Nutraceuticals provides medical and health benefits including the prevention and treatment of a disease. Nutraceuticals are naturally derived bioactive compounds that are found in foods, dietary supplements and herbal products, and have health promoting, disease preventing and medicinal properties. Nutraceuticals are the substances which are not traditionally recognized nutrients but which have positive physiological effects on the human body. Nutraceutical has advantage over the medicine because they avoid side effects. Nutraceuticals are classifying on the basis of their natural source, chemical grouping, nutrients, herbals, dietary supplements and dietary fiber. Herbal nutraceutical is used in maintaining health and act against nutritionally induced acute and chronic diseases, thereby promoting optimal health, longevity, and quality of life. The nutraceutical revolution will lead us into a new era of medicine and health, in which the food industry will become research oriented to the pharmaceutical industry. The present review has been devoted towards understanding of the nutraceuticals from different medicinal plants based on their disease specific indications.

The influence of the modified nucleotide arabinofuranosylcytosine-5`-monophosphate in the form of the free acid (Ara-CMP) and its salts with emoxipin (Ara-CMP+Em) on the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the lymphocyte proliferation of mitogen-stimulated cells was studied. It was shown that emoxipin - the compound with strong antioxidant properties - does not lead to inhibition of the main function of the antimetabolite Ara-CMP, namely, cell growth arrest (p = 0.96) and lysis of target cells (p = 0.97). Under the conditions of nonspecific stimulation of lymphocytes, Ara-CMP at high concentrations (10-4 M) increased in both IFN?-secreting T-lymphocytes (five times) and IFN?-secreting other lymphocytes (three times). Emoxipin led to almost complete leveling of the detected effect.

The essential oils and fatty constituents of Capparis spinosa as an important medicinal plant were extracted in petroleum ether and tested as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. The components of the petroleum ether extract were identified by spectroscopic analysis using GC/MS. The spectral analysis showed that this extract contains mainly tetracosane (14.368%), methyl-cyclopentane (11.979%), heptadecane (11.794%), heptacosane (10.098%), eicosane (3.481%), vitamin E (4.280%), a-Cadinol (3.079%), Spathulenol (0.868%), a-Curcumene (1.188%), Muurolol (0.917%), phytol (1.727%), trans geranyl geraniol (0.862%), Palmitic acid (1.132%) and stigmasterol (2.172%). The functional chemical groups were estimated using Fourier transform infrared” FTIR” spectroscopy. The main phytochemical constituents present in this extract were quantitatively estimated. The antioxidant scavenging activity of petroleum ether extract was also examined using DPPH·, FIC, ABTS+· and FRAP assays. The petroleum ether extract of C. spinosa expressed a good antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity of C. spinosa extract was evaluated against several pathogenic bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneunomonia, Erwinia carotovora and Escherichia coli in addition to Candida albicans as pathogenic fungal strain. The extract exhibited a broad antimicrobial spectrum against the tested microorganisms. MIC and MBC of the extract were determined. The results showed inhibitory activity against all the tested organisms while showed cidal activity against only B. subtilis, K. pneunomonia and C. albicans.

The purpose of this research study is to prepare Exametazime (d,l-HMPAO) kit for labeling with 99m-technetium radionuclide as a brain perfusion diagnostic system. In first step, the active pharmaceutical ingredient d,l-HMPAO was prepared in two steps with the purity of 99.29 %. Its molecular structure was characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. In second step, the d,l-HMPAO kit was prepared using six different formulations and labeled by technetium-99m radionuclide. The high radiochemical yield was attributed to the high amount of SnCl2 and adding phosphate buffer. The animal studies were conducted on three-month old male Wistar rats. The biodistribution studies revealed that, the mean activity in brain of all rats was above 1% ID/g. This showed the high isomerism purity of the synthesized compound (d,l-HMPAO) and optimization of the suggested formulations.

Cinnamic acid analogues are naturally occurring compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and flowers. It is used as dietary phenolic compounds and play vital role in the preparation of essential intermediate compounds which are crucial for the making of various pharmaceutical components. Cinnamic acid and its analogues are studied for its various types of biological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antidepressants, insect repellents, antidiabetic and anticholesterolemic etc. Various substitutions on cinnamic acid moiety lead to different types of pharmacological activities such as m-hydroxy or p-methoxy group on cinnamic acid is significantly vital functional groups as an efficient insulin releasing compound while 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid or caffeic acid showed hepatoprotective activity. Cinnamic acid analogues are showed variety of biological activities along with their milder to moderate adverse effects which are become obstacle for the clinical use of cinnamic acid analogues. So for the suitable use of cinnamic acid analogues, it is yet to investigate to decrease or terminate its adverse effects.

