This research work is to come up with a rainfall model for monsoon rains in India. The goal is to forecast the rainfall amount about 7 months in advance. This advance forecasting is to help farmers in making decisions to plant crop based on the availability of water in the next season. This forecast is for helping hydro power generators and city water suppliers also. The methods selected are based on the past 32 year rainfall history where four methods are used to determine the rainfall amount. These methods are: The Time Series method, the Root Mean Square method, The Fast Fourier Transform method, and the Artificial Neural Network method. A forecasting model is considered valid if it falls within 19% of the actual rainfall amount. The number 19% is used by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) to define a normal rainfall based on long term average.

World agriculture is evolving every moment. This evolution has accompanied the technologies inserted in rural areas. The technologies help the producer to achieve high productivity in his agricultural fields. In some places, the technology is still remote and there has been no evolution, following the large producing centers. Thus, agriculture in these places is still incipient or has primitive agriculture.

Climate resilient and high yielding Dwarf x Tall hybrids is the main strategy to meet increasing demand of coconut in a changing climate where sexual reproduction is susceptible to heat and drought stress (HTDS). Fruit set failures are mainly attributed to high sensitivity of pollen and ovules to stress, particularly around meiosis, in many crops. This study focused to assess the influence of heat (monthly mean Tmax > 330C) and water stress (monthly rainfall < 90 mm) around meiosis on the quality of pollen in San Ramon (SR) and Sri Lanka Tall (SLT) cultivars that used in controlled hybridization. We measured carbohydrates, germination (PG%) and tube length (PTL) in pollen developed under heat and/or drought stress and unstressed (control) around meiosis (final four months prior to flower opening).San Ramon showed significantly higher PG% and PTL (43%, 517 µm respectively) compared to that of SLT (37%, 481 µm respec-tively) cultivar. Unstressed male flowers had significantly higher PG%, PTL and starch compared to flowers in stress at any stage around meiosis. The cumulative rainfall, number of dry days (rainfall < 3 mm/day), total number of heat stress days (Tmax < 330C) and average maximum temperature during the period around meiosis had merge impact on pollen starch (R2 = 0.96), total soluble sugar (TSS) (R2 = 0.71), pollen germination (PG%) (R2 = 0.61) and pollen tube length (PTL) (R2 = 0.89). The study concluded that heat and/or water stress around meiosis is very critical for pollen quality in two tested cultivars of coconut. This information will be of great importance to manipulate the pollination strategy to minimize stress-affected fruit set failures under controlled pollination.

The Mediterranean is under a severe climate change scenario and suffering an increasing anthropogenic pressure, mainly in coastal zones, due to urbanization, agriculture and tourism. The depletion of surface water and groundwater resources is a com-mon reality. Water scarcity is increasing and water should be man-aged attending to the food needs, but also to the protection of the habitats and biodiversity. The aquifers have an important role for freshwater storage and water transmission, but some of them are contaminated with nitrates from intensive agriculture. In several coastal areas, groundwater over-pumping for irrigation is promot-ing saline intrusion phenomena

In the present day sustainability has become the latest trend and environment-friendly and economic feasible solution to any prob-lem is gaining popularity in all realms. Soil is a major component responsible for the functioning of the ecosystem as it houses abun-dant organic components, nutrients and even acts as a habitat for many living organisms. It is also the medium of plant growth. From the engineering point of view, soil acts as a base for load dissipation either through the foundation or as a subgrade under the pave-ment. But in some areas, the soil doesn’t satisfy the strength or sta-bility criteria required for use as an engineering material. It might be too weak having a low bearing capacity and shear strength, it might be prone to wind or water erosion, it might have too low or too high permeability and compressibility or it might even be prone to liquefaction under dynamic loads. Such a situation de-mands and calls for soil stabilization and ground improvement

COVID 19 pandemic and lockdown have dealt a blow at various spheres of human life. The impact transcends the health to agri-culture and many other sectors. A multidisciplinary team of experts in agriculture including crop, livestock, economics and exten-sion drew out a questionnaire with areas of impact, mitigation and constraints imposed by COVID-19 and accompanied lockdown. The survey was administered online to farmers in South-west, Nigeria. A total of 1319 farmers responded 340 from Oyo, 289 from Osun, 231 from Ekiti, 212 from Ogun, 185 from Ondo and only 62 from Lagos State respectively. Obtained data for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The study revealed that COVID 19 pandemic and lockdown had a devastating impact on Agriculture activities and the value chain. Most of the respondents were at their active and productive age (44 years).

