Aim:To investigate the bisphenolA(BPA)levels,which may be a risk factor in the etiology of endometrioma,in patients diagnosed laparoscopically with endometrioma with and without bowel involvement. Method:In the prospective cross-sectional case control study, 47 cases were included in the study, which were admitted to the gynecology and infertility services with and without bowel involvement endometrioma who were operated and diagnosed histopathologically. 43 patients were included in the control group. For serum BPA value, blood samples taken immediately before the operation were studied in laboratory. Patients and controls were compared with controls in terms of serum BPA values. Results:The mean age of the patients was 35 ± 2 in the endometriosis group and 36 ± 2 in the control group which wasand not statistically significant. There was no statistical difference between the patient and control groups in terms of menstruation periods. Serum BPA levels were significantly higher in the bowel involvement group compared to the non-bowel involvement group, as the distribution width was higher due to excessive values, and only 5 patients with bowel involvement did not reach statistically significant levels. Serum BPA level was 1084±1132 ng/L in the endometriosis group and 269±99 ng/L in the control group which was statistically significant (p<0,001). Conclusions:BPA levels were showing very wide range especially in the patient group. Serum BPA levels was statistically significantly higher in the endometrioma group compared to the control group. Therefore, in the etiology of endometriosis BPA may take a definite place.

Aim: It is known that most of the antiepileptic drugs have negative effects on the liver. Pinacidil is a nonselective opener of KATP channels, including the plasma membrane and mitochondria. Glibenclamide is an ATP -dependent K channel blocker ensuring the intake of calcium.Our aim in this experimental study was to examine the effects of pinacidil and glibenclamide on the liver tissue of rats with focal epilepsy.Method: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats (2-4 months old, 200-250 gr) were used in the study. The rats were divided into 4 groups, 15 in each group.The groups were divided into control group, penicillin group, penicillin+pinacidilgroup and penicillin+glibenclamide group.The craniums of the rats in the control group were opened and normal saline was given; Penicillin (2 µl 500 IU) was intracortically administered to other groups and an experimental epilepsy model was created. At the end of the study, liver tissue of rats was taken and evaluated in terms of vacuolar degeneration, lymphocyte infiltration, vascular congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, necrosis, and Kupffercell proliferation, radial alignment of hepatic cords, central vein and portal vein dilatation in hepatocytes.Results: Venous congestion, cytoplasmic vacuolization, Kupffer cell proliferation, portal vein dilatation and necrosis were distinct in the group to which pinacidil was administered, and distortion was present in the radial sequence (p<0.001). In addition, inflammation, venous congestion and hepatocyte necrosis were found to be lower in the glibenclamide given group compared to the control group(p<0.001).Conclusion: It can be suggested that pinacidil treatment caused negative results in liver histopathological parameters, whereas glibenclamide was more protective by reducing inflammation, venous congestion and hepatocyte necrosis.

Aim: In this study, utilizing the in vivo Copenhagen rat model possessing prostate cancer, we studied the possible impact of tumorigenesis on testes and liver morphology and whether riluzole(RIL)and ranolazine(RNL)treatment would have any affect or not. Method:Male Copenhagen rats were divided into four groups: 1) Control group, 2) Cancer group, 3) Cancer + 10 µM Riluzole 4), andCancer + 2.5 µM / 5 µM Ranolazine group. The tissue samples of testes and liver were taken and processed for light microscopy, including staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Results:In the cancer group, degenerated seminiferous tubules, cell remnants in the lumen were shown in the testis, and a decrease in the spermatogenic cell line was found. The deterioration in these parameters was milder in the treatment groups and an increase in the number of normal tubules was found.In the cancer group, pyknotic nucleus, mononuclear cell infiltration, hyperemia, vacuolization, disrupted arrangement of hepatocyte plates, sinusoidal dilatations, and degenerated hepatocytes were observedin the liver.However, there was a slight damage in cancer + 10 µM RIL, cancer + 2.5 µM RNL, and cancer + 5 µM RNL groups. Properly hepatocyte arrangement and sinusoidal enlargement were observed.Conclusions:This treatment can be considered a promising protective adjuvant candidate for testes and liver tissue in prostate cancer or cancer therapy-related damage.

