Buddha contends that suffering (dukkha) arises because of 'craving' (tanha) with the base of 'ignorance' (avijja). Ther efor e, ignorance is the r oot cause of all sufferings. It is the ignorance of the true natur e of things, that they ar e impermanent (anicca),essence less (anatta) and full of suffering (dukkha). The ignorant takes them as permanent (nicca), full of essence (atta) and as the natur e of pleasur e (sukha). This leads to 'craving' (tanha) for attachment with the objects. The nerve centr e of these false experiences of objects as permanent, full of essence and pleasur e is the 'mind' (manasi).'Mind' is the master power that moulds and casts 'thought'. In the mind, if, ther e ar e evil thoughts, then the wor ds ar e evil, and sorr ow which r esults fr om sin follows that 1 man as the chariot wheel follows the 'drawer' who drags it

Energy is the need for all kinds of work done by human being and nature. There are many sources of energy that help to run the various machines invented by man. But as the population and development activities increases, the requirement of the energy i.e demand will also increase. If this trend of continuous exploitation of energy sources, continue the sources are going to be exhausted very soon near future. So we need to look for the alternative of conventional sources of energy and the best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources of energy. The conventional source of energy are coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. which are kind of fossil fuel and non-conventional are in the form of solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean thermal, hydro and Tidal energy. Sun is the main source of energy to the Human Being

The 73r d Constitutional Amendment pr ovided opportunities to women to participate in politics at differ ent levels of panchayats. As such, women ar e equally participating in r oot level politics. The main aim of such political participation is gender equality and caste equality . Hence, information on social aspects of women panchayat members was collected thr ough interview schedule fr om total 120 women panchayat members in Gulbar ga district. The study r evealed that majority of the r espondents is of middle age gr oup and have middle income. Surprisingly , even though women ar e playing a significant r ole in village and towns as panchayat members, still majority of them have not got equal status in their families.

India has a patriar chal society wher e men ar e seen as r ole models who ar e supposed to look after their par ents in old age. Giving birth to a girl child is seen by many as "watering the neighbours' plants" and birth of a male child is looked upon as a feather in the cap with gr eat pride and joy . Female infanticide, or the killing of female babies, was a practice pr evailing in India long ago. Though this has now been abolished legally , we find that it is still practised in a differ ent and mor e sophisticated manner . Females ar e being now being killed even befor e they ar e born that we call as female foeticide

Repr esentation is not fr ee fr om the politics of r epr esentation. Who is r epr esenting whom, fr om what position, for what purpose and at which junctur e- all these questions and many mor e determine, influence and pr oblematic r epr esentation. The paper attempts to analyze r epr esentation of women in Karnad's monologue Flowers. Multiple questions arise when the priest r epr esents his wife and the courtesan he visits for sexual pleasur e named Ranganayaki. Why the priest never mentions the name of his wife? Is she a silent victim? Does she pr otest? What is her attitude towar ds sexuality and nakedness? Is it in contrast to Ranganayaki's attitude towar ds the same? Is she mor e liberated than the priest's wife? It is true that true evaluation of the play can only be done if in futur e the play is performed on stage nevertheless this paper tries to assess the r epr esentation of women(women's body , mind and soul) in the play .

The pioneers of all our pr ogr essive movements including that of the liberation for women may be divided into two gr oups. Both the gr oups r ecognized the r eactionary and coer cive character of our social institutions and customs. The enlightened liberal Indians who wer e known as the r eformers r ecognized the principle of the liberty of the individual. They wer e permeated with western liberal cultur e and hence invoked such jibe, ral principles as individual liberty , equality of all human beings irr espective of sex and other distinctions, r espect for the personality of the individual and others when they attacked r eactionary authoritarian hierar chic social institutions and launched social r eform movements including that of the liberation of the Indian women. As r egar ds the rationalist appr oach Ranade r emarked that it was wr ong to r evive old institutions it they wer e unable to meet new social needs. “When we ar e asked to r evive our institutions and customs, people seem to be very much at sea as to what it is they seem to r evive

A number of new technologies ar e being integrated by the telecommunications industry as it pr epar es for the next generation mobile services. One of the key changes incorporated in the multiple channel access techniques is the choice of Orthogonal Fr equency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the air interface. This paper pr esents a survey of various multiple channel access schemes for 4G networks and explains the importance of these schemes for the impr ovement of spectral efficiencies of digital radio links. The paper also discusses about the use of Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques to impr ove signal r eception and to combat the effects of multipath fading. A comparative performance analysis of differ ent multiple access schemes such as T ime Division Multiple Access (TDMA), FDMA, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) & Orthogonal Fr equency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is made vis-à-vis design parameters to highlight the advantages and limitations of these schemes. Finally simulation r esults of implementing some access schemes in MA TLAB ar e pr ovided

he US economy accounts for ¼ of the world's GDP . The dr eam development of USA was busted when the world major financial giants like Lehman Br others, Bear Sterns, AIG, Merill L ynch etc. saw the unpr ecedented collapse of financial giants. The lar ge Banks in US accor ding to economists and financial experts ar e like dead man walking A. sober assessment of the gr owing mountain of losses fr om bad debts, measur ed in today's market place would over whelm the value of the banks...and they ar e insolvent (Ster e lohr 2009).

To, day around one-fifth of world population is Muslim which spans nearly all corners of the earth; Muslim are the majority population in 60 countries of the world. There is almost one Muslim among every five in habitants of the globe but in twice as many countries i-e some 120 state, Muslims are minorities. And even in societies with majorities, not only are there sizable non-Muslim minorities, but also sizable communities that differ from the rest of their follow Muslims in sect, denomination and doctrine or in their fallowing of mystical traditions.

The aim of this paper is to find out the various impacts of E-commer ce in the business. This paper finds out the benefits of E-Commer ce, impacts of E-commer ce on Dir ect marketing, other mar keting, or ganization, manufacturing, finance and barriers of E-commer ce.

To meet the goals of library service professional and supportive staff is needed. Libraries have grown rapidly and many changes have taken place in the library environment. Many libraries try to establish their goals with staff contributing and then jointly organizing toward accomplishing the goals. The emerging Environment represents the arena which is influenced by managerial policies, Library structure and technology and external environment. If the Environment is Favorable, there would be greater Library Organizational effectiveness.

Guru Nanak and his successor Sikh Gurus established the institution of Sangat with view to pr ovide a platform to society for collective salvation and cooperative endeavor to r estructur e the obsolete socio-r eligious traditions and institutions. The Sangat sow the seeds of civil society in an age when mankind was sharply fragmented on the basis of caste, cr eed, race, color etc. Sangat educate, motivate and train an individual to live truthfully and to seek the mer ger with Infinite Reality (God). Sangat transforms the vision and way of life of human beings and enable them to be saint- soldier and seeker of Ultimate T ruth in the companionship of r ealized and divinely inspir ed souls.

