This research was conducted to determine the vegetation structures of the native pastures in the six villages of district Silvan, Diyarbakir, in the year of 2014 .Vegetations of the pastures were studied by the Loop Method. In each pasture 400 loop measurements in 4 lines were made. Plant-covered area rate, botanical composition in the plant covered area was calculated from the loop measurements. 43 plant species of 35 genus from 11 families were determined on the vegetation of the pastures. Plant cover percentages varied between 46.2% to 72.0% and botanical composition rate of grasses, legumes and other family plants in the total plant cover varied between 30.81%, and 72.92%, 16.89%, and 48.25%, 10.19%, and 39.74%, respectively, as depending on the pastures. From the results of the research, it was concluded that vegetations of the pastures were generally composed of invader plants. Therefore the pastures have poor condition. The research on the determination of proper improvement methods for the pastures must be conducted.

Chemical pectisides used in agricultural cause both environmental pollution and pectiside residues. So there is a necessity of alternative methods in the struggle against plant diseases. Biological control has been developed as an alternative to chemical control and used increasingly in recent years. Trichoderma is known as the most widely used antagonists in biological control and has almost all the land and natural habitats in nature especially in areas containing organic substance. The advantages for the associated plant include the suppression of pathogens by using a variety of mechanisms (i.e., antibiosis, parasitism, competition for nutrients, etc.), the promotion of plant growth and the improvement of host resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, scientists have made most research on this topic and developed many commercial products to be applied against plant pathogens. In this article, It is highlighted the importance of Trichoderma against plant diseases and how to use mechanisms of action. Also some scientific article reviewed both in Turkey and in the World and given some example related to this topic.

Jonsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) (SORHA) is one of the most troublesome perennial weeds caused important yield reductions in the agricultural and environmental problems in the non-agricultural fields. Using a combination of several control strategies is required because Sorha cannot be effectively controlled by a single control method. One of the methods that can be used for the control of Sorha is the usage of allelopathic chemicals. The efficiency of the plants [oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)] that have allelochemicals on the SORHA were examined with this study. Using rosemary oil at the high rate (16 µl 38.465 cm2) gave the best results and reduced dry weight at 41.0% when it was applied as pre-emergence. The same essential oil rate obtained from rosemary was the highest adversely effects on the Sorha growth (48.0%) when it was used as post-emergence. Post-emergence application of all three volatile oils has provided more influence on the Sorha growth compared to the pre-emergence application.

Chemical pectisides used in agricultural cause both environmental pollution and pectiside residues. So there is a necessity of alternative methods in the struggle against plant diseases. Biological control has been developed as an alternative to chemical control and used increasingly in recent years. Trichoderma is known as the most widely used antagonists in biological control and has almost all the land and natural habitats in nature especially in areas containing organic substance. The advantages for the associated plant include the suppression of pathogens by using a variety of mechanisms (i.e., antibiosis, parasitism, competition for nutrients, etc.), the promotion of plant growth and the improvement of host resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, scientists have made most research on this topic and developed many commercial products to be applied against plant pathogens. In this article, It is highlighted the importance of Trichoderma against plant diseases and how to use mechanisms of action. Also some scientific article reviewed both in Turkey and in the World and given some example related to this topic.

With this study, Empis spiralis Collin, 1937 recorded for the first time from Turkish fauna. Also in this study, Empis tessellata Fabricius, 1794 which has fairly wide distribution in the Turkey and Palaearctic Region is given for the first time from Siirt province. Empis pleurica (Collin, 1960) and Empis dasycera (Collin, 1960) recorded from Osmaniye are first records for province. With new record for Turkey, the species number of Empis (Euempis) has increased to 8 while genus Empis 60 from Turkey. A checklist of the subgenus Empis (Euempis) species of Turkey and an identification key (in Turkish and English) for Turkish Empis (Euempis) species are given.

This study was conducted in 2014 of agricultural land in the central district of Bingöl province in order to determine the levels of some soil properties and productivity levels. Soils were taken from 0-20 cm depth by purpose full sampling method and location coordinates were taken from a total of 29 points set with Global Positioning System. While getting soil samples, the size of the land is taken into account factor such as topography. This soil samples; lime (%), pH, salt (%), water saturation (%), organic matter (%), available phosphorus (P2O5 kg da?¹), available potassium (K2O (kg da?¹) analyses were made. In general, the experimental soils have clay-loam texture, neutral or near neutral in reaction (pH), without salt, low and moderate level calcareous, low organic matter. The majority of analyzed soils were found to be deficient in terms of phosphorus and sufficient in terms of potassium.

