Artificial intelligence (AI) has wide application in all sectors including agriculture. There are many challenges with traditional methods of agricultural tasks. Due to climate changes and defor-estation, agricultural production has had an adverse impact and farming has become more challenging. Artificial intelligence is a promising technique which can help farmers to overcome such challenges and increase gross production.

National economy significantly depended on agriculture sector [1]. Organic farming is a crop production system in which farmer avoided all synthetic farm inputs but depends on biological, agro-nomic and mechanical methods like the utilization of crop resi-dues, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives, animal manures, biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection; which enhance and promote biological cycles, biodi-versity, and agro-ecosystem health [2]. Organic agriculture evolves thousand years ago. The ancient farmer’s starts their crop culti-vation along the belts of rivers by using many natural resources [3]. Furthermore, modern era of organic agriculture emerged in 1924 in Germany.

Artisanal mining for Gold in Zamfara state of Nigeria led to massive contamination of the environment with lead (Pb) leading to poisoning and death. The approach for the clean-up involves excavation of the soil and dumping it somewhere which is a temporary solution that is equal to postponement of the reckoning day. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of some plants as a cheaper solution to this problem. The treatments consisted of three plant species (Amaranthus cruentus, Brassica oleracea var. capitata and Helianthus annus) factorially combined with four soils (the top soils of Regular Agricultural soil from BUK, Lead (Pb) contaminated soil from Zamfara, Soil from Sheka area peri-urban garden along the banks of Salanta stream contaminated with tannery effluents from Sharada Industrial Estate and BUK soil artificially polluted with a standard addition of Nitrate salts of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni at the rate of 200 mg/kg for Pb and Cr, and 40 mg/kg for Ni and Cd), all laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times. Results have shown that Amaranth emerged as the plant with the highest accumulation of metal in its tissue. Across the three plant species, Pb is the most highly accumulated metal and Ni is the least concentrated. The Bioconcentra-tion Factor (BCF) index >2 was recorded for Cr, Mn, and Cd in the tissue of Amaranth. The Translocation Factor index >1 was recorded for Mn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Zn. Cabbage had relatively high BCF index for some metals, meaning it can sequester Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb. The TF index >1was recorded for all of the metals. The implication of this is that Cabbage had the ability to translocate all the tested met-als. Sunflower has also accumulated a good amount of the various heavy metals. BCF index >2 was recorded with Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb. But the TF index >1 was seen across all the metals. Soil from Zamfara was observed to produce plants with significantly higher Pb in the shoot, while differences in metal content in the shoot tissue among plant species was not significant.

Tillage methods as a soil management practice improves crop quality and yield. An experiment was conducted in the 2019 dry season-farming, to evaluate the effect of tillage methods on soil properties and the yield of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in the department of Agricultural science education, student demonstration farm; of the Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze, Anambra State. Nigeria. The experiment consisted of three tillage methods (Ridge, Flat and Bed) with three replicates in a (3 × 1) fac-torial experiment. Tillage effects of plots under the flat (F) method performed significantly (p < 0.05), with a total number of 40friuts. The Flat (F) tillage method equally produced the highest mean fruit size of (18cm) as compared to bed (B) and the ridge (R) tillage method. Consequently, watermelon fruits under the bed (B) method of tillage had the highest mean fruit weight of (6.2kg), which was significantly different from mean weight obtained under the flat (F) and the ridge (R) methods of tillage. Planting on the flat (F) produced significantly higher number of fruits and size compared to planting on the bed and ridge. Therefore, both the flat and the bed methods of tillage has the potential for watermelon production in terms of number of fruits, fruit size and weight respectively in the study area.

The aim of this study is to focus on the entrepreneurship possibilities in the livestock sector (particularly Goat) in India. After studying the market, the authors discovered that there is a lack of a unique, tamper-proof and reliable identification system. Due to this, the animal insurance has drastically reduced to around 25-30% of the original claimed value. As a result, the authors have developed an image-based identification system based on iris pattern of goats to generate a unique biometric tag to each individual without hurting it. After the invention of unique trait of the species, the authors moved on to commercialise it. The Primary Market Research has been conducted and market segments have been identified. The goat breeding farms, processors and animal husband-ries are the systematic market segments identified respectively. Eventually, the authors calculated the total addressable market and predicted that on charging Rs 100 per biometric tag, a total of 1.16Billion INR can be generated by selecting Goat population in west Bengal as beachhead market i.e., 11.6 million. The quantification can be visualized as, the average cost of each goat would be: Rs 10000-12000, where 2-3 out of 10 goats distributed, are stolen and misinterpreted during verification. Thus, out of 11.6 million goats, more than 2.5-3million goats get misinterpreted resulting in loss of Rs 12000*2.5m = 30 Billion INR pan India. Our technology shall help to curb the loss completely. Low insurance claim, poaching, un-accounted international transfers of goats can easily be eradicated using this biometric technology

Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) is rich in nutrients having ascorbate, amino acids, minerals, zeatin, antioxidants, vitamins, iron, calcium, potassium, and numerous other compounds that have the potential of growth enhancement. An experiment was con-ducted in Rahim Yar Khan in 2019 during the cotton cropping season to study the effects of MLE on cotton crop. The growing site was properly prepared by using appropriate cultivation practices. A recommended dose of chemical fertilizers NPK 150:50:50 was applied with an interval of 15 days. Moringa leaf extract was made by using 3 kg healthy moringa leaves and was sprayed on the crop in 3 replications and 3 treatments i.e., MLE + NPK (T1), NPK (T2) and Control (T3) where no MLE and NPK was applied. The experi-ment was conducted by following Randomized Complete Block Design and separate blocks were used for each treatment. The data was collected before each application of (MLE) and maximum yield was observed in the treatment having MLE extract and NPK. The results showed that application of MLE significantly increased the yield of cotton and therefore, it can be used as an organic fertilizer for maximizing cotton yield.

The remote geographical location of the Sundarbans with its proximity to the sea, complex river system - crisscrossing of tidal streams, channels and creeks, renders it extremely vulnerable to natural calamities like sporadic floods and cyclonic storms. This results in intrusion of saline water causing frequent damage to crops; insufficient sweet water resources necessary for drinking pur-pose, pisciculture, fisheries; occasional floods and cyclonic hazards causing loss of life and property – habitats of people are washed away by floods every year. Added to this is the highly onerous task of monitoring the huge length of embankments, lack of proper drainage facilities, inadequate electricity supply and lack of adequate communication facilities.

Plants produce a wide range of sugars that are involved in growth and developmental processes. To coordinate and integrate all these processes plants have developed specific mechanisms. A complex network of metabolic and hormone signaling pathways is present in plants that are intimately linked to diverse sugar responses. One of the mechanisms that has been found to modulate actively with other systems is the ‘sugar signaling mechanism’. In order to integrate these changes in the different processes and en-vironmental conditions, plants have developed a mechanism to sense these ‘sugar signals’. While hormonal signals are generated at micro-molar concentrations, sugar signals are generated at milli-molar concentrations. The sugar signals modulate gene expression by acting on various kinases and phosphatases. Sugar signals are generated through metabolic processes such as relative concen-trations of carbohydrates and other nutrients, through the action of specific enzymes or through various sensors and transporters that are present in the nucleus, cytosol or on the surface of certain organelles.After detection of sugars by sensors, the information is passed on through signal transduction and amplifying cascades, resulting in appropriate responses. Signaling cascades ultimately lead to gene regulation. Sugars regulate gene expression by translating nutrient status to modulate growth and development with available carbohydrate content.

Agriculture Development is well recognized as the core for Global Sustainable Development. Its importance and influence on Food Security, Health, Environmental Security, and National Secu-rity is well researched and established.

The rising world population is getting agriculture even more intensive, with the use of fertilizers and products to pests and dis-ease control. Due to the vast global information with the Internet, even more, people are looking for healthy products, more specifi-cally organic fruits and vegetables. A problem present in the pro-duction is the occurrence of diseases in the field and post-harvest, getting production losses to the farmer and the seller. The most used way to cope with the diseases is the usage of chemical fungi-cides, since copper- and sulfur-based formulations until the novel synthetic compounds. These cannot be used on organic farms