The concept of priority sector was evolved in the late sixties in order to focus attention on the need to ensure adequate facilities to certain neglected sectors of the economy; SSI is one among the neglected sector . The involvement of banks in SME financing has considerably since then. V arious initiatives are taken by Government and RBI in smooth flow of credit to SME's. Dif ferent committees were also constituted. The amount of credit extended by commercial banks has consistently increased over the decades but the amount of credit extended is not in proportion to the number of enterprises. Number of SME's accessing institutional finance including commercial banks is very less. Around 1.56 lakh micro enterprises and .14 lakh small enterprises are availing institutional finance out of 26 million SME's. Literature review focusing on studies related to challenges faced by the SME's in accessing bank credit indicates that SME's are not able to get adequate and timely access to bank credit. There seems to be a finance gap between the supply and demand for SME bank finance irrespective of various initiatives taken by commercial banks. The ef fort of commercial banks in extending credit is not reaching the beneficiary . There is a need to link the ef forts of banks to enable SME's to get adequate and timely credit

The pr esent paper attempts to analyze significance of the FDI inflows in Indian service sector . Since 1991 and r elating the gr owth of service sector FDI in generation of employment in terms of skilled and unskilled

Buddha contends that suffering (dukkha) arises because of 'craving' (tanha) with the base of 'ignorance' (avijja). Therefore, ignorance is the root cause of all sufferings. It is the ignorance of the true nature of things, that they are impermanent (anicca),essence less (anatta) and full of suffering (dukkha). The ignorant takes them as permanent (nicca), full of essence (atta) and as the nature of pleasure (sukha). This leads to 'craving' (tanha) for attachment with the objects. The nerve centre of these false experiences of objects as permanent, full of essence and pleasure is the 'mind' (manasi).'Mind' is the master power that moulds and casts 'thought'. In the mind, if, there are evil thoughts, then the words are evil, and sorrow which results from sin follows that man as the chariot wheel follows the 'drawer' who drags it.1

Ir onically the country , which boasts of its cultural heritage fr om the gr eat exponents of non violence like Gautam Buddha, Guru Nanak and Mahatma Gandhi, is stricken by the deadly disease of communal violence. The incidences of communal violence ar e the most disturbing phenomena. It is a matter of gr eat shame that in spite of commissions of inquiry and long post mortems into incidents of communal agitation, nobody is punished for the communal crimes they commit. Combating communalism has to be given priority as ur gent national task. It needs to be taken up at all levels of society irr espective of caste colour and cr eed. Communalism has made serious inr oads into the state apparatus; many of the officials of the Government have openly or secr etly compr omised with or even supported communal for ces and sometimes themselves practice communalism. The law and or der machinery has to be rid of communal elements. It has to r emain ever vigilant to extinguish the communal spark befor e it sets an ar ea or town on fir e.

Although graph theory is one of the younger branches of mathematics, it is fundamental to a number of applied fields, including operations r esear ch, computer science, and social network analysis. In this paper we discuss the basic concepts of graph theory fr om the point of view of social network analysis

Julian Barnes as the contemporary British novelist of the era. He has proved himself to be one of the leading novelists of England and has been a prolific writer . He has produced ample literature and can produce more in future as he is a living writer .

nventories ar e r esour ces of any kind having & economic value. Inventories constitute one of the most important elements of any system of dealing with supply , manufacturing & distribution of goods & services. Effective inventories management plays a critical r ole in the smooth & efficient running of any business. Reducing excess inventory & investing in the right inventories lead to impr oved customers service, incr eased inventory turnover , r educed costs & incr eased pr ofitability . So inventory management is very essential for today business. “Inventory management is planning & devising pr ocedur es to maintain an optimum level of raw material, work-in-pr ocess, finished goods, consumables & stor es.”

Most of the great works accomplished in the human civilization can be attributed to the groups rather than a single individual. Group approach to decision making and programme implementation has long been employed in various areas including politics – almost all the dif ficult matters are referred to committees. Most of the successful functioning or ganisations be it at micro level ( a single firm ) or at macro level ( parliament, as for instance ) reinforce the significance of group approach to problem solving. This paper explores the impact of participation in Self Help Groups on the empowerment of women in the context of the great importance being given to the group approach while conceptualizing any programme for rural women. The present paper looks at various dimensions of empowerment – political, material, cognitive, perceptual and relational. Access to credit can help in expansion of material base of women by enabling them to start and expand small businesses, often accompanied by market access; the women also experienced 'Power within': feelings of freedom, strength, self- identity and increases in levels of confidence and self-esteem

Internet banking (or E-banking) means any user with a personal computer and a br owser can get connected to his bank -s website to perform any of the virtual banking functions. In internet banking system the bank has a centralized database that is web- enabled. All the services that the bank has permitted on the internet ar e displayed in menu. Any service can be selected and further interaction is dictated by the natur e of service. The traditional branch model of bank is now giving place to an alternative delivery channels with A TM network. Once the branch offices of bank ar e inter connected thr ough terr estrial or satellite links, ther e would be no physical identity for any branch. It would a bor derless entity permitting anytime, anywher e and anyhow banking. The network which connects the various locations and gives connectivity to the central office within the or ganization is called intranet. These networks ar e limited to or ganizations for which they ar e set up. SWIFT is a live example of intranet application

Mahua oil, is considered as potential alternative fuels for diesel engines. In order to reduce the problems posed by straight vegetable oils in operation transesterification of vegetable oils is found to be more suitable fuel processing technique...A single cylinder constant speed air-cooled four-stroke direct injection diesel engine of 4.4 KW which is commonly used in the agriculture sector for driving pumps and in small electrical generators is selected for the experimental investigations. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics are analyzed. The combustion parameters considered for this analysis are ignition delay, cylinder pressure and rate of heat release. The brake thermal efficiency is slightly reduced and the Hydrocarbon (UBHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate emissions in the exhaust are reduced when fuelled with methyl ester compared to diesel. The results show that methyl esters of vegetable oils can be successfully used in existing diesel engines without any modifications.

The purpose of the study was to characterize women Kabaddi Players by their Anthropometric characteristics of lower extremities and also to compare playing Positions of Kabaddi Players (Raiders, Corners, Blockers and All- Rounders) by their Anthropometric characteristics of lower extremities. The subjects were selected from different Colleges of Lucknow, India. Eighty female subjects were selected, 20 from each playing position i.e. Raiders, Corners, Blockers and All- Rounders. Age ranges between 17- 25 years. Anthropometric characteristics of lower extremities were selected: Leg Length, Thigh Length, Thigh Girth, and Calf Girth. Descriptive Statistics were used to compare Anthropometric Characteristics of lower extremities belonging to four different playing positions, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used and the level of significance was set at 0.05 levels. In relation to Leg Length of the different playing positions of Kabaddi Players, insignificant difference was found, since the obtained “F” value 1.838 was found lower than the tabulated value 2.73 (3, 76) at 0.05 level of significance. In relation to Thigh Girth of the different playing positions insignificant difference was found, since the obtained “F” value 2.676 was found lower than the tabulated value 2.73 (3, 76). In relation to Calf Girth of the different playing positions significant difference was found, since the obtained “F” value 3.259 was found higher than the tabulated value 2.73(3, 76) at 0.05 level of significance

T eaching is consider ed as one of the oldest and noblest pr ofession. W ith the changing socio-economic scenario and incr easing unemployment, the values of teacher and their pr ofessional concern with the job have for cibly under gone a change which adversely effects ther e mental health. The level of mental health of teacher has affected his/her working as well as or ganizational climate. Keeping into this thing into consideration, the study is aimed at finding the mental health of government and private teachers and its r elation to locality and job satisfaction. 250 teachers wer e selected fr om differ ent High schools of Jammu district. Mental health inventory and job satisfaction inventory was used. It was found that government school teachers possess good mental health in comparison to private school teachers. Locality has no effect on the mental health of teachers. Further findings show that that job satisfaction has an effect on the mental health of the teachers.