The species belonging to the genus Pulicaria are well known for their traditional uses in folklore medicine, active chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the active constituents, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial potential of Pulicaria incisa (lam.) DC extracts. Ethyl acetate and diethyl ether extracts of the dried aerial parts of P. incisa were prepared. The active secondary constituents (alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids and tannins) were quantitatively determined. The active constituents in the ethyl acetate extract were higher than those of diethyl ether extract. The ethyl acetate extract expressed higher antioxidant activity in terms of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging assay in comparison with ascorbic acid as a reference standard. The antimicrobial activity analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate extract expressed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Erwinia carotovora and Candida albicans while that of diethyl ether expressed activity against Bacillus subtillis, Erwinia carotovora and Candida albicans. In conclusion the anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity of the studied extracts of P. incisa may be attributed to its richness with the medicinally active metabolites.

This study was conducted to determine the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of growing rabbits fed diet supplemented with Indigofera zollingeriana leaf meal (IZM). A total number of Fifty (50) growing rabbits of between seven and eight weeks of age were randomly assigned to five treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Each group was replicated five times with two rabbits per replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated such that T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 was supplemented with IZM at 0g, 2.5g, 5.0g, 7.5g and 10g respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The hematological parameters determined included pack cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell (WBC) and its differentials while those of serum biochemical indices are: total protein, globulin, albumin, cholesterol, serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). Results on hematology revealed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the values of PCV, RBC, MCV, WBC and its differentials. Hb, MCH and MCHC values were significantly (p <0.05) influenced by the dietary supplementation of IZM. All results on the serum biochemical parameters showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) differences among the treatments. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of IZM up to 10g/kg had no deleterious effect on the hematology and serum biochemical parameters of rabbits.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the pigging operation, why it is done, the types of pigments available, and its importance in the gas industry. It is important to identify clogs and reopen them, as well as to identify cracks and corrosion in valves and pipes. The main advantages of piglets include the low-cost cleaning of pipelines, the possibility of rapid sampling inside the pipes to detect and test for impurities, the possibility of inspecting pipelines without the need for power outages, and the ability to use PLCs. In water and sewage pipelines, oil and gas, and petrochemical pipelines have a basic application for cleaning and inspection of pipelines. This study reviews the generalities of pig, pipeline operations, and new aspects of recent technologies in this field, including necessity, capacities, challenges, and innovations of pipeline technology in the maintenance and operation of oil and gas pipelines and the other hydrocarbon products, introducing the types of used pigs, factors for selecting the appropriate pig in terms of application, cleaning, inspection and monitoring of pipelines, comparison and applications of smart pigs, and how they work and record problems in pipelines, decontamination. The results of this study indicated that one of the important strategies in the field of reforming and performing the follow-up process can be increased the statistical research in order to develop practical regulations related to the maintenance of pipelines along with the responsibility of production and transmission..

The current research aims to develop a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of zinc(II) and copper(II) using a colorimetric reagent, as murexide ion. The complexation of Zn(II) and Cu(II) with murexide has been studied spectrophotometrically at absorption maxima of 450 and 470 nm for Zn-murexide and Cu-murexide, respectively. The murexide reagent interacts with Zn(II) and Cu(II) instantaneously at pH 7 and pH 5.5, respectively, and the absorbance of the solution is stable for 220 and 120 minutes, respectively. Using Job’s continuous variation method, the stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:2 metal to ligand ratio for Zn and Cu, respectively. The continuous variation approach was used to estimate the stability constants (Kstab) values, which were found to be in the order 1.35x1016 and 2.30x107 for Zn and Cu complexes, respectively. The proposed spectrophotometric methodology established that zinc(II) and copper(II) could be estimated at levels of 0.2-2.0 and 0.5-5.0 ppm, which has molar absorptivity values of 1.95x104 and 6.55x103 l.mol-1.cm-1, respectively. Likewise, the formed complexes were stable at different pH values, allowing the simultaneous estimation of the two metals.

The aim of the present study was to determine the comparative investigation of chemical composition in the leaves of Mangifera indica L. in the region of Kachchh and Saurashtra. Mangifera Indica L. belongs to the anacardiaceae family. The leaves of Mangifera Indica L. were subjected to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and analysed for different mineral compositions. As we know, XRF is one of the most sensitive, accurate, consistent, and non-destructive methods for analysing major and trace elements by using a single pressed pellet. During the analysis, it was found that in kachchh and Saurashtra region, Mangifera Indica L. leaves contain silicon, calcium, potassium, chlorine, sulphur, magnesium, aluminium, and iron were noted in higher amounts compared with that of other elements like strontium, manganese, titanium, bromine, zinc, barium, rubidium, nickel, silver, lead, molybdenum, etc. whereas the elements which were not detected in the leaves of Mangifera Indica L. are sodium, vanadium, uranium, mercury, silver, gold, etc. In comparison of Kachchh and Saurashtra region of Mangifera Indica L. leaves calcium, silicon, potassium, aluminium, phosphorus, and iron were high in the region of Saurashtra rather than the Kachchh leaves and other elements are presented in trace amount.