A study was conducted to investigate the response of freshly harvested seed potatoes treated with Sugar (C12H22O11), Gibberellic Acid (C19H22O6), Thiourea (CH4N2S), and Ethanol (C2H5OH) to find out which chemical treatment has more effectiveness for the elimi-nation of dormancy period. Freshly harvested seed potatoes were collected from Plant Virology Section Research Area, Ayub Agri-cultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. Solanum tuberosum is a perennial because it is commercially propagated from tuber. In seed potato the normal dormancy period is 7-19 weeks. Results shows that treatment of 300g sugar powder in 600ml water eliminates the dormancy within 12-16 days at open light condition. Treatment with 600g sugar powder in 600ml water breaks the dormancy within 17-18 days at open light. Treatment with 300g sugar powder dry coating on wet surface of tuber eliminate the dormancy within 18-24 days at dark condition. Treatment with 1% TU and 1g GA3 in 1000ml solution can eliminate the dormancy within 18 days at open light and dark conditions. 250ml solution of EtOH can eliminate the dormancy period within 24-26 days at open light and semi dark condition. The application of dormancy breaking chemicals such as sugar, gibberellic acid, thiourea and ethanol induces metabolic changes that lead to dormancy elimination and also from those occurring when dormancy is eliminate naturally. The present study exposed that under open light condition treatment of 300g sugar powder in 600ml water solution gave best results of tubers sprout-ing as compared to other treatments

Commercial mayonnaise contains 70-80% oil that becomes the reason of many health problems. This study was conducted by keeping in view the most recent trend and its problems. The principal objective of this research was to establish stable mayonnaise with low fat by using hydrocolloid gums (xanthan gum, corn starch) as a fat replacer with olive oil which are also cost effective. So due to health and economic concerns, the formulation of healthier versions of mayonnaise are developing that have low fat with same stability and price like their counterparts. It is also important to properly choose the concentration of your food gum in terms of the consistency of LF mayonnaise, which can result in an elastic gum if you add too much gum. If you add too little gum and the whole water is not bound permanently then, the mayonnaise can appear as a fluffy, airy mass. Treatments T2 (0.50% XG), T3 (0.75% XG), T4 (1% CS) and T7 (XG:CS) showed the better results as compare to traditional full-fat mayonnaise in terms of physical and sensory characteristics. With the increased level of hydrocolloid, calorie contents decreased but high level of gum can also affect overall ac-ceptability of low-fat mayonnaise. This research has significant effect in industrial/commercial level.

Cotton crop is mostly cultivated for fiber production, source of livestock meal and seed oil. The oil of cottonseed used as edible oil around the World after colza and soybean oil and ranked 3rd Worldwide. The quality of cottonseed mainly dependent on protein, oil content, minerals and seed composition. Therefore, However, it is necessary to keeping the acceptable oil content quality. The nutritional value and industrial usage of cottonseed is influences with formation of fatty acids in seed. There is still much unidenti-fied physiological processes and genetic structures that enforce the levels of these metabolites in cottonseed. The expression of homoeologous genes is inappropriate when the epigenetics and intergenomic differences are induced by the genomic association of A and D progenitor in allotetraploid cotton. Signaling factors associated with cell growth, adaptation and development controls the expression of RNA during transcription. Transcriptional factor of MYB-domain encoded by degraded homologous mRNAs during mediation of miRNA that are utilized for fiber development and leaf initiation. From last many decades, scientists work on enhance-ment of seed and fiber quality. The main nutritional function of cottonseed is oil content and very extensive studies are ongoing on this value-added aspect. Major advancement is taken to increasing the quantitative amount of fatty acid accumulation, which is yet needed to strengthen the requirement and increases the demand of oilseeds. The main objective of this study is to understand the physiologically perspective of seed development and oil content accumulation. To understand the fiber biology to interpret the molecular events which activate or suppress the initiation of fibers from epidermis cells. Because of large genomic size, presence of low-density genetic map and restrictions in cotton transformation

The efficacy of mating disruption pheromone (PB Rope L) was evaluated against pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saun-ders) to monitoring pheromone traps catches as well as by sampling of bolls to record larval population and damage levels in cotton fields during Kharif 2016 and 2017, in north zone of India. This experiment was conducted in large plot in 10.0 ha and 4.0 ha area reserved as control. The main field T1 and T2 divided into two subplots T1A and T1B, T2C and T2D of equal size. In each of the subplots, six quadrates approximately 10x10 meter in the center at equal distance were marked. The treated fields were compared with con-trol fields, three to four insecticides sprays in T1A and T1B, whereas 6 spray in T2C and 9 sprays were applied in T2D. The dispens-ers reduced pink bollworm catches in pheromone trap and reduced larval population and crop damage. Results showed that moth catches were highly suppressed in the treated fields by installation of the dispensers @ 685 PB Rope L at 50 days after crop sowing. Damage percentage was significantly reduced in treated fields as compared to control fields; Significant difference was observed in average seed cotton yield/ha. This study recommends the use of single application of pheromone dispenser at 50 days after crop sowing. These Rope were sufficient to maintain the moth catches and percent green boll infestation at the lowest level as compared to untreated field.