Ener gy is a foundation of economy . Ener gy pr ovides an essential ingr edient for almost all human activities: it pr ovides services for cooking and space/water heating, lighting, health, food pr oduction and storage, education, mineral extraction, industrial pr oduction and transportation. Ener gy services ar e a powerful engine of economic and social development, and no country has managed to develop much beyond a subsistence economy without ensuring at least minimum access to ener gy services for a br oad section of its population. Thr oughout the world, the ener gy r esour ces available to them and their ability to pay lar gely determine the way in which people live their lives. Nevertheless, it is critical to r ecognize that what people want ar e the services that ener gy pr ovides, not fuel or electricity per se

The objective of the study is to study the frustration levels among the adolescence with r efer ence to gender , age, and or dinal position. In the pr esent investigation a total sample of 120 normal adolescents wer e taken with equal number of boys and girls (60 boys and 60 girls). 60 Boys was again divided accor ding to their age and or dinal position. The same was r epeated for the other category . It has been observed fr om findings of the study that with r efer ence to gender significant differ ence was found between boys and girls in thr ee dimensions of frustration, and girls wer e r elatively mor e frustrated than boys. W ith r efer ence to age, significant differ ence was found between 14 and 17 year old adolescents only in one dimension of frustration. Simil arly signif icant differ ence e xisted only i n one dimension of frustration between first born adolescents and last born adolescents. Comparatively first born adolescents exhibited mor e frustration than last born adolescents

Fr om the times immemorial- urbanization, industrialization, change in living conditions, a fundamental incr ease in consumer's habits in India have cr eated a rapid and steady rise in the pr oduction of solid wastes. Parallel to this incr ease, the population of urban centers is constantly gr owing. The r esult of these developments means that the amount of solid wastes pr oduced in urban ar ea has swelled considerably . Effective and efficient way of collecting, transportation and tr eating these wastes has become one of the most ur gent pr oblems confr onting the local administrations. Mor eover , incr ease in amount of solid wastes, high collection costs, budget difficulties, worker's strikes and location of suitable dumping places ar e some of the envir onmental pr oblems often encounter ed

Democratic Decentralization was the essence of the Gandhian concept of Gram Swaraj. Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own affairs. According to Mahatma Gandhi The villagers would themselves manage the affairs of the village.' The introduction of the Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs), in pursuance of the Balwant Rai Mehta committee report, during 1950 by various state government is in India was mainly intended to realign this vision of Mahatrna Gandhi. Panchayati Raj system is a real democratic system. A true democracy cannot function through the centralising system of governance in which only a few have control over all power. The governance should be from base level and by the people of the village.

This assessment on the needs of the Indian Expatriate adolescent girls in Kuwait is to develop a culturally appr opriate Life Skills Intervention pr ogram. Key Informants Interviews and Focus gr oup discussions wer e the two methods used to assess the need. Situation Analysis was done by Key Informants Interviews. Key Informants Interviews cover ed; par ents, teachers, School counsellors and School administrative staffs. Thirty adolescent girls participated in 3 Focus Gr oup Discussions. The FGDs wer e r ecor ded and transcribed. In the first stage of Data analysis, similar needs wer e gr ouped and ranked accor ding to their or der of importance. The Needs that emer ged wer e, Skills to maintain Effective Interpersonal Relationships, Car eer concerns, health information needs, academic r elated issues, puberty r elated issues, personality development and cultural issues. The skill development priority was given to interpersonal r elationship

''Manufacturing is the pr ocessing of primary pr oducts into mor e r efined and usable pr oducts. It is vital for our every existence (Khullar , D.R.)''. On the basis of labour , machineries, weight of the raw materials etc. ther e ar e varies types of manufacturing industries in India & abr oad. Among them, weaving is an important constituent of cottage & small scale industries. The basic objective of this paper is to examine the socio-economic condition of the weavers in the district of Bur dwan & Murshidabad. This study looks at the asset distribution of differ ent persons, education status of differ ent persons, differ ent sour ces of loan, the purpose of loan and the effect of the annual weaver inc omes dui to change in the variables such as land holding, famil y size, and number of family member involved. This study is based on the data collected fr om primary field survey in the villages; these ar e Nir ol, Beninagar , Sripur , Berugram, Sonarundi, Er era, Simulia, Dattabarutia, Dakshikhanda & Sirpara

The performance of mechanical seal in automobile manufacturing is vital. A mechanical seal is dynamic working seal, sealing an application with stationary housing & rotating shaft. Purpose of mechanical seal is to separate two or more media. Variation exists in all processes & some jobs are rejected during manufacturing of mechanical seals. Process capability study enables the user to identify variation within the process. In this paper the process capability of critical parameters in manufacturing compact type mechanical seals applicable in pumps has been analyzed. Statistical tools were used to study process capability. Process capability of critical parameters was improved by 0.79 to 1.74.

The need for continuous change in the emer ging ar eas of higher education is pr opelled by the enormous development and evolution in the global society . These compelling factors have been facilitating as prime moves for the big strides of higher education in r ecent times all over the world r esulting in innovation of various aspects of higher education including r emarkable changes in teaching-learning pr ocess. T eaching-learning pr ocess includes teachers, students learning pr ocess and learning situation. The education commission 1964-66 which examined all the facts of education at all levels very aptly began its r eport with these wor ds “the destiny of India is now being shaped in our class r oom

We know that easy language, Electronic commerce, commonly known as ecommerce, is the buying and selling of product or service over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. This research paper describes the invention and accessibility of internet connectivity and powerful online tools has resulted a new commerce era that is e-commerce, which has completely revolutionized the conventional concept of business. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions'-commerce can be divided into following ways: E-tailing or "virtual storefronts" on Web sites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a "virtual mall" The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling and The security of business transactions E-commerce can enhance economic growth, increase business opportunities, competitiveness, better and profitable access to markets. E-Commerce is emerging as a new way of helping business enterprises to compete in the market and thus contributing to economic success. In this research paper I will discuss about advanced SWOT analysis of E-commerce which will comprise of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by e-commerce in current scenario

Farmer suicides did use to take place earlier , but since the beginning of the last decade mor e and mor e farmers have given up on their lives. Farmers ar e not awar e of the various financial r eliefs available to them by the government, and hence, agr ee to the ridiculous inter est rates of private moneylenders. They lose their savings on social events such as marriages, and with a failur e in their harvest they ar e left with a crippling bankruptcy . Eventually , despondency takes a toll over them. This is the story of over 60% of India's total population – the farmers! Mainly in four agrarian states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgar h), this practice has spr ead like wildfir e. In a 2007 r eport by Mr . P . Sainath fr om The Hindu, it was r ecor ded that on an average ther e had been one suicide every fifty-thr ee minutes between 1997 and 2005. New Delhi, DH News Service: The number of farmers' suicides in Karnataka has come down drastically this fiscal year . Karnataka, one of the worst-hit states in the country as far as farmers' suicides ar e concerned, has r eported just 14 incidents in 2009-10 (up to December) against 143 in 2008-09, accor ding to the information pr ovided by the Union Ministry of Agricultur e. While 2006-07 witnessed 191 farmers' suicides, only 182 cases wer e r eported in 2007-08.

The concepts of social marketing are active borrowing from social science discipline, such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, marketing and communications theory. Its practical roots stem from disciplines such as advertising, public relations and market research, as well as to the work and experience of social activists, advocacy groups and community organizers. These interdependences among different concepts and theories are usually reciprocal. Although relationship metaphor dominates marketing practice, the field of social marketing is lagging behind. Little empirical work and theoretical development has been conducted on relational phenomena in Social Organizations that are striving to achieve behavioral change among consumers. This paper argues for validity and importance of customer relationship management in social marketing contexts, including a debate as to the legitimacy of the social organizations as an active relationship partner. The author tries to draw a framework for better understanding the relationship that the consumers form with the social organization and how it affects the intended behavioral change.

This study examined urban teachers' assessment of the new nine-year basic education mathematics curriculum for Nigerian primary and junior secondary schools within the blueprint of descriptive survey r esear ch design. 340 primary and junior secondary school mathematics teachers randomly selected fr om the twenty Local Government Ar eas of Lagos State participated in the study . Data collected with the aid of T eachers' r eception of the new nine-year basic education mathematics curriculum questionnair e (TREBEMQ with Cr onbach's coefficient alpha, á=.91 for construct validity and internal consistency r eliability) wer e analysed using descriptive statistics of simple per centage, mean, and standar d deviation and infer ential statistics of an Independent samples t-test. The r esults showed that the new nine-year basic education mathematics curriculum for Nigerian primary and junior secondary schools is well r eceived by urban inservice teachers irr espective of their gender , academic qualification, and years of mathematics teaching experience. It was ther efor e r ecommended among others that since teachers of mathematics ar e the actual implementers of curriculum r eforms in the classr ooms, they should be mor e involved at every stage of curriculum r eview/development so as pr omote their positive attitude and lower their r esistance to innovations. Mor e so, strategic agency like the Nigerian Educational Resear ch and Development Council (NERDC) should be gr ossly funded since poor financing of the agency in the past had adversely affected teacher training, workshops, materials pr oduction, trial r esear ch and follow-up evaluation and monitoring of curriculum r eform pr ogrammes in the country .