Ever-increasing population, rapid urbanization, and industrialization have critically deteriorated the urban soil quality. This study was conducted to assess the ecological risk of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in four different land-use urban soils viz, commercial area (CA), heavy traffic ring roadside (HT), residential area (RA), and agricultural farm (AF) of Kathmandu District, Nepal. For this purpose, concentrations of the five heavy metals (HMs) were determined by using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS), in a total of 31 soil samples collected from all four land uses. Pollution indices such as contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (CD), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), ecological risk factor (ER), and potential ecological risk (PER) were used to assess the ecological risk posed by the HMs. The overall mean concentrations for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb were 0.98, 137.1, 79.80, 100.00, and 72.3 mg/kg, respectively, and were found 2-4 times greater than the background values. The statistical analysis revealed a poor correlation of the HMs against pH and total organic carbon (TOC) suggesting little influence on HMs contamination. Results also showed the highest concentrations of the HMs in HT soils among the land use types. Ecological risk assessment revealed CF (0.42-5.06) and CD (7.83-15.72) values as indicators for low to considerable, and moderate to considerable risks respectively, in soils of all land uses under the present investigation. Whereas the PLI values (1.12-2.96) corresponded to the polluted urban soils, the Igeo values (0.08-1.02) indicated an unpolluted to the moderately polluted class of soil contamination in all the land-uses. Likewise, the ER (0.91- 114.90) and PER (113.97-170.14) values pointed out that all the land use urban soils were exposed to a class of low to considerable, and moderate to considerable risks, respectively. Among the HMs, Cd, and Pb posed a comparatively high ecological risk for soils of all land uses and the estimated indices indicated HT as the most vulnerable land use suggesting immediate control measures.

Cycloeucalenol (CEU) was the major composition of the Benue Propolis extracts identified via proton NMR. The corrosion inhibition behaviour of this extracts on carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl was investigated by using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and computational methods. The results obtained revealed that the inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration, but decreased with increase in temperature. Impedance measurement showed that charge transfer was responsible for the corrosion process. The charge transfer resistance (R2) increased with concentration of the inhibitor as opposed to the double layer capacitance (Cdl) which decreased. The values of the Gibbs free energy (?G°) indicated a spontaneous adsorption of the extract components on the metal surface. The physically adsorbed propolis extract onto the carbon steel surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The HOMO map shows the electron cloud situated in the C=C sp2 group, and then spread across the three consecutive cyclohexane rings and their substituents. From the Fukui function indices calculations, CEU is discovered to have its site for nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks each at one of carbon atoms of the alkene group in the molecule. The results have demonstrated that the composition of Benue propolis is active inhibitor of corrosion of carbon steel surface in HCl acidic medium.

There is an intriguing system for sex determination in Carica Papaya. To explain the genetics of the Papaya’s sex determination there were many hypotheses based on information and knowledge from time to time. Such information and knowledge were about a generic balance of sex autosomes and chromosomes, Classical XY Chromosomes. Nowadays determination of molecular level through genomic technology is possible. Predicted hypotheses can be proving by high density linkage mapping. It shows that with small specific region (MSY) of Y chromosome sex determination can be controlled by a pair of primitive sex chromosomes. It proves that two sex determination genes can control the whole pathway of sex determination. Feminizing or stamen suppressor gene, cause absorption before a flower inception with other while masculinising or carpel suppressor genes cause carpel absorption at the development stage of the flower. To reveal the structural details of sex determination region and sequencing of candidate sex determination genes physical mapping is essential. This process can be observed while papaya production.

Cotton is an important fiber crop and used to produce fibers and oil. Evaluating morphologic traits of cotton is very important and can be used for the selection of better cultivars. This study was conducted in the Moghan Agricultural Research Station affiliated with the Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Iran. In this study, 35 cultivars of cotton were evaluated for fiber-and yield-related traits during two consecutive years. We found that fiber quality and seed cotton traits were significantly affected by plots and cultivars over two years. Among the cultivars, the highest number of the bolls, boll weight, first picking yield, total yield, fiber strength, fiber traction, and fiber percentage were 24.5 g, 6.30 g, 3454 kg/ha, 5431 kg/ha, 34.5 g/tex, 7.30%, and 45.80% observed in cultivar Shayan, while the second picking yield, earliness percentage, and fiber fineness were 2323.3 kg/ha, 73.5%, and 4.55 µg/in obtained in cultivars Varamin, Avangard, and Armaghan, respectively. Based on the ward’s cluster analysis, the cotton cultivars were grouped into three different clusters. The cultivars in Cluster 3 including Nazilli, No.228, No.200, B557, Armaghan, Golestan, and Shayan are superior in terms of their number of the boll, boll weight, earliness percentage, fiber percentage, fiber length, fiber fineness, fiber strength, fiber traction, and yield performance.