Geçen iki yüzyil içinde Türkiye kademeli olarak extansif tarimdan entansif tarima geçmistir. Bu dönem içinde de küçük üretici, tarimsal politikalarin yaratilmasinda etkili olmustur. Zaman içinde nüfus kirdan kente kaymis ve ülke kentlesmeye baslamistir. Bu dönem 19. yüzyilin ikinci yarisindan günümüze kadar gelen Utangaç Modernite, Radikal Modernite, Popülist Modernite ve Modernite Projesinin Asinmasi basliklari altinda incelenmistir. Bu asamalar içinde geçimlik tarimdan, iç ve dis piyasalar için ticari tarima geçis gerçeklesmistir. Teknik ve entansif tarim yapilmaktadir. Sanayiyle entegrasyonu ve verimliligi yükselmistir. Kirsal alanlar kent kapsami içine alinmistir. Artik tarim sorunlarinin çözümü için yapilacak çalismalari yalniz tarim/köy kavramlari içinde ele alma olanagi kalmamistir. Artik modernis

Economics resemble physics. Like in physics, there are constants and positive negative forces in economics. In the short term, the most important factor in economics is the yield of the fixed capital, the maximum profit rate. The opposing forces are workers and capitalists. While the maximum profit rate is data, workers and capitalists fight to income distribution. External or political interventions can increase share of workers (the government) that they get from maximum profit. But since the capitalists can price according to their profit targets, the Income are distributed according to the profit targets of capitalists. Inflation and income distribution are determined by capitalists. Articles, price dynamics (inflation) in Turkey during the period 2009-2017 are analyzed according to income distribution.

Çalisma, Türkiye’de inovasyon odakli ampirik çalismalarin sistematik bir özetini vermeyi amaçlamaktadir. Bu özet ile ampirik çalismalarin yogunlastigi alanlar, temel bulgulari ve bu bulgular isiginda konuyla ilgili veri eksikligi ve üzerine odaklanilmasi gereken diger ilgili arastirma konularinin tanimlanmasi hedeflenmektedir. Çalismanin diger hedefi firmalar açisindan inovasyon önünde beliren engelleri tespit etmek ve çözüm önerilerini ortaya çikarmaktir.

Under imperfect competition model of trade, we analyze the impact of migration on the source and receiver economies which are different in size. Firms located in each economy are heterogeneous. Migration occurs due to wage differentials from the small economy to the large one. In the presence of a one-way trade with a tariff set by the small economy, a homogenous good is produced under Cournot competition in each country. Receiving migrants benefits the big economy while departure of migrants hurts the small economy. No trade-policy response, by the small economy, is effective to compensate for the loss of welfare.

High prices restrict access to academic journals and books that scholars rely upon to author new research. One possible solution is the expansion of copyright exceptions allowing unauthorized access to copyrighted works for researchers. I test the link between copyright exceptions for health and science researchers and their publishing output at the country-subject level. I find that scientists residing in countries that implement more robust research exceptions publish more papers and books in subsequent years. This relationship between copyright exceptions and publishing is stronger in lower-income countries, and stronger where there is stricter copyright protection of existing works.