W e have synthesized fifteen polynuclear complexes {M(CO) [L]}1a-1c, 2a-2c, 4 1 3a-3c, 4a-4c and 5a-5c (1a, M = Cr , L=SB1, R = H; 1b, M = Mo, L=SB , R = H; 1c, M = 1 2 2 W , L=SB , R = H; 2a, M = Cr , L=SB , R = Me; 2b, M = Mo, L=SB , R = Me; 2c, M = W , 2 3 3 L=SB , R = Me; 3a, M = Cr , L=SB , R = Eth; 3b, M = Mo, L=SB , R = Eth; 3c, M = W , 3 4 4 L=SB , R = Eth; 4a, M = Cr , L=SB , R = n-pr; 4b, M = Mo, L=SB , R = n-pr; 4c, M = W , 4 5 5 L=SB , R = n-pr; 5a, M = Cr , L=SB , R = Ph; 5b, M = Mo, L=SB , R = Ph; 5c, M = W , 5 L=SB , R = Ph) by photochemical displacement of two CO gr oup fr om M(CO)6 by 1 phenyl-N-((pyridin-2-yl)methylene)methanamine [SB ], (Z)-phenyl-N-(1-(pyridin-2- 2 y l ) e t h y l i d e n e ) m e t h a n a m i n e [ S B ] , ( Z ) - p h e n y l - N - ( 1 - ( p y r i d i n - 2 - 3 y l ) p r o p y l i d e n e ) m e t h a n a m i n e [ S B ] , ( Z ) - p h e n y l - N - ( 1 - ( p y r i d i n - 2 - 4 y l ) b u t y l i d e n e ) m e t h a n a m i n e [ S B ] a n d ( Z ) - p h e n y l - N - ( p h e n y l ( p y r i d i n - 2 - 5 yl)methylene)methanamine [SB ] . The synthesized complexes exhibit variable degr ee of antibacterial activity . The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 [ H]-NMR spectr oscopy and magnetic studies. The spectr oscopic studies suggest a bidentate behavior of the ligand via pyrimidine-N and imine-N donor atoms with the metal (0)

Religion is based upon cultur e, beliefs, faith, norms and moral values which r elate human beings to worldwide spirituality and has its origin fr om natur e which was based upon the faith and belief on fir e, water , land, air and sky . Human beings had their evolution 5,00,000 years ago wer e and r eligion came into existence during the Pr ehistoric period 300th millennium to 34th century BCE.

To be successful, organizations must look into the needs and wants of their customers. That is the reason why many researchers and academicians have continuously emphasized on the importance of customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention. Customer satisfaction is important because many researchers have shown that customer satisfaction has a positive effect on an organization's profitability. Due to this, the consequences of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction must be considered. There is also a positive connection between customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention. Therefore, customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention are all very important for an organization to be successful

At times we don't have a specific testing strategy to consider the idea of testing web services but now a days so many tools which are available on-line. These tools may or may not concentrate on functional testing because there is no rule that we need to consider only functional testing; as it is only a part of the testing phenomenon. There is a tool called SoapUI which allows the user to work with the web services and to execute the test cases in a different environment. We need to believe that a web service does not have GUI and they use XML encoded data for communication. From client side testing it is very important because the test cases generated should be definitely in XML format. In this we define how to perform web service testing from client side, client file, implementation file, proxy class and a service locator file which talks about their respective tasks. We can describe these services by using a language called WSDL (Web Services Description Language). Moreover client side scripting is a collection of programs that are usually run at client side rather at server-side i.e web server. Client side scripts are java scripts because execution is done by the browser (client). Server side scripts are CGI scripts written in PHP, perl, ASP.net etc

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through autodidacticism.1 Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. Presumably every generation, since the beginning of human existence, somehow passed on its stock of values, traditions, methods and skills to the next generation.2 The passing on of culture is also known as enculturation and the learning of social values and behaviours is socialization. The history of the curricula of such education reflects history itself, the history of knowledge, beliefs, skills and cultures of humanity.3

The Pr ess and Print Media play an important r ole in the social transformation and political transition in every society and country . W ith the invention of the printing, the knowledge became spr ead widely . In the T amil Society , the Depr essed Classes like the Dalits and Nadars and non-Brahmin Caste –Hindus formed the Dravidian Stock. The Dravidian awakening began to crystallize in the second half of the Nineteenth century in which the r ole of Christian Missionaries was r emarkable. Robert Caldwell contributed much in this r egar d. Due to this awakening, the Dalit and Nadar community intellectuals started many pioneer journal which aimed at social and political elevation of their people. The journals and print works of Periyar E.V .Ramasamy made worthy in this r egar d. On the whole, these journals worked to secur e social and political rights which wer e denied for long in the name of caste and r eligion to the Dravidians.

Death in common parlance signifies cessation of life. Medically it is classified as somatic, brain and molecular death. Extinction of life caused by cessation of r espiration, cir culation and cer ebral function is known as somatic death. Brain death occurs when all functions of the brain come to an abrupt end. Even after death cells r emain alive for some time and ther eafter they also extinguish. It is known as molecular death. One of the causes of death, as mentioned above is cessation of r espiration caused by obstruction to the r espiratory tract. The cause of such obstruction may be either the internal conditions of the body or application of external for ce. The latter is r esorted to end one's own life or the life of others. It is employed to mislead the crime detection. It has it's own medico – legal importance. In this article an attempt is made to analyse the medico – legal aspects of the asphyxial death which is caused by the application of external for ce

Cr eativity has been studied fr om a variety of perspectives and is important in numer ous contexts. Most of these appr oaches ar e unidisciplinary , and it is ther efor e difficulty to form a coher ent overall view . The following sections examine some of the ar eas in which cr eativity is seen as being important.” Ther e is very little on the r ecor ding and assessing of cr eativity in the literatur e although in the field of psychometrics, cr eativity tests wer e historically used, for example those developed by T orrance. T orrance described four components by which individual cr eativity could be assessed.

The pr esent study aims to determine the status of Achievement motivation among child labour and r egular school going student.. The sample consist of 100 subject 50 child labour 50 r egular school going students. T otal sample select in to the national Child labour pr oject fr om Jalna dist. in Maharashtra. The subject selected in the sample was in the age gr oup of 09 to 16 who ar e living in urban ar eas only . Standar dized Psychological T ools was used for data collection that is Achievement motivations Scale. After done of scoring data wer e tr eated as two way analysis. The r esults indicate that child labour and r egular school going students thus differ fr om each other significantly on the Achievement motivation. Accor ding to mean values the r egular school going childr en having high Achievement motivation than the child labour . The 'F' ratios indicate that ther e is significant differ ence between male and female of both child labour and school going students on Achievement motivation

Herbal and spices ar e very important and useful as therapeutic against many pathogenic infections. Most bacteria ar e sensitive to the extracts fr om spices such as clove, ginger , garlic, mustar d, onion, or egano, turmeric etc. Spices such as garlic and ginger have been used as antimicr obial agents against E.coli and Klebsiella sp by using well diffusion method. The spices extracts pr epar ed by using thr ee solvents methanol, ethanol and aqueous. Accor ding to the r esult among the selected spices garlic had the inhibitory activity showed maximum zone 0f 26mm against Klebsiella sp and a zone of 23mm against E.coli. The aqueous extracts of garlic wer e mor e effective than methanol and ethanol extract. In case of ginger ethanol extract showed maximum zone of inhibition 25mm against klebsiella sp and minimal zone was r ecor ded in 1 1mm aqueous extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration of differ ent bacterial species varied fr om 0.2mg/ml to 1.0mg/ml.