The effects of Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different Sodium Chloride salt (NaCl) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) containing 2, 4-D (3 mg/l) along with green coconut water (10%) on explants (leaf sheath) of four sugar-cane genotypes were aimed for their callus formation ability and production of embryogenic callus. Besides, regeneration potential-ity of sugarcane genotypes including shooting and rooting ability under different levels of NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) was evaluated. MS medium supplemented with 50 mM NaCl produced the highest callus (83.33%) in Isd 16 variety followed by BSRI Akh 41 (83%) and Mutant CC 37 M5 produced the lowest (66.66%)). But no callus was produced supplemented with 300 mM NaCl in all genotype. The highest shoot and root regeneration (91% and 92%) were obtained from MS medium fortified with 50 mM NaCl containing shooting media combination BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) 2 mg/l + KN (Kinetin) 1 mg/l and rooting media NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid) 5 mg/l respectively in BSRI Akh 41. On the other hand, little or no shoot and root were initiated from Isd 16, CC37 M5 and BSRI Akh 42 under above mentioned shooting and rooting media. Callus, shoot and root as well as regeneration ability of plant is highly correlated with callus, shoot and root formation. Significant differences were observed for callus, shoot and root regeneration capacity among all the four genotypes. It revealed that callus, shoot and root regeneration performance ability was decreased by increasing of NaCl concentration levels.

Global population is rapidly increasing and is predicted to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 and the limited resources tend to push the sec-tor forward demanding the development of a highly efficient agriculture thus allowing reduction of worldwide poverty and hunger [1]. To meet the food demands of this growing population the agriculture sector is being pressurized to assure food security. Hence chemical fertilizers are being considered as an inevitable source of plant nutrition for improving the crop production. This lead to a notion in farmers that using higher quantities of chemical fertilizers gains higher crop yields.However, only less than half of the amount of applied fertilizers will be utilized by the crop whereas the remaining amount of fer-tilizer which is intended to be taken up by plant may get lost through leaching, become fixed in soil or contribute to water pollution which is even worse. According to recent statistical reports it has been observed that the key macronutrient elements Nitrogen, Phos-phorous and Potassium applied to the soil are lost at a rate of 40-70%, 80-90% and 50-90%, respectively, thus causing a considerable loss of applied resources [2]. Additionally, farmers tend to apply fertilizers repeatedly in order to achieve yields at desired levels, this overdose of chemicals counter acts and lead to decreased soil fertility and increased salt concentrations thereby causing future crop losses. Furthermore, irregular use of fertilizers without control on nutrient release patterns causes deterioration of product quality. Therefore, developing slow or controlled release fertilizers plays a crucial role not only in enhancing the crop production, productiv-ity and quality, but also helps towards upgradation of sustainability in agricultural production. Given the unique properties of nano-materilas such as high surface-to-volume ratio, controlled-release kinetics of nutrients to the targeted sites and sorption capacity, nanotechnology has a high importance for designing and using of new fertilizers. Nanofertilizers are nutrients encapsulated/coated with different types of nanomaterials for the control and slow delivery of one or more nutrients in order to satisfy the imperative nutrient requirements of plants [3]. These “smart fertilizers” are now being regarded as a promising alternative, to an extent that they are to be considered as preferred form of fertilizers over the conventional ones in several cases

The wall materials of the microcapsules affect the heat storage process of the phase change material in microcapsules with a plate. In this paper, Fluent CFD software is used and solidification/melting model is chosen to carry out the simulation of the heat storage process of the phase change material in microcapsules under the condition of four different wall materials of microcapsules. The physical model of the phase change microcapsules with equal spacing in combination with a plate is established and the liquid vol-ume fraction and average temperature of the phase change material in microcapsules with time are analyzed. It can be concluded that when the phase change material is pure paraffin and its initial temperature is 324.15K, through the comparison of the liquid volume fraction of the phase change material in the process of phase change and the calculation of the heat storage capacity of phase change, it is concluded that when the wall material of microcapsules is urea formaldehyde resin, the amount of heat absorbed by the phase change material in the process of phase change is the most enormous, which is 7891.60901J. Thus, the urea formaldehyde resin is chosen as the most suitable wall material of microcapsule

