results, where it guaranteed a precise operation of the reactor with good performance in terms of a stable transition with no overshoot, and exhibited robustness by rejecting the tested disturbance in the form of a sinusoidal time variation in the reactant feed concentration

This paper presents a theoretical investigation to simulate the utilization of (PV/T) technology to drive an absorption refrigeration system that is used for air conditioning of a classroom under Jordan climate conditions. The absorption refrigeration cycle uses the hot water from the PV/T collector with an assisted electrical heater as a heat source in the generator. In addition to the capability to utilize the PV/T to supply the building by domestic hot water and electricity if no need to run the refrigeration cycle. This analysis was carried using excel program and theoretical equations for the system. It was found that (PV/T) technology is very useful for thermal applications with high efficiency. Also, absorption refrigeration cycle has a good coefficient of performance because it main ly depends on the thermal energy with low electrical energy consumption to run the pump. Moreover, this system has a short payback period, low energy consumption, low running cost, and minimum environmental impact. The results of this study show that the system needs about (84 m 2 PV/T collectors) to cover 16 tons cooling load.

It has been established that the presence of paracetamol in wastewaters can cause a potential risk to the environment. This work examined the possibility of using calcined gypsum in removing paracetamol from aqueous solutions. At neutral pH conditions, calcined gypsum was successful in removing paracetamol via adsorption, from aqueous solutions with a removal efficiency that ranged between 56.8 to 65.3 % of an initial concentration of 600 ppm. Increased temperature (from 20 to 500C) had a minor effect on the removal % of paracetamol while increasing the initial calcined gypsum dose (from 0.5 gm to 3 gm) and contact time (up to 15 min) increased by the removal % of paracetamol. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of paracetamol by calcined gypsum process was found to be spontaneous and endothermic, and more likely a physical process, while kinetically; the Pseudo-Second order model was found to be the best fit compared to the Elovich model. The removal process mainly consists of two stages, and it could be deduced from the kinetic behavior of paracetamol adsorption that the recrystallization process can be another rate-limiting step in the process.

The objective of this work is to study the separation performance of a tubular TiO2 ceramic nanofiltration membrane operate at low pressures (2 bar), and the parameters that would affect the membrane rejection behavior, such as the ions valences, ions type, transmembrane pressure (TMP) values, and membrane zeta-potential. The membrane was used to desalinate water samples containing NaCl, NaNO3, and Na2SO4 in single and tertiary salts solution. The rejection of ions solutions took the following trend: R of sulphate (SO42-) > R of nitrate (NO31-)>R of chloride (Cl1- )>R of sodium (Na1+). The highest SO4 2-rejection was about 62%, the highest NO31-rejection was about 51%, the highest Cl1-rejection was about 42%, and highest Na1+ rejection was about 37%.

The nine different technologies are constructed at the pilot scale in one experimental site at Al-Balqa Applied University and use the same wastewater characteristics as the inlet. Monthly samples were collected from the inlet and outlet of nine different decentralized wastewater treatment technologies for three years (June 2016-June 2019). The samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters including TSS, Turbidity, pH, COD, DO, NH4, NO3, TN, BOD, and E. coli. Removal efficiencies for the nine technologies are obtained for COD, BOD, TN, and TSS to be above 95%. NH4 the removal efficiencies for the nine technologies vary and found to be in the range of 27 to 76% while for the E. coli in the range of 65 to 95%. Further, data on energy consumption were collected for each technology and found for the nine investigated technologies in the range of 0.03 to 0.30 Jordan Dinars per treated cubic meter. The investigated technologies were evaluated, and the best options were endorsed. It is concluded that the adaptation of decentralized wastewater treatment will certainly help protect the hydrologic system in Jordan especially in the high lands where significant groundwater recharge occurs and a considerable amount of surface water flows towards Jordan Valley and collection dams.

The focal theme of this work is to assess the ability of Jordanian diatomite to treat MG-bearing effluents. Effects of several experimental parameters namely, particle size of diatomite, pH and initial MG concentration were investigated through liquid-phase adsorption processes. Several equilibrium isotherm models were applied. It was found that initial MG concentration, pH and particle size of diatomite had a significant effect on the adsorption process. MG uptake has increased from 99.3 mg/dm3 to 898.7 mg/dm3 over the whole concentration range. A high percentage of MG removal (99.6%) was achieved as the diatomite particle size decreased from 500-710µm to 125-250µm. The optimum pH for the removal of MG was=9. Freundlich model was satisfactorily applied to the experimental data.

The Integrated Collector Storage (ICS) has a great application in the solar energy field such as instantaneous heating with little initial and operation cost as well as its resistance against the problems of overheating and freezing. In this research, an advanced ICS was designed and investigated with an array of 1.5 mm thickness galvanized lateral steel plate fins fixed in the storage tank. The new design was examined from 7:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. The results show an increase in mean storage temperature and collection efficiency of up to 20% and 37% respectively.