Indian economy is an textile industry economy , as about 65 per cent of population depends on textile industry sector for their subsistence. Now India's population passed 100 cr or es with lar ge shar e of female population that is up to 50 per cent of the total population, but 71 per cent of the total population living in rural ar eas. In total female population or rural Aeas i.e., 89 per cent females ar e engaged in textile industry and allied sector . For this r eason textile industry continues to be the mainstay of the Indian economy . Its contribution to the national GDP is about 25 per cent. In the new millennium with the globalization and liberalization of the economy the challenges in Indian textile industry sector ar e the quite differ ent form theose net in pr evious decades.

The aim of this paper is to reveal the process and practice of colonialism as reflected in Larins Sahib, Sultan Padmasee Prize winning play by Gurcharan Das. The action of the play is based on the real events in Punjab in 1846-47. The play is recreated from the documents and letters exchanged by the principal characters. Prima-facie it is a love story of an Indian queen Rani Jindan Kaur and Henry Lawrence, an Agent of the East India Company to the Government of Dalip Singh, the son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Authors believe that imperialism operates in the play on psychological, political, economic, social, cultural and individual level. The play also throws light on the changing cultural priorities in the process of colonialism. Colonial power initially defeats natives to show them that they are inferior and thereby incapable to rule. Secondly it lays down strict political, economic, geographical and military conditions to sustain control over them. On the cultural level, under the pretext of development and social reform, colonizers change cultural priorities. Once the colonizers have gained full power and altered the social and cultural priorities, they start to harass the colonized on individual level. And when the colonized understand that they have been trapped in the net, they start rebellion to overthrow the colonial rule. Thus the colonizer and the colonized get locked in an unending struggle. However, the norms of the struggle are always set by the colonizer. The play under assessment is a good example of the process and practice of imperialism.

In the wor ds of K.R. Hanumanthan, 'Untouchability is a unique phenomenon in the Hindu Society . It is indeed an Indian Concept whose true import can be understood only in the Indian Context' The English wor d 'untouchability' gives local expr ession like 'asparsya' in Sanskrit, 'tittu' in T amil, and 'pula' in Canar ese and Malayalam. B.R.Ambedkar views, 'Untouchability is the notion of defilement, pollution and contamination'.The British Administrators coined the wor d , 'Untouchables' to denote the bottomline people of the Indian Society . J.H.Hutton calls them, 'Exterior Castes' since they wer e outside the r egular cadr e of castes.The British r ecor ds r efer them as 'De pr ess ed Cla sse s'. As per the Gov ern men t of Ind ia Act , the y ar e bei ng called,'Scheduled Castes'. The untouchables of T amil Nadu coined the wor d, 'Adi- Dravida' for themselves, meaning, 'Original Dravidas'. They even started in 1857 an association called 'Adi-Dravida Mahajana Sabha'. M.K.Gandhi named them, 'Harijans'.Untouchability varied fr om caste to caste only in degr ee and not in kind. Ther e was a tr emendous change in the position of position fr om the past to pr esent. Their leaders cr eated much awakening since the beginning of the T wentieth Century . The Popular Governments in both Centr e and T amil Nadu State thr ough legislative measur es attempted to r emove the practice of untouchability and avert attacks on the Untouchables in the name of the caste.The paper attempts to highlight the practice of untouchability and position of untouchables fr om the past to pr e-Independence period

By birth everybody has tendency to play any physical act movement which gives inspiration joy, entertainment is a play. The children's like to play anytime. They concentrate on a game, which they play. Our life must be full of knowledge and different techniques we can superpose on task and risk, using different physical techniques. These techniques can be acquired by sports, games, play, dance and art. The sports and sportsmanship plays major roll for success in our life. Physical and psychological development can be achieved by sports.

The doyen figures like Raja Rao, R. K. Narayan , and Mulk Raj Anand paved a way in Indian Writing in English to pour out one's feelings, emotions and plights by using English language very effectively as an instrument. These three doyen figures lost none of their identity and undisputable authenticity in the field of Indian Writing in English Literature even in the modern period. Though their literature was published in the thirties their novels are being read and referred by the modern critics and authors, without mentioning their names a writer and a critic finds no solace at all. The novels written by the three are applicable to all the times as it reflects the Indian culture, traditions, customs and socio-ploitical as well as economic condition of the contemporary society in their novels .

Ener gy is the need for all kinds of work done by human being and natur e. Ther e ar e many sour ces of ener gy that help to run the various machines invented by man. But as the population and development activities incr eases, the r equir ement of the ener gy i.e demand will also incr ease. If this tr end of continuous exploitation of ener gy sour ces, continue the sour ces ar e going to be exhausted very soon near futur e. So we need to look for the alternative of conventional sour ces of ener gy and the best alternative of conventional ener gy sour ces ar e the non-conventional ener gy sour ces of ener gy . The conventional sour ce of ener gy ar e coal, petr oleum, natural gas, etc. which ar e kind of fossil fuel and non-conventional ar e in the form of solar , wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean thermal, hydr o and T idal ener gy . Sun is the main sour ce of ener gy to the Human Being

Lands necessary for human survival, because it pr ovides man with living space, with food and with a number of raw-materials which ar e used in the satisfaction of his wants. But necessary as the land factor may be, man play an important r ole in conditioning and transforming his physical envir onment (Barlowe,R.1963). Man uses land within several frameworks, i.e. physical, social and economic, often operate together . The land utility differs depending upon the soil, topography , climate and water r esour ces. Ther efor e the agricultur e activities of man ar e r estricted on the land surface. This paper is devoted to the study of spatio-temporal analysis of general land use of Sangli district. The general land use pattern has been classified as net sown ar ea, land not available for cultivation, cultivable waste land, fallow land and for est cover . The data obtained for the period of 1981-82 to 2005-06 fr om socio-econonic r eview and district statistical Abstracts and District census Handbook of Sangli, converted in to the per centage to the total geographic ar ea. T o avoid the fluctuation, five years data is averaged and used for analysis. The per centage is categoriesed in differ ent gr oups. The volume of change of these categories for twenty five years was computed and volume of change was shown in above mentioned figur es and interpr eted the text. The analysis gives the pr oper understanding of the general land use and r elevant aspects pr oviding the base for further investigation

Based on an analysis of various r ecommendations on teacher education pr ograms by policies, this paper draws together a set of concerns and issues r elated to teacher education at secondary stage, ar guing that impr oving teacher education pr ograms in evolving Indian society is the need of hour . Then, this analysis is used to appraise the dimensions of secondary schooling stage of teacher education in India. This paper concludes with thoughts on some pr omising dir ections for the teacher education pr ograms at secondary school stage.