The present experiment was undertaken to study the statistical and genetic parameters, correlation coefficient, path coefficient of ten characters of restorer lines in rice and multivariate analysis of 18 characters of restorer lines in rice. Characters wise summaries were given below. Mean sum of square for anther length, anther breadth, pollen diameter, % pollen sterility, duration of anthesis, number of panicles per hill, days to maturity, number of filled spikelet per panicle, % spikelet sterility and grain yield per hill were highly significant due to genotypes in restorer line indicating wide range of variability among the restorer line for this traits. Low environmental effect and additive gene action were found in all these traits because s2g and s2p and the GCV and PCV were close to each other. Heritability, GA and GAPM was found high and moderate; all the traits indicate these traits will be effective for selection. High heritability, low GA and GAPM showed that both additive and environment influence of anther breadth, spikelet sterility percent and pollen diameter. Anther length showed significant positive correlation with anther breadth and significant negative correlation with duration of anthesis, number of filled spikelets per panicle and grain yield per hill both genotypic and phenotypic level and only significant positive genotypic correlation with pollen diameter and % pollen sterility. Anther breadth showed significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with % pollen sterility and significant negative genotypic and phenotypic correlation with duration of anthesis and significant positive genotypic correlation with pollen diameter. Pollen diameter showed significant positive genotypic cor-relation with days to maturity and significant negative genotypic correlation with % pollen sterility, duration of anthesis, number of panicles per hill, spikelet sterility percent and grain yield per hill. % Pollen sterility showed significant positive s2g and s2p correla-tion with number of panicles per hill and significant negative s2p correlation with duration of anthesis. Duration of anthesis showed significant positive s2g and s2p correlation with days to maturity. Number of panicles per hill showed significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with grain yield per hill and significant positive genotypic correlation with spikelet sterility percent. In case of genotypic correlation days to maturity showed positive correlation with number of filled spikelets per panicle and spikelet sterility percent, and showed positive phenotypic correlation with spikelet sterility percent. Number of filled spikelets per panicle showed significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with spikelet sterility percent and grain yield per hill. Significant positive genotypic correlation was observed in between spikelet sterility percent and grain yield per hill. High positive direct effect on grain yield per hill was observed in case of number of filled spikelets per panicle and number of panicle per hill and similar lower effect in case of duration of anthesis, anther breadth and pollen diameter. I observed days to maturity, anther length and % spikelet sterility had a direct negative effect on grain yield. Number of filled spikelets per panicle and number of panicles per hill was found as a main yield contribution character of the restorer line of rice because those characters have considerable s2g, s2p, GCV and PCV and others character.

The beneficial bacteria present in the area around the plant roots. These are termed as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). These bacteria are useful to enhance plant growth and curb plant diseases. The objectives of the present study were to iso-late, identify and characterize PGPR traits in psychrotolerant bacteria native to rhizosphere of a threatened high valued medicinal plant Gentiana kurroo Royle. In total 10 bacterial isolates were isolated, out of which isolate AGII showed maximum antagonism against tested phytopathogens. Therefore, isolate AGII was selected further to study in vitro growth promoting attributes and for phylogenetic identification. Bacterial isolate AGII was identified as Bacillus weihenstephanensis by 16SrRNA gene sequence and has been registered in NCBI under the accession number MF593886. Plant growth promoting traits of this isolate were studied by per-forming following assays viz., Phosphate solubilization, Ammonia Production, HCN production, Protease production. The isolated bacterial strain was studied for its inhibitory potential against deadly plant pathogens by using a dual culture in vitro assay. In the present investigation, Bacillus weihenstephanensis MF593886 was tested against deadly plant pathogens viz., Alternaria solani MTCC 2101, Botrytis cinerea MTCC 2350, Fusarium oxysporum MTCC 7677, Rhizoctonia solani MTCC 4633, Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesMTCC 9664 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MTCC 8785. It is capable to produce siderophore, HCN, ammonia, proteases and has a po-tential to solubilize phosphates. The present study proposes the potential of Bacillus weihenstephanensis as a PGPR in the context of cold agro-ecosystems