Aim:Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is commonly caused by adenomas. Studies have shown mild inflammation in PHP and elevated levels of some inflammatory markers to support this. In addition, excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium (Ca) cause atherosclerosis by disrupting endothelial function. Mean platelet volume (MPV) describes the size and indirect activity of platelets and its value is expected to increase with inflammation and associated atherosclerosis. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is another parameter associated with inflammatory response. This study was performed to investigate the MPV and NLR levels in PHP developing from a single parathyroid adenoma.Method: Patient records from 2016-2021 were retrospectively scanned from the computer system and 40 patients with PHP developing from a single parathyroid adenoma were selected based on exclusion criteria. The values of PTH, Ca, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, phosphorus, MPV and number of blood cells were recorded. NLR was calculated. The results were compared with the results of 36 healthy controls. Results: MPV (8.7±0.6 fl and 7.6±0.6 fl, respectively; p=0.001) and NLR (2.6±1.7 and 1.7±0.8, respectively; p=0.000) were higher in the PHP group compared to the control group. Ca and PTH correlated positively with MPV (p=0.003 and p=0.000, respectively) and NLR (p=0.011 and p=0.023, respectively).Conclusion:MPV and NLR were found to be higher in patients with PHPdeveloping from a single adenoma than in healthy individuals.

Aim:To obtain maximal translational insights from animal models of depression, we need to know the meaning of behavioral parameters of animal models. The extent of construct and face validities of behavioral despair in the form of behavioral immobility in forced swim test (FST) is disputed. In this study, learning performance in a dual solution T-Maze and immobility on the 2ndday of FST was compared to shed light on this debate. Furthermore, we aimed to inspect the relationship between hippocampal glial densities and behaviors observed.Method:Twelve adult male Sprague Dawley rats were tested in the dual-solution T-Maze and in FST. Subsequently, hippocampal slices were obtained, astrocyte and microglia cells were stained, and the densities were calculated foreach subject.Results:The rats utilized different learning strategies to solve the T-Maze. But irrespective of strategy, the rats that exhibited an overall efficiency in their learning performance, remained immobile for longer durations on the 2ndday ofthe FST. No significant relationship was detected between hippocampal microglia and behavioral indices in T-Maze and FST. However, we detected a significant positive correlation with CA1 astrocyte density and T-Maze learning and dentate gyrus CA1 astrocyte density and headshake behavior in FST.Conclusions:The subjects showing a better cognitive performance in the T-Maze were immobile longer in the FST. This observation raises doubts about immobility as depression index and posits that it might reflect better learning. Our results also suggest that hippocampal glia cell types are differentially involved in cognition and affect.

Aim:To investigate the possible anticonvulsive effect of the selective COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam in pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures in mice and to examine its possible role on inhibition and excitation balance in the brain.Method: 30 BALB-c albino mice (16-18 weeks old) weighing 30-33 gr were used. Animals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6for each group). Group 1: control, group 2: received saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.) 30 minutes before PTZ (60 mg/kg i.p.) administration, group 3: received saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.) 30 minutes after PTZ (60 mg/kg i.p.) injection, group 4: received 60 mg/kg meloxicam i.p., 30 minutes before PTZ (60 mg/kg i.p.) administration. Group 5: received meloxicam (60 mg/kg i.p.) 30 minutes after PTZ injection (60 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were observed for 30 minutes and the seizure stages and first myoclonic jerk times (FMJ)were recorded. After 24 hours, brain tissues were removed and the cortex and hippocampus were separated for biochemical assessments. ELISA method was used to measure GABA and glutamate levels.Results: Administration of meloxicam before PTZ induced seizure, reduced seizure stages and prolonged FMJ duration (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with meloxicam increased GABA levels in the cortex and decreased glutamate levels in the hippocampus (p<0.05). Post-treatment of meloxicam after PTZ-induced seizure increased GABAlevels in the hippocampus (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results of our experimental study suggest that meloxicam has anti-convulsive effects and these effects may be mediated by GABA and glutamate, which are the main indicators of inhibition and excitation balance in the brain.

Aim: Cytosine modifications are the common epigenetic marks during cellular processes. The pattern of cytosine modifications varies depending on the tissues and the developmental stages. The interactions within the epigenome are complex, and co-existence of cytosine modifications provides understanding on their collaborative or distinct functions. This study aims to disclose the intra-nuclear co-location of 5-carboxycytosine with other modified cytosine bases in normal and cancerous cells. Methods: Co-localization patterns were assessed using an immunostaining protocol enhanced with enzyme treatments, and microscope images were analyzed using Image J co-localization plug in. Results: Findings showed that most of 5-carboxycytosine is associated with oxidized forms of 5-methylcytosine; however, some extent of individual localization was detected following different antigen retrievals. Conclusion: These suggest that antigenicity reveals variation in the detection of the co-existence of cytosine modifications. The spatial organization of chromatin may be expected to affect this variation and it needs further investigation.

