A evolutionary-institutional point of view to economics, at least to modern economics, is to become a necessity to find out how a variety of institutions and environments had an effect on the economic theories of the old. This is because finding an economic theory not blended with institutinoalism is, as it can be recognized, not possible. The relationship between people and institutions is not unilateral but reciprocal relationship. If one does not assume that an economist is exempt from this relation then the theory which was worked out by the economist will be the product of the relation. Wesley Clair Mitchell evaluates Adam Smith’s magnum opus with reference to this relationship.

The falling rate of profit is one of the most popular and controversial crisis theories in the political economy. The theory implies that the rate of profit tends to decline due to the increase in the organic composition of capital which will both produce regular crises and bring the end of capitalism in the long run. However, debates continue about the internal consistency of the theory and whether empirical studies support the theory. The purpose of our article is to examine the extent to which the theory can shed light on capitalist crises by critically reviewing the literature.

The concept of sustainable development, which has been closely followed, has become a trend for business organizations that desire to continue their existence in the market for a long term, as well as creating future value. Especially with the ongoing economic crisis since 2008, it has been revealed that the GDP, which is only a numerical reflection, does not fully supply the welfare level of the countries and it is not a determinant for value creation in the long view. The development level of the society should be evaluated together with the approaches to social and ecological phenomena, as well as economic data. In this context, various studies have been made to improve social performance at a global level. Among these studies, the Sustainable Development Goals, a national declaration published by the United Nations in 2015, emphasize the world’s most remarkable financial, natural and social challenges with the aim of improving social welfare and raising global awareness. The Guideline contains 17 target indicators that are aimed to be achieved by 2030. The most important basis that separates the Sustainable Development Goals from other existing studies; in addition to emphasizing that global welfare cannot be determined solely in the light of economic data, it also designs the event in 17 non-independent perspectives in line with the target indicators the Guideline contains. In this study, the level of our country will be examined with the modeling of Sustainable Development Goals.

The effects of R&D activities on economic growth and distribution relations have been studied for a long time. In particular, R&D activities occupy an important place in the economic growth literature. R&D activities are the basis of technological development. The effect of technological improvements from R&D studies in economic growth relations on income distribution has an important issue in contemporary economic discussion. The driving force of discussion is the rise of income inequality worldwide during the neo-liberal era. This study aims to examine whether R&D activities have an impact on economic growth and distribution relations. R&D expenditures, R&D intensity, R&D human resources and patent numbers, which are indicators of R&D activities, and Gini coefficient, which is an indicator of real GDP and distributional relations, are taken as variables. The relationship between the variables was analyzed with Hacker and Hatemi-J bootstrap causality test by establishing an econometric model.