The Comparative Economics of the chickpea production in Rajasthan with reference to the Gangour variety was evaluated in this study. The evaluation was based on a household survey of Bengal gram grower in 4 villages of Bikaner District of Rajasthan. The es-timated cost of cultivation was ?32068.10, Net Income ?44599.90 in case of the Gangour variety while cost of cultivation ?30535.43, Net Income ?15494.07 was in case of local cultivar. The gross income from the Gangour variety was greater than local variety that is ?76668 and ?46029.50 per hectare, respectively because of higher yield and low cost of production of former as compared to latter one and their yield was of 17.70q and 10.65q, respectively and the cost of production was ?1811.75and ?2867.18 respectively. The Output- Input Ratio for the Gangour variety was 2.39 and for local variety was1.51. Cultivation of Gangour variety are profitable than local varieties. The survey revealed that improved chickpea variety showed distinctly superior performance over local cultivars but it also have some constrains viz., chickpea growers were not getting satisfactory price of their produce in both Gangour and local variety grower. The another problem faced by chickpea grower is, require more water with reference to Gangour and problem of labour with reference to local variety.

Climate resilient and high yielding Dwarf x Tall hybrids is the main strategy to meet increasing demand of coconut in a changing climate where sexual reproduction is susceptible to heat and drought stress (HTDS). Fruit set failures are mainly attributed to high sensitivity of pollen and ovules to stress, particularly around meiosis, in many crops. This study focused to assess the influence of heat (monthly mean Tmax > 330C) and water stress (monthly rainfall < 90 mm) around meiosis on the quality of pollen in San Ramon (SR) and Sri Lanka Tall (SLT) cultivars that used in controlled hybridization. We measured carbohydrates, germination (PG%) and tube length (PTL) in pollen developed under heat and/or drought stress and unstressed (control) around meiosis (final four months prior to flower opening).San Ramon showed significantly higher PG% and PTL (43%, 517 µm respectively) compared to that of SLT (37%, 481 µm respec-tively) cultivar. Unstressed male flowers had significantly higher PG%, PTL and starch compared to flowers in stress at any stage around meiosis. The cumulative rainfall, number of dry days (rainfall < 3 mm/day), total number of heat stress days (Tmax < 330C) and average maximum temperature during the period around meiosis had merge impact on pollen starch (R2 = 0.96), total soluble sugar (TSS) (R2 = 0.71), pollen germination (PG%) (R2 = 0.61) and pollen tube length (PTL) (R2 = 0.89). The study concluded that heat and/or water stress around meiosis is very critical for pollen quality in two tested cultivars of coconut. This information will be of great importance to manipulate the pollination strategy to minimize stress-affected fruit set failures under controlled pollination.

The Mediterranean is under a severe climate change scenario and suffering an increasing anthropogenic pressure, mainly in coastal zones, due to urbanization, agriculture and tourism. The depletion of surface water and groundwater resources is a com-mon reality. Water scarcity is increasing and water should be man-aged attending to the food needs, but also to the protection of the habitats and biodiversity. The aquifers have an important role for freshwater storage and water transmission, but some of them are contaminated with nitrates from intensive agriculture. In several coastal areas, groundwater over-pumping for irrigation is promot-ing saline intrusion phenomena.