Aim:Toevaluatethepredictiveabilityofbioindicatorsderivedfromcompletebloodcount(CBC)parametersandmonocyte-highdensitylipoprotein-cholesterolratio(MHR)inthediagnosisofradiologicalstageofkneeosteoarthritis(OA)inthisstudy.Method:Thiscross-sectionalretrospectivestudywascarriedoutbetweenNovember2017andJune2021,inourphysicaltherapyandrehabilitationclinics.65patientskneex-raysandroutinelaboratoryresultswereincludedinthestudy.Eachkneex-rayswereassignedagradefrom0to4(Kellgren-LawrenceClassificationSystem(KL).PatientsweredividedintotwogroupsaccordingtoseverityofthekneeOAasfollows.Group1:Mild-moderateOA(KLGrade1-2),Group2:SevereOA(KLGrade3-4).Results:IndependentTtestandMannWhitneyUtestwereusedtoassesswhethertherewasadifferenceinCBCparametersandtheirderivativesbetweentwogroups.Plateletlymphocyteratio(PLR),redcelldistributionwidth(RDW)toplateletratio(RPR)andplatelet(PLT)countsindicatedstatisticallysignificantdifferencesbetweenthegroups,p-valueswere0.04,0.03and0.04respectively.TherewerenosignificantdifferencesintermsofMHRscorebetweenthegroups.Conclusions:WecouldnotfindarelationshipbetweenMHRandradiologicaldegreeofkneeosteoarthritis.However,thereisacorrelationbetweenradiologicalstageofkneeosteoarthritisandhemogramparameterslikePLTandtheirderivativessuchasPLRandRPR.

Aim: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have many biomedical applications due to their unique properties (e.g., chemical stability, optical properties, biocompatibility, easy synthesizability, and multiple functionalizations). This study aimed to synthesize two highly monodispersed and stable AuNPs of different sizes (AuNP20 and AuNP50), modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and systematically investigate their toxicological effects on histological changes in the organs of BALB/c mice. Methods: AuNPs (AuNP20 and AuNP50) were synthesized, and their surfaces were coated with PEI and PEG. All necessary characterizations were performed. After the application of two different doses of intravenous injections (IV) of the AuNPs (0.5 and 5 mg Au/kg), their toxicological effects and histological changes in the various mice organs (e.g., liver, spleen, kidney, brain) were evaluated with multiple parameters 48 h post injection. Fourteen days after a single high dose (5 mg Au/kg) IV injection of AuNPs, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was performed to reveal their ultrastructural effects in the liver of the mice. Results: Stable and highly monodispersed AuNPs were synthesized successfully. Since the liver is the most critical organ in nanotoxicological evaluations, changes in the parameters of AuNPs were shown to have remarkable effects. Although there were no differences in the impact caused between the two AuNPs sizes, the microstructure of the liver tissue treated with AuNP nanoparticles with PEI or PEG coatings was similar to that observed in the control group. Microstructural histological changes in the other organs (e.g., brain, kidney, and spleen) were relatively less than those found in the liver. The PEI and PEG surface coatings generally increased the biocompatibility of the AuNPs. According to the TEM analysis data, apparent cellular changes were observed after a long exposure period in the AuNP groups without an additional surface coating. Although slight cellular alterations were observed in the AuNP groups coated with PEG and PEI, the morphology of the hepatocyte cells was generally healthy. Conclusion: The surface coating of the AuNPs was a more decisive parameter than the size of the nanoparticles in terms of in vivo histological toxicity. The stability, biocompatibility, and surface coating of the AuNPs were critical parameters for potential nanoteranostic applications.

Aim:Abdominoplasty is a common cosmetic procedure that is one of the most painful aesthetic surgery and has been used increasingly in recent years. Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intravenous (IV)form of ibuprofen on postoperative pain control and opioid requirement in patients who underwent abdominoplasty.Methods: The patients were divided into 3 groups as Group 1 (Tramadol), Group 2 (Ibuprofen) and Group 3 (Tramadol HCL+Ibuprofen). Tramadol HCL was given continuous infusion at a concentration of 4mg / ml via IV Patient Controlled Analgesia to Group 1. Ibuprofen800mg IV was administered to Group 2 at 30 minutes before the end of theoperation. Patients were followed up by administering 800 mg IV every 6 hours for 24 hours. In Group 3, 30 minutes before the end of the operation, tramadol was administered via PCA with continuous infusion at a concentration of 4mg / ml and 800 mg IV ibuprofen was administered as 4x1.Results:VAS values were found to be significantly lower in Group 3 compared to Group 2 at every hour and at the 4th hour compared to Group 1. Group 3 was found to be significantly lower than Group 1 in total analgesic consumption in all time zones.Conclusion: We think that IV ibuprofen, which will be given in addition to tramadol after abdominoplasty, can provide effective analgesia and reduce analgesic consumption.