The degradation of this zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP), at a temperature less than 246K often leads to the release of phosphorus, sulphur, and zinc which are indirectly responsible for the emission of poisonous gas from the exhaust pipe of the motor cars. Four QSPR mathematical models were generated from 39 structures of lubricant additives (LAs) and the structural features were found to corresponds to the coefficients of; internal correlation (R2 ) of 0.95, adjusted squared correlation (R2 adj) of 0.94, Cross-validation (Q2cv) of 0.90, and the external validation (R2 pred) of 0.54. The model suggests that new LAs with improved onset temperatures (Tonset) could be designed by interpreting and increasing the value of the molecular descriptor such as IC5 (Information Content index/neighborhood symmetry of 5-order) and Ve (V total size index/weighted by Sanderson electronegativity) and at the same time decreasing the values of RDF080m (Radial Distribution Function-080/weighted by mass), RDF110m (Radial Distribution Function-110/weighted by mass), P2v (2nd component shape directional WHIM index/weighted by Van der Waals volume) and R1e+ (R maximal autocorrelation of lag 1/weighted by Sanderson electronegativity). Moreover, the LAs with an experimental onset temperature of 351.6K agreed with the predicted onset temperature of 351.7K13a. And was also in agreement with the result of molecular dynamics simulations in which the LAs with the best dynamic binding energy of -2112.06 kcal/mol was tightly bounded on the simulated DLC mechanical coated boundary inter-surface and was also found to be better than the commercial LAs, ZDDP in term of binding energy and onset temperature. This investigation will help in rational additive design and synthesis of new and better selective Las

A low-cost and enhanced thermal properties composite material for sensible heat storage in solar thermal energy storage applications is introduced. The proposed material is produced primarily for small scale solar thermal applications. However, it can be utilized for large scale solar thermal plants. The material has the advantages of high thermal conductivity and large energy storage density. The introduced material is composed of a mixture of cement and cast-iron particles. To obtain an optimal mixture, different samples of the material are prepared with different ratios of the cement-iron weights. The thermal conductivity of the produced samples is measured by using the linear heat conduction method. The specific heat capacity of the produced mixtures is calculated by using the Rule of the mixture. The obtained results show that the introduced material has a significant enhancement in thermal conductivity. Where, thermal conductivity as high as ~6.0 W/m.K and energy storage density as high as ~788 Joule/cm3 are achieved. The estimated volume energy density is ~89% higher than that of water. The produced material has the advantage of high energy volume density, being unhazardous, chemically stable, eco-friendly, easy to fabricate, and integrate with solar thermal energy systems and is a low-cost material.

Hot fluid injection, the preferred method used in the recovery of heavy oil and in various mechanisms such as steam drive, cyclic steam injection, steam stimulation, has become the industrial method for increasing recovery. These methods were used to promote heavy oil recovery by reducing the viscosity of asphalt and heavy oil and increasing the mobility of oil in reservoirs. The experimental test was carried out on a core sample obtained from the Ghareb Formation in the Wadi-Rajil area using cold water, hot water, and steam injection. The maximum recovery of oil in the sample using cold and hot water was 9.75% and 27.3 % respectively. On the other hand, the recovery of oil using steam injection was 42.5%. Thus, steam injection yielded more oil than cold and hot water injections in this experiment; the steam injection influx rate was approximately 15 mL/min. The total oil recovery of the sample using these three mechanisms was around 80%. The steam injection can, thus, be considered a promising thermal recovery method for asphalt and heavy oil in the Wadi-Rajil area.

Composting is considered an economic and effective method of recycling green waste (GW), because it helps protect the environment and encourages economic development. However, conventional composting technology is time consuming, generates foul smells, and produces immature compost. The GW composting process was conducted using an aerated static windrow with GORE( R ) cover membrane technology, in combination with an air-floor aeration system at the industrial scale. This study investigated the variation of physico-chemical properties during the green waste composting process. The composting process was monitored through the determination of moisture, dry matter (DM), bulk density, water soluble carbon (WSC), ammonium-N (NH4 + -N), and nitrate-N (NO3 - -N) evolution. The technology greatly improved the composting conditions and compost quality in terms of bulk density, moisture, nitrogen transformation, and WSC. The results obtained in this study indicate that using an aerated static windrow with GORE(R ) cover membrane maintain the moisture in optimal conditions by retaining the water within the compost itself increases the microbial activity and the rate of organic matter (OM) decomposition by microorganisms. Our results support the recent research indicating that nitrification could occur above temperatures of 45 °C and might be caused by the existence of microbial communities that are resistant to high temperatures and have the capability to nitrify. The decreased of NH4 + content and increased of NO3 - in the composting materials indicate that the compost has achieved maturity and is ready for use. The evolution of the GW by using an aerated static windrow with GORE(R ) cover membrane technology produced a mature product that can be used in agriculture.