Taxonomically, genus Alternaria comes under Deuteromycetes phylum which includes different saprophytic and endophytic spe-cies. It is famous due to its notoriously destructive pathogens. It majorly affects various plant families e.g. Cucurbitaceae, Cruci-feraceae and Solanaceae which are agriculturally important crops possess high nutritional and economical values. The crops suffer from various bacterial, viral, fungal and nematode diseases. Among the above mentioned diseases, early leaf spot disease caused by pathogen Alternaria solani is one of the most devastating diseases resulting in loss upto 78%. Most of the species of Alternaria lacking in teleomorphic stage whereas few species have teleomorphs in their disease cycle. Alternaria being necrotrophic it leads to severe damage to plant and its produce. Besides the involvement of toxins in pathogenesis or invasion, few genes or gene products also have major effect on pathogenicity. In the present review, we described in detail about efficiency of plant and herbal extract, bio control agents, cow by products and fungicides against A. solani, that not only effective in managing the disease but also economic and ecofriendly.

The management of weeds by chemical herbicides creating adverse effect on human and animal health so there is urgent need for alternative weed control option to save environment by an environmental friendly and sustainable options. Bioactive compound of fungi is great source for the development of new herbicide and its offer an ecofriendly alternative to control weeds. Here We have evaluated mycoherbicidal activity of cell free culture broth (CFCF) of selected strains against Cassia obtusifolia. Phytotoxic contents of natural metabolites present in CFCF of Curvularia lunata (FGCCW#33), Phoma herbarum (FGCCW#07), Myrothecium roridum(FGCCW#03) and Fusarium roseum (FGCCW#61) against Cassia obtusifolia were evaluated by seedling bioassays. In preliminary bioassay, the CFCF of FGCCW#03 of 28 days old were shown maximum phytotoxic effect on seedling of Cassia obtusifolia at 100% concentration. The symptoms were observed as browning and necrosis of weeds. With effective formulation and cheap mass produc-tion of this mycoherbicidal strains can possibly use as mycoherbicide for control of Cassia obtusifolia in future.

The insatiable demand for novel floral forms in the ornamental horticulture industry continues to drive the search for such plant species, particularly in biodiversity-rich regions such as South Africa. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Cycocel®, a plant growth retardant, in manipulating growth and compactness in Leonotisleonurus, a plant with potential high or-namental value in the potted flower industry. Application of Cycocel®, especially at a concentration of 4 mg/L significantly reduced both height and plant width of L. leonurus plants growing in a soilless hydro culture system. In addition, application of the growth retardant had a significant influence on increasing the shoot proliferation in L. leonurus plants. The number of new shoots produced in week 6 of the 8-week growing period was about threefold higher compared to the control. The reduction in height and width observed in the present study may be due to the interference with key enzymes involved in the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. Overall, application of Cycocel® had the desired effect in controlling growth parameters in L. leonurus plants, thereby improving com-pactness and enhancing its commercial value in the flowering potted plant market.

Cultivated fishes are major protein and microelement sources for all sorts of people in Bangladesh due to its availability and af-fordability. Essential metals are persistent in the environment and are subject to bioaccumulation in the food chain. Fish is at the top of the aquatic food chain and normal metabolism of fish may accumulate large amounts of different essential metals from water, food or sediment. This study was carried out to determine essential metal concentrations in the flesh of some cultivated fish species and commercial fish feeds available in Bangladesh. The essential metal concentration in fish and consumed fish feed were assessed by Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with significant variation (P < 0.05). The concentration (mg/kg - dry weight) of Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, K, and Ca were observed 23.33 - 63.3, 12.80 - 20.62, 10.00 - 26.25, 214.2 - 367.68, 285.71 - 485.71, 256.89 - 432.65 in selected commercial fish feeds whereas those were found 33.33 - 80.83, 14.00 - 31.80, 20.60 - 49.25, 250.98 - 500.78, 400.76 - 587.32, 408.16 - 857.14 in cultivated fish species. All analyzed metal concentrations were within the acceptable of World Health Organization (WHO, 2004), Food and Agricultural organization (FAO, 2004), European Union (EU, 2010) and US Envi-ronmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2011) and Total Hazardous Quotient (THQs) value of all the selected metals were lower than 1, which suggesting no remarkable non - carcinogenic health hazards for adult population.

The year 2020 since its inception has started with a situation different from normal. The outbreak of the epidemic in several countries simultaneously led to the creation of the pandemic de-clared worldwide by the WHO itself. This change came unexpect-edly. At the center of world attention was health. The social and economic life of mankind around the world changed suddenly. The prolongation of the pandemic created the belief that isolation was no longer a solution but a choice of the moment. For all sectors to be revitalized and continue their activity they had to adapt to new conditions of physical distancing. But some activities much needed for basic needs could not be accomplished in this form. One of them is also agricultural and livestock activity. The supply of consumers with agricultural and livestock products and products had to continue normally, especially in this period when the de-mand would be higher due to two factors; first, people had enough time to consume food at home, and; second, the closure of restau-rants, bars and hotels.

Though, much progress has been made towards food security in the past decades. But overtime, the food security challenges faced has become rather too alarming and in years to come, many of the world’s population will be subjected to extreme poverty, hunger, malnutrition and even deaths.It is expedient that the issue of food security is tackled as the world’s population is expected to climb to 8.5 billion in 2025. The need to improve agricultural productivity to facilitate a sustainable agriculture, thereby improving food security is very key. This module explains sustainable agriculture to a large extent, food security challenges, as well as food security measures, giving a direct guide on how sustainable farming can boost the food production systems in Nigeria.

Virus species belonging to the genus Potyvirus are the most common viruses infecting sweet potato crop. Among these viruses, Sweet potato Feathery Mottle Virus (SPFMV) is the most damaging and widespread in the world. To assess the potyvirus disease on sweet potato in Burkina Faso, a total of 300 samples were collected from the nine largest sweet potato producing regions. Samples were analyzed using RT-PCR and products were Sequenced. Bioinformatic analyzes were performed to know the strains of the virus-es. The results revealed that SPFMV is the main Potyvirus infecting sweet potato in Burkina Faso with a prevalence of about 28.33%. A total of seven isolates of SPFMV were successfully sequenced and used for phylogenetic analyzes. These isolates have shown 99% nucleotide identity with the phylogroup A-II (SPFMV-O), and some of them had 95% nucleotide identity with phylogroup B (SPFMV-RC). This study showed that SPFMV is the main Potyvirus-infecting sweet potato in Burkina Faso