Fr om the position of an or dinary Congr ess volunteer K. Kamaraj, within a span of thr ee and half decades r ose to the position of the Chief Minister of Madras fr om 13th April, 1954 to 2nd October , 1963 thr ough various phases of trials, mainly by his own dedicated selfless services to the T amil Society and for the development of T amil Nadu and India. His fruitful aims, laborious efforts and committed services on the Gandhian path , paved the way for him to serve the T amil Society thr ough his welfar e and r eform measur es which wer e much constructive natur e and always speaking and chanting his name in the annals of political history of T wentieth Century T amil Nadu and after . In that r egar d, Kamaraj imprinted his caliber as an indelible mass leader . W ith pr oper planning and looking at the futur e, he appr oached all the pr oblems and issues. His plans wer e dynamic useful for the gr owth of the State of T amil Nadu. He was a man of simplicity , tir eless worker , true follower of Gandhi, disciple of Satyamurthi, fr ontline fr eedom fighter , king maker in Indian Politics and above all the champion of downtr odden people .His Period of Chief Minsitership Madras State was full of achievement aimed at the construction development of T amil Nadu in the pr ogr essive path

The present work was carried out to monitor the impact of paper effluent on the microbial diversity viz., bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. Results of one year ecological study revealed that altogether 10 species of bacteria, 5 species of fungi and 42 species of cyanobacteria were isolated from the effluent stream. Among the bacteria, Pseudomonas with two species and others with single species each were recorded. Aspergillus was dominant among fungi with 2 species followed by Penicillium with three. Cyanobacteria, one of the dominant group of algae, inhabiting all kinds of water (effluents), recorded 42 species. Oscillatoria with 14 species was the dominant genus followed by Lyngbya (8), Phormedium (4), Chroococcus and Microcystis with two species each. Higher amounts of phosphates and nitrates, with sufficient amount of oxidizable organic matter, limited dissolved oxygen content and slightly alkaline pH were probably the factors favoring the growth of microbes especially cyanobacteria. The utilization of dominant species of cyanobacteria to monitor pollution in Paper mill effluent has also been discussed.

The present investigation is conducted to discuss spatial pattern of child drop out and impact of institutes and teachers on child drop out from primary school in Malda District of West Bengal. This research work is based on secondary sources of Data, collected from office of the Bureau of Economics and Statistics (District Statistical Hand book, 2007-2008), Malda district and cohort report (Primary), 2011-2012, (Base year, 2007-2008). The child dropout rate is higher in northern and southern tips (blocks) of this district while it is lower in northern half of this district (except northern tip) and it is medium in southern half of district (except southern tip). The child dropout rate is lower where the female literacy is higher. The impact of availability of school on child drop out is medium while the impact of availability of teachers on child drop out is low. There are so many other factors are responsible for child drop out e.g. households characteristics, infra-structure of school, degree of social development, economic development, distance of school from household, quality of education etc.

There is a debate in between the Indian philosophers whether the created things are existent or nonexistent or both existent and nonexistent before creation. All the different Indian Philosophers posses different views to solve the problem. Among them the Nyaya, Vaisesika and Mimansak hold the view of Asatakaryabada and Samkhya philosopher are Satakaryabadi. According to Samkhya the universe is the evolution of prakriti. They admit two theories one is Purus and another is Prakriti. Purus is conscious but prakriti is ignorant. But when the state of the Purush is reflected on prakriti then prakriti things itself as conscious and begins to evolutes itself. Then the evolution takes place. Thus from the atomic prakriti the created world is formed and after dissolution universe dissolved in prakriti. Prakriti is sata that's why the evolution is also Sata. The main maxim of Satakaryabad is, the created things or the effect is always sata or existent. Before formation an effect lies in its cause. Creation is nothing but another form of cause. So, Satakaryabad has to be accepted to establish evolutionary theory. In Nyaya Vaisesika view atom or Paramanus are the ultimate reality or Paramanus are the atomic cause of the universe. The atoms come together and by adjoining of them gradually the universe come into existence. After dissolution the complex things are destroyed into pieces. And the atoms become separated and come into atomic form. So, world is created from atoms. This theory of Nyaya is called Arambhabad. To establish Arambhabad they have to accept another theory named Asatakaryabada. Asatakaryabada means Karya is Asata before its creation. That means Karana is Sata but Karya is Asata before creation and become Sata after creation. Comparison of these two opposite theory is the subject matter of my discussion.

Every woman, man, youth and child has the human right to education, training and information, and to other fundamental human rights dependent upon r ealization of the human right to education. Equality of access to all levels of education is crucial to empowering women and girls to participate in economic, social and political life of their societies. Education unlocks a woman¹s potential, and is accompanied by impr ovements in health, nutrition, and well-being of women and their families. Human rights education, training and public information ar e, ther efor e, necessary and essential for the pr omotion and achievement of stable and harmonious r elations among the communities and for fostering mutual understanding, tolerance and peace. Thr ough the learning of human rights as a way of life, fundamental change could be br ought about to eradicate poverty , ignorance, pr ejudices, and discrimination based on sex, caste, r eligion, and disability and other status amongst the people. Human Rights Education serves as means of understanding and embracing principles of human equality , dignity and commitment to r espect and pr otect the rights of all. Once the people grasp human rights concept, they begin to look for their r ealization in their own lives, examining their communities, families and personal experiences thr ough the human rights lens. This paper analyses the Empowerment of W omen thr ough Human Rights Education.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before” Edgar Allen Poe Langston Hughes is one of the most legendary names in the history of modern American and African-American literature. He was also called as an innovator of the new literary form i.e Jazz Poetry. Hughes is also known for his work during the movement of 'HarlemRenaissance'. During this period, black literature began to rise in New York City. The Harlem Renaissance was “a state of mind rather than a concrete movement or even a creative community.” (Cary. D.Wintz:1988). As an important literary artist and a prominent African American Voice of the 20th century during 1930 his work reflected inner voice and deep anguish of the migrated black people of the American society. He advocated tirelessly for civil rights, and he was a powerful voice in the black community at a time of rampant racism and injustice. His poetry is marked with the deferred Dream of black people. He treated dream theme very expertly in his poetry. Therefore his poetry is echoed with the word 'Dream'. The dream replicated in Hughes poetry is the mainly a dream of Negro people

Everyday , in every walk of life, W e come acr oss str ess. As much as people wish for str ess fr ee life. Such a task would be impossible to achieve. Str ess is part and par cel of our lives. Contemporary str ess tends to be even mor e pervasive, persistence and insidious.

Over the past 10 years, the number of English language learners (ELLs) in the nation's schools and colleges have incr eased by 95% (National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition, 2004a). The latest statistics show that ther e ar e curr ently 4.7 million students who ar e in the pr ocess of learning English as a second language while learning academic content (NCELA, 2004a).Despite this ongoing change in the characteristics of our student population, most teachers have had little or no pr eparation for working with ELLs. However , the sheer volume of information about Language teaching is overwhelming. Consequently , teachers can succumb to the allur e of strategy books. Extracting strategies fr om books without an understanding of ELLs' unique language and learning needs is like building a house without understanding the basic principles of construction .So how to begin building the necessary understanding of ELLs' language and learning, is the question, teachers need to consider . Equally important in this age of accountability is the need for teachers to be knowledgeable about the scientifically-based evidence about the kinds of teaching appr oaches. T eachers not only have to make informed pedagogical decisions about teaching their ELLs, they have to be r eady to justify their decisions to administrators, par ents, and teacher colleagues as well. Sometimes, in some of the teachers ,pr oblematic behavior cr ops up in connection with tr oubles emer ging in personal life. Some teachers ignor e policy and pr ocedur es and some indulge in illegal activity . So definitely these things bring negative impact on the learning of students and their teaching. So showing pr ofessionalism in the classr oom is necessary and mandatory for the teacher to be efficient in his/her pr ofession. This paper examines the need of showing pr ofessionalism in the classr oom as well as how to develop pr ofessionalism

Irrigation has become an important aspect of agricultur e. Recently irrigation becomes most essential and without it most cr ops cannot be gr own. It becomes essential part due to variation of monsoon and uneven distribution of rainfall thr oughout the year . Even those cr ops, which ar e gr own during rainy season, also depend upon irrigation because farmers try to irrigate the cr ops in time so that cr ops might be r eady in time and give higher yield. In case of failur e of rainfall use of irrigation becomes much mor e essential ar eas gr owing multiple cr ops need intensive irrigation facilities. In pr esent study Shrigonda tahsil was selected as a study ar ea which came under rain shadow and semi arid r egion. The irrigation water r esour ce availability and management practices wer e consider fr om study ar ea in r elation with a cr opping pattern during 1961 to 2001. Mostly the irrigation practices incr eases chr onologically with change in land use and cr opping pattern i.e. semi arid cr op to cash cr op which significantly incr eased up to 23% and incr ease in surface water irrigation facilities by 28%. The monsoon pattern mostly influencing the land use and cr opping pattern. The scar city and availability of water r esour ces influenced the gr ound water utilization rate