Now a days many cool drinks avail in market with different names can help us to hydrate our body during Summer which is harm-ful practice as these products are filled with different chemicals, pesticides etc.Nungu (Ice apple) can hydrate our body and can supplement healthy nutrients to our diet.Processing of the fruit makes it stay fresh for long time with the same nutrient content and flavour and processing can make the product attractive to the children and easy way of consuming the same nutrients

In the present day sustainability has become the latest trend and environment-friendly and economic feasible solution to any prob-lem is gaining popularity in all realms. Soil is a major component responsible for the functioning of the ecosystem as it houses abun-dant organic components, nutrients and even acts as a habitat for many living organisms. It is also the medium of plant growth. From the engineering point of view, soil acts as a base for load dissipation either through the foundation or as a subgrade under the pave-ment. But in some areas, the soil doesn’t satisfy the strength or sta-bility criteria required for use as an engineering material. It might be too weak having a low bearing capacity and shear strength, it might be prone to wind or water erosion, it might have too low or too high permeability and compressibility or it might even be prone to liquefaction under dynamic loads. Such a situation de-mands and calls for soil stabilization and ground improvement.

This research work is to come up with a rainfall model for monsoon rains in India. The goal is to forecast the rainfall amount about 7 months in advance. This advance forecasting is to help farmers in making decisions to plant crop based on the availability of water in the next season. This forecast is for helping hydro power generators and city water suppliers also. The methods selected are based on the past 32 year rainfall history where four methods are used to determine the rainfall amount. These methods are: The Time Series method, the Root Mean Square method, The Fast Fourier Transform method, and the Artificial Neural Network method.

Now a days many cool drinks avail in market with different names can help us to hydrate our body during Summer which is harm-ful practice as these products are filled with different chemicals, pesticides etc.Nungu (Ice apple) can hydrate our body and can supplement healthy nutrients to our diet.Processing of the fruit makes it stay fresh for long time with the same nutrient content and flavour and processing can make the product attractive to the children and easy way of consuming the same nutrients.

COVID 19 pandemic and lockdown have dealt a blow at various spheres of human life. The impact transcends the health to agri-culture and many other sectors. A multidisciplinary team of experts in agriculture including crop, livestock, economics and exten-sion drew out a questionnaire with areas of impact, mitigation and constraints imposed by COVID-19 and accompanied lockdown. The survey was administered online to farmers in South-west, Nigeria. A total of 1319 farmers responded 340 from Oyo, 289 from Osun, 231 from Ekiti, 212 from Ogun, 185 from Ondo and only 62 from Lagos State respectively. Obtained data for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The study revealed that COVID 19 pandemic and lockdown had a devastating impact on Agriculture activities and the value chain. Most of the respondents were at their active and productive age (44 years).

The Comparative Economics of the chickpea production in Rajasthan with reference to the Gangour variety was evaluated in this study. The evaluation was based on a household survey of Bengal gram grower in 4 villages of Bikaner District of Rajasthan. The es-timated cost of cultivation was ?32068.10, Net Income ?44599.90 in case of the Gangour variety while cost of cultivation ?30535.43, Net Income ?15494.07 was in case of local cultivar. The gross income from the Gangour variety was greater than local variety that is ?76668 and ?46029.50 per hectare, respectively because of higher yield and low cost of production of former as compared to latter one and their yield was of 17.70q and 10.65q, respectively and the cost of production was ?1811.75and ?2867.18 respectively. The Output- Input Ratio for the Gangour variety was 2.39 and for local variety was1.51. Cultivation of Gangour variety are profitable than local varieties. The survey revealed that improved chickpea variety showed distinctly superior performance over local cultivars but it also have some constrains viz., chickpea growers were not getting satisfactory price of their produce in both Gangour and local variety grower. The another problem faced by chickpea grower is, require more water with reference to Gangour and problem of labour with reference to local variety

World agriculture is evolving every moment. This evolution has accompanied the technologies inserted in rural areas. The tech-nologies help the producer to achieve high productivity in his ag-ricultural fields. In some places, the technology is still remote and there has been no evolution, following the large producing centers. Thus, agriculture in these places is still incipient or has primitive agriculture