In this study, we use Human Capital matrices constructed by education, age group and gender to investigate how wage and salary employment evolved during the 2005-2018 period. The objective is to provide a demand side explanation predicated on the premise “human capital increases productivity.” To help assess the role of supply side constraints, a brief background review of the changes in human capital endowments of the working age population is provided. The analyses are based on micro data from the Quarterly Household Labor Force Survey.

The World Economic Forum (WEF) declared that the greatest risk on the global economy is ‘global warming and climate change’ in the Global Risks Report 2020. Floods, droughts, desertification, loss of animal and plant species caused by climate change and eventually early human deaths due to air pollution are regressing the current socioeconomic status of countries besides eroding resources devoted to economic development. While advanced industrial countries which responsible for the climate change are reducing their carbon emissions dramatically, newly industrializing countries, including Turkey, are increasing the amount of carbon they release into the atmosphere. Turkey, having signed the agreement aiming at global warming fight together with other 195 countries at the 2015 UN Paris on Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP21), should make urgent fundamental changes in energy policy. In this context, Turkey ought to focus on renewable energy sources like the sun and mainly wind.

Rationality is one of the most used concepts in social sciences. In this sense, each economic school gives legitimacy to its model with a certain definition of rationality, which reveals the difference behind the views: This difference stems from rationality. The reason why rationality is used in different meanings is that the decision-making skills, knowledge, uncertainty and balance conditions of the models in question vary. However, different views on rationality are not only seen in economics; from the moment rationality emerged, different views within the schools of philosophy form the basis for the current debate. In this sense, the aim of the study is to make a comparison for economic schools by recalling the emergence and development of this concept, which has such an ancient history and directs economic models. To achieve this goal, a literature review has been carried out.

Homoeconomicus is becoming less and less involved in current neo-classical economic theories. Is this also an indication that the «laissez faire» liberal economic understanding is over? Based on these questions, we wanted to compare the social engineers of Lippmann and Bernays, who are the thinkers of neo-liberalism in the early XX century, and that of «behavioral economists» in particular with Thaler (2017). Their aim is to establish the social model of a new liberalism (neo-liberalism), which is supposed to replace old liberalism, where market rationality is considered the only true. And in our opinion, this social project is more monotonous than before and has obvious authoritarian features.

In this article, we aim at reassessing the role of Robert College in Turkish modernization from a Weberian perspective. Focusing our attention on Cyrus Hamlin’s Among the Turks (1878) and My Life and Times (1912), we claim that the impact of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (henceforth, American Board) has become more significant and transparent among the Ottoman Turks after the missionaries at Robert College introduced a pedagogical system that did not only rely on the religious teachings of Protestantism but also on Protestant work ethics that students were able to adopt in their daily lives. Since the establishment of Robert College in 1871, the American Board has cared more about teaching pragmatist and secular principles than spreading the Protestant religion. We conclude that Turkish students who graduated from Robert College did not convert to Christianity; they rather have become reformist citizens who embraced the Protestant work ethics and believed in secular life styles for generations.

The economic structure of the Ottoman State had a pre-capitalism quality. Therefore, some principles are mentioned in the Ottoman economic mindset as they are applicable to all pre-capitalism societies. These principles on which Ottoman rationality is based are provisionalism, traditionalism, and fiscalism. These principles formed a framework of reference in the economic life of the Ottoman people.

In this study, we use Human Capital matrices constructed by education, age group and gender to investigate how wage and salary employment evolved during the 2005-2018 period. The objective is to provide a demand side explanation predicated on the premise “human capital increases productivity.” To help assess the role of supply side constraints, a brief background review of the changes in human capital endowments of the working age population is provided. The analyses are based on micro data from the Quarterly Household Labor Force Survey.