All women ar e endowed with innate power that can make them successful entr epr eneurs. W omen entr epr eneurship is inher ent and also a natural pr ocess. W omen ar e naturally endowed with the qualities of entr epr eneurship. Maternity is a cr eative capacity involving risk of life. Maternal instincts generate enormous str ength and determination that drive the fear away fr om them. The pr esent r esear ch study has been conducted to study the pr oblems of women entr epr eneurs with special r efer ence to some selected units in Hyderabad Karnataka Region .The main objective of the study has been to understand the socioeconomic back- gr ound of women entr epr eneurs, and their pr oblems in running their enterprises efficiently and pr ofitably and T o suggest differ ent r emedial measur es in helping and pr omoting women entr epr eneurship. All most all the women entr epr eneurs irr espective of their education ,age, married and the unmarried, caste, r eligion, type of or ganizations, ownership type, experience, amount of capital investment , fixed assets have ranked the pr oblem of finance as first in or der followed by the pr oblem r elating to sales, competition fr om other sellers, pur chase of raw materials, technical pr oblems and labour r elated pr oblems.

Chinua Achebe's first novel Things Fall Apart published in 1958 accounts for the experience of women within nationalist discourse. It shows how the dominant masculine nationalist tendencies ar e counter ed. It lays emphasis on women's concern. It describes the dual-sex institutions of Igboland which have shaped the identity of men and women in Igbo societies. Judith V an Allen mentions “Igbo Societies functioned accor ding to a system of social or ganization that thrived on diffuse authority , fluid and informal leadership, shar ed rights of enfor cement, and a mor e or less stable balance of male and female power”. (171) The Igbo sociologist Kamene Okonjo has also ar gued that in both the “democratic village r epublics” and “constitutional village monar chy” systems of pr e-colonial Igbo society , authority was so “dispersed” between the sexes that “each sex generally managed its own affairs and had its own kinship institutions”.(47) Challenging what she considers a conventional ster eotype on the identity of Igbo and Nigerian women, she contends that:

In order to give a better deal to women, especially OBCs, SCs & STs in democratic processes, the govt. of India enacted the 73rd Amendment Act in 1993. Consequently, the Panchayats in States with political power were revitalized and reequipped to play a vital role as agents of social and economic transformation with a special focus on SCs and STs and women. The underlying assumption is that a change in the access to political power will not only transform the lives of the power-holders, but also enable them to transform the socio economic conditions of the villages in which they live. Political power is considered as 'resource'. It is argued that once lower classes are given power they can play a significant role in bringing about modern changes regardless of their low socio-economic status. There are others who argue that even though lower class people are given a greater access to political power, they are not likely bring about any changes due to their low class status. It is also held that the policy of reservation will be utilized more by the economically well-off than by the poor.

The digital divide r efers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalance both in physical access to technology and the r esour ces and skills needed to effectively participate as a digital citizen. Knowledge divide r eflects the access of various social gr oupings to information and knowledge, typically gender , income, race, and by location. The term global digital divide r efers to differ ences in access between countries.

A r egion is a defined territorial unit including particular language or languages, jatis, ethnic gr oups or tribes, particular social settings and cultural pattern , folk arts etc. “A r egion is a pr ofound sociological fact r eflected in its beings tr eated as the nuclear of a social aggr egation for multiple purposes. In the vocabulary of a sover eign state, it generally denotes a territory which is smaller than itself but is lar ger than its single constituent units, variously called states, pr ovinces, cantons, etc. what pr ecise factors mor e pr e-exist befor e a tract of territory could be called a r egion, is neither as yet fully known, nor can be firmly pr edicted. What is known is that several variables most be in simultaneous inter -play in varying degr ees over a considerable period of time which, then, set a particular territory apart fr om other ar eas: geography , topography , r egion, customs and mor es , political and economic stage of development, way of living, commonly shar ed historical experience, etc.

Though perfectly called a subcontinent, India bags a bad name as house of too many disabilities-a museum of disparities mor e r ecognized on the basis of origin of caste, Hindu r eligion rich of heritage has been a gift, with bane for the people of Forth V arna, the one's which wer e r egar ded as divisions of labours. Dalits have been descendents of Sudra V arna, wer e kept out of villages ill tr eated and exploited. Such an exploitation is a never ending pr ocess when one glances over the following data

The pr esent study is designed to construct a Self Contr ol Scale for B.Ed., (Bachelor of Education) T eacher T rainees. A Self Contr ol Scale was developed and standar dized by investigators (2012), by taking 300 samples randomly selected in teacher training institutions in V ellor e and Cuddalor e Districts. The item analysis was conducted to eliminate the inconsistent items in a tool. The final form of Self Contr ol Scale consists of 75 items, classified in to thr ee dimensions namely - classr oom situation, family situation and social & peer gr oup situation. All the items of Self Contr ol Scale ar e in Likert type with a five point rating.

Population of a given area is a resource for any kind of development. Birth rate, death rate and migration are the three important determinants of population growth and changes. Manipur has a total population of 27, 21,756 in 2011 and shares 0.22 per cent to the total population of India, which comprises of various ethnic groups. The population growth rate of the state has been rapid since 1951, which is mainly contributed by the natural increase and migration. The state has varied topography and socio-economic conditions. The population growth rate has been found higher in the hill than the valley districts of the state, but the population density in the valley districts are higher. The physiographic location, economic conditions determined the concentration of population inn the state and thus we can see the variation of population density. Simple arithmetic, percentage are used, and the results are brought though maps and tables.

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Taraweeh prayers on mental health and self control. For the present study 50 Sample were selected from Aurangabad town. Within group design was used the present study. Same 50 respondents are included for pre and post treatment.. Hypothesis of the study is there will be significantly difference between before Taraweeh prayers and after Ramadan Taraweeh prayers (In Ramadan) with respect to mental health and self control. Mental Health Inventory constructed and standardized by Dr. Jagdish and Dr. A.K. Shriwastawa and MAPS inventory constructed and standardized by Psy.com measuring for self control were used the study. Conclusions 1. After Taraweeh prayers have significantly good mental health than the before Taraweeh prayers. 2. After Taraweeh prayers have significantly high self control than the before Taraweeh prayers.

In the Catholic Chur ch ther e exists today a body of men known as the society of Jesus, each of whose thirty thr ee thousand members looks into the past for his way of life to a man who lived thr ough the first half of the sixteenth century (1491- 1556). This man, courtier and gentleman, solider and campaigner , student and teacher , ascetic and mystic was Ignatius Loyala. He was a Spanish noble man who while convalescing fr om a wound r eceived in battle, began to r eflect on the aimlessness of his life when compar ed to the ideals discover ed in his r eading of the lives of Christ and his saints, the only books available to him in his enfor ced idleness. As a r esult, he became filled with the desir e of seeking both 1. his own Christian perfection and that of his neighbours

Structure of hair varies in mammals even differs in male and female of the same species. Hair can be examined under a light microscope and compared to reference samples. The physical appearance of the medulla has many variations; Moreover scale pattern, whether regular wave or irregular, scale margin are varied from animal to animal. Medulla is amorphous in Rattus rattus, Ovis aries and Canis lupus while lattice in Homo sapien and Bos taurus. Medullary index is highest in Bos taurus and lowest in Homo sapien.