Aim:To evaluate the effect of phacoemulsification level on postoperative central corneal thickness (CCT) differences and to assess the effects of demographic characteristics, biometric values and surgical parameters of patients on postoperative corneal edema.Methods:This prospective study included 232 eyes of 232 patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery. Biometric values, phacoemulsification time, phacoemulsification power and effective phacoemulsification time (EPT) were evaluated. CCT measurements were repeated at follow-ups on days 1, 7 and 30 after surgery. Phaco-chop technique was performed in all patients and phacoemulsification level changes that occurred during surgery were recorded. Patients were grouped as Group 1: >75% of lens nucleus emulsified in capsular bag; Group 2: >75% of lens nucleus emulsified in iris plane; and Group 3: >50% of lens nucleus emulsified in anterior chamber. Results: Increase in the mean CCT values on the first day (incCCT1) and at the first week after surgery were more pronounced in Group 3 as compared with both Groups 1 and 2 (p< 0.05 for all). In addition, incCCT1 was higher in Group 2 than Group 1 (p=0.040). In the final model of multiple linear regression (R2=0.31), it was determined that EPT, aqueous depth (AD) and phacoemulsification level significantly affected incCCT1 (p range:<0.001 to 0.009).Conclusions:The present study showed that more anterior phacoemulsification levels than the capsular bag caused higher CCTincrease postoperatively. In addition, AD, EPT and phacoemulsification level were found as the most significant factors that influence postoperative corneal edema.

Aim:To evaluate the contribution of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to distinguish between the four clinical stages and pathological grading in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) on 3T MRI.Methods:MRI of 93 patients with histopathological diagnosis of clear cell RCC were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical stage was evaluated according to American Joint Committee on Cancer and histopathological examination was evaluated accordingto the Fuhrman grading system. ADC values were compared for each clinical stage and pathological grade.Results:Clinical stages were I in 51 patients (54.8%), II in 14 patients (15%), III in 15 patients (16.1%), and IV in 13 patients (13.9%). The Fuhrmangrade of the patients were I in 8 (8.6%) patients, II in 55 (59.1%) patients, III in 23 (24.7%) patients and IV in 7 (7.5%) patients.Clinical stage I and Fuhrman grade I had significantly higher ADC values than all groups (p<0.001). The sensitivity was 81% and the specificity was 80.4% when the optimum cut-off value of ADC was taken as 1.41×10-3mm2/s to differentiate between clinical stage I and other stages (II, III, and IV) (AUC:0.910; 95CI:0.855-0.964; p<0.001).The optimum cutoff value of ADC was taken as 1.67×10-3mm2/s to differentiate between Fuhrman grade I and other grades (II, III and IV), the sensitivity was 88.2% and the specificity was 100% (AUC: 0.927; 95CI: 0.872-0.983; p<0.001).Conclusions:In patients with renal mass suggestive of clear cell RCC in imaging studies; The possibility of lymph node or distant metastatic lesion should be considered in patients with an ADC of the primary tumor site less than 1.41×10-3mm2/s, and the presence of distant metastasis in patients with an ADC less than 1.22×10-3mm2/s.

Aim:Metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors and accompanying silent cerebral ischemia (SCI) may cause cognitive decline. The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics and association between SCIs and cognitive functions in young and middle-aged patients with MetS.Methods: A total of91 patients who were aged between 20-60 years with a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome were prospectively enrolled. Silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs) were analyzed by performing 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Attention and executive functioning were assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligent scale-Revised (WAIS-R), verbal fluency, Stroop, and clock drawing test. Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) visual reproduction and Öktem verbal memory processes tests were conducted to determine visual and verbal memory performance, whereas visuospatial functions were evaluated by the Benton judgmentof line orientation test. Results: Diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were significantly higher, while educational level was lower in patients with SCIs than without SCIs. (p<0.001, p=0.034, p=0.05, respectively). Cognitive test scores regarding attention and executive functioning, verbal, visual, and visuospatial memory showed no significant difference between patients with SCIs and without SCIs. However, hyperhomocysteinemia was negatively correlated with executive functions in MetS patients with SCI (p= 0.038).Conclusions:SCIs may be associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in young and middle-aged patients with MetS. In addition, controlling homocysteine levels might be beneficial in MetS patients with SCI in terms of improving cognitive functions.