Backgr ound: In the pr esent investigation methanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial and under gr ound parts of a halophytic fern Acr osticum aur eum [Linn.] fr om western Ghats (MS),India wer e evaluated for phytochemical scr eening, antifungal and antioxidant pr operty . Method: The antimicr obial activity , MICs and MFCs of methanolic extracts of Acr osticum aur eum [Linn.] wer e evaluated against pathogenic fungi while, antioxidant activity wer e tested by using DPPH, SOR and OH radical scavenging assay while, phytochemical scr eening was carried out accor ding to standar d method. Result: Pr esent study r evealed that pr eliminary phytochemical scr eening of methanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial plant part [APP] and under gr ound plant part [UPP] shown mor e or less per centage of phenol flavonoid, saponins, tannins and car diac glycosides while, alkaloids, ster oid and terpenoid wer e not detected. Methanolic extracts of both parts shown bioactivity against one fungi and antioxidant pr operty thr ough DPPH, SOR and OH radical scavenging assay . Conclusion: obtained r esults highlights the bioactive phyto-constituents pr esent in methanolic extract of APP and UPP which might be inhibit the gr owth of tested fungi and fr ee radical scavenging activity . For avoiding pr evalence of multidrug r esistance, our study is intr oducing a safe, herbal antifungal candidatur e. Further , isolation, purification and characterization of active constituents of methanolic extract ar e r equir ed.r egular yoga practice leads to better and deeper sleep. Y oga can help fight fatigue and maintain your ener gy thr oughout the day . Y oga is an effective tr eatment for a variety of autoimmune diseases because it can r educe the symptoms these diseases often cause, such as stiffness, malaise, fatigue, and weakness

At pr esent nearly 7% of capital and 20 million of people ar ound the globe ar e employed by T ourism activity . It supports the national economy by contributing 6.5% of national GDP in the country . In India T ourism accounts 8.80% to the total employment? In India has 507 centrally pr otected moments. In Karnataka Eco-T ourism have 4 categories they ar e North Karnataka, South Karnataka, Hill Stations and Coastal Karnataka. In South Karnataka Nagarahole is a Heritageous Bio-r eserves & Eco- T ourism center of Mysor e. In the pr esent study an attempt has been made to study , the flora, fauna & envir ons of Nagarahole, a gr eat land for endanger ed species. The study gives a pr ofile of tr end in fauna population, especially of T iger & Elephant of Nagarahole, in various years of last decade. It enlightens the tr end of Eco-T ourism in various years of last decade. The activities of Eco-T ourism ar e enhanced her e. The Eco- T ourism is a sustainable activity to empower & enrich the Nagarahole Bio-r eserves. I think many mor e pr ojects & studies have to done in the way to make common travelers into Natur e Lovers & Eco – Friends

At pr esent nearly 7% of capital and 20 million of people ar ound the globe ar e employed by T ourism activity . It supports the national economy by contributing 6.5% of national GDP in the country . In India T ourism accounts 8.80% to the total employment? In India has 507 centrally pr otected moments. In Karnataka Eco-T ourism have 4 categories they ar e North Karnataka, South Karnataka, Hill Stations and Coastal Karnataka. In South Karnataka Nagarahole is a Heritageous Bio-r eserves & Eco- T ourism center of Mysor e. In the pr esent study an attempt has been made to study , the flora, fauna & envir ons of Nagarahole, a gr eat land for endanger ed species. The study gives a pr ofile of tr end in fauna population, especially of T iger & Elephant of Nagarahole, in various years of last decade. It enlightens the tr end of Eco-T ourism in various years of last decade. The activities of Eco-T ourism ar e enhanced her e. The Eco- T ourism is a sustainable activity to empower & enrich the Nagarahole Bio-r eserves. I think many mor e pr ojects & studies have to done in the way to make common travelers into Natur e Lovers & Eco – Friends

Nanotechnology will have an almost endless string of applications in biotechnology , biology , and biomedicine. The biotech world also has many r eal world applications curr ently in use or under development that ar e, or will be, affecting our quality of life. Novel therapeutic strategies include the development of tar geted transport vehicles allowing drug delivery to specific cells or cell structur es. Nanotechnology is enabling technology that deals with nano-meter sized objects. It is expected that nanotechnology will be developed at several levels: materials, devices and systems. The nanomaterials level is the most advanced at pr esent, both in scientific knowledge and in commer cial applications. Drugs with narr ow therapeutic indexes cr eate a major challenge for pharmaceutical scientists, during their developments. Of particular inter est ar e bioengineer ed nano-particles, which can be utilized as transport vehicles of diagnostic or therapeutic agents. This brief r eview tries to summarise the most r ecent developments in the field of applied nanomaterials, in particular their application in biology

The pr esent study was conducted to know the Emotional Maturity among adolescents in r elation to some personal backgr ound variables. The sample of this study consisted of 200 graduates (100 Arts & 100 Science students) studying in Dharwad city . Y eshvir Singh and Mahesh Bhar gava's Emotional Maturity scale was administer ed on them to measur e the Emotional Maturity . The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis in terms of Mean, SD, and 't' ratio. The findings show that, Science students ar e having significantly high Emotional Maturity than the Arts students. Wher e as ther e is no significant differ ence in Emotional Maturity of Boys and Girl adolescents, adolescents those who ar e coming fr om rural and urban ar ea and adolescents those who belongs to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled T ribes and General meri

In this study an attempt has been made to study str ess tolerance among diabetics and non diabetics.. Str ess T olerance scale has been used to measur e their str ess tolerance. This tool was administer ed to 160 diabetics and 160 non diabetics fr om Pathanamthitta district in Kerala. The sample mainly consisted of working people. The r esult of the analysis r eveals that str ess tolerance seems to have a significant effect on non diabetics compar ed to diabetics

This study attempts to analyze the factors that affect the choice of customers in choosing the r etail banks by the customers. The study involves a survey of 150 bank customers using questionnair e as the r esear ch instrument. In the study , I have tried to identify various factors and also analyze as to which of these factors exert the gr eatest, moderate, and r elatively lower influence as choice criteria. factors that could be identified, appr oximately in the or der of their importance, ar e (1) Safety of Deposits (2) Security of Envir onment (3) Cor diality of Staff (4) Accuracy (5) Pr oduct Packing (6) General Service Quality (7) Size and str ength (8) Advertisement and Publicity (9) Friendship with Staff (10) Face lift (1 1) Pr oximity (12) Price and Service Char ges (13) Speed of Delivery (14) Peer Gr oup Impr ession (15) General Gr oup Impr ession as per the Mean scor e technique. Accor ding to the findings, based on the empirical study , the thr ee factors exert the gr eatest influence, next six have moderate importance, and the r est six have r elatively lower influence.

Julian Barnes was born in Leicester, England's East midland, on January 19, 1946 in the family of a teacher. His father, Albert taught French at st. Clement Danes from 1937 onwards till his retirement in 1971. His mother, Keye, also taught French. His elder brother, Jonathan is now a Professor of Philosophy in Geneva. He married Pat Kavanagh in 1979, and now lives with her in North London.

The pr esent study attempts to study the r elationship between vocational maturity and emotional maturity of secondary school students. It also purports to find out differ ence between urban and rural in terms of vocational maturity and emotional maturity . The simple random sample consists of 150 students selected fr om ten schools of Kurukshetra district. The r esults r evealed a negative r elationship between vocational maturity and emotional maturity . It was also found that urban secondary school students wer e better than rural secondary school students with r egar d to their vocational maturity and emotional maturity

Quality education is incr easingly playing a vital r ole in the pr ogr ess of society , at all levels. In or der to further development and gr owth, nations ar e dedicating mor e financial r esour ces than ever befor e to goals such as the universalization of primary education, and the expansion and impr ovement of the secondary and tertiary systems. In this context, efficiency and effectiveness ar e key issues, and education systems must pr ove capable of standing up to scrutiny concerning the measurable personal and social benefits deriving fr om their new commitments