In many regions of the world, soil erosion is one of the main land degradations processes that reduce the soil productivity by removing fertile topsoil layers, thus decreasing levels of organic matter and the nutrients. Therefore erosion researches constitute an important part of the research on the soils. The erosion risk of soils can be evaluated directly carried out in the field, greenhouses or laboratory by means of some experiments or indirectly based on developing and applying models that gives risk expectations for large areas. The aims of this research are to determine soil erosion risk assessment using CORINE and LEAM models and to make comparison between them in Madendere watershed of Kocaeli-Kartepe district. According to analysis results, while it was found that about 53% of the total area has high level erosion risk according to CORINE model, approximately the same result was found from LEAM model and about 75% of the total area has between high and extreme erosion levels. On the other hand, there was difference between two models due to their using some different parameters and class. Moreover, models’ results showed parallel each other. It was found more than half of the total area has under high erosion risk. Therefore, basin soil has so sensitivity for soil erosion. Particularly, soil can be protected under forest land whereas, arable land and some pasture land located on high slope degree should be taken some measurement to protect soil against to erosion

The objective of this study was to determine yield and quality characteristics of advanced generation cotton lines which developed by hybridization researches. Investigation was carried out in GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center’s experiment area in 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. In the study, six advanced generation cotton lines and two control cotton varieties (Stoneville 468 and GW Teks) were used as materials. The experiments were arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results of statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences among genotypes for yield and ginning percentage; both genotypes and year were significant for fiber length, fiber strength, elongation, uniformity; genotypes, years and genotypes x year interaction was significant for short fiber index, and finally it was detected that first picking percentage and fiber fineness significantly affected from year differences. According to results of this study it was determined that GW Teks, KP-24, 2/2 and 6/1 genotypes showed higher values and shared similar statistical groups for seed cotton yield, 30/4 and Stoneville 468 for ginning percentage. All genotypes classified in the same group except Stoneville 468 for fiber length. GW Teks (control variety) had higher values in terms of fiber strength, uniformity and short fiber index, while Stoneville 468 and 2/2 genotypes had higher values for elongation.

Pollination is a prerequisite system for reproductive of many plants and it is more important in self-compatible plants. Since, these plants need other flowers pollen for flower fertilization and seed production. In this study, the effects of different pollination methods (open/cross pollination, self-pollination with hand and control) on some features associated with seed production in Stevia rebaudiana were investigated. Stevia which belongs to the Asteraceae family and is used as sweetener has a self-incompatibility problem. In the experiment, ten plants which were planted in a row were covered with net in the field condition and five of them were selfed with hand pollination and remaining 5 plants were left as it is. Furthermore, five uncovered plants were left to cross-pollination by insects. At the end of the experiment, seed yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, black/filled seed rate, number of day to first germination and germination rate were determined in harvested seeds. According to the results, cross-pollination was more superior in respect to all features in Stevia. This status shows that insect population (especially bee) must be present in Stevia fields for successful seed production.

This research was conducted to determine vegetation structures of the native pastures in the five villages of district Egil, Diyarbakir. Vegetations of the pastures were studied by the Loop Method. In each pasture 400 loop measurements in 4 lines were made. Plant-covered area rate, botanical composition in the plant covered area was calculated from the loop measurements. In the research, 35 plant species from 27 different genera of 10 plant families were obtained. As depending on the pastures, plant cover percentages varied between 26.60% to 60.36% and botanical composition rate of grasses, legumes and other family plants in the total plant cover varied between 27.81%, and 37.45%, 8.67%, and 39.31%, 23.24%, and 59.16%, respectively. The investigation, it was concluded that vegetations of the pastures were all composed of invader plants

In studies conducted in the field of agriculture forecasting engineering today has come to an important point and forecasting of artificial neural networks (ANN) use has become wide spread. In this study, wet aggregate stability (WAS) depending on the seasonal variation has been investigated whether it can be estimated or not using ANN pilot area soils located in, Avsar Campus of Kahramanmaras Sütçü Imam University. Selected based on the results of the statistical evaluation of soil properties were used as independent variables and predictive ANN’s have been developed to WAS. In Network training WAS values that are the closest to the actual have tried to reach by using twelve different learning algorithms. Used in the training of these different Back-propagation algorithms’ performances were evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2), the square root of the mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). R2 values 0.55-0.99, RMSE values 2.12-11.33 % and MAPE values 3.55-20% of the created ANNs through education different algorithms has changed in the ranges. ANNs was developed when R2 was compared with each other on the basis of criteria networks in terms of estimation power to WAS, R2 values were found above 0.97 of BFGS algorithm with the exception of trained network of all. On the other hand, created ANNs when evaluated according to the criteria of the RMSE has been reached to result that most successful network was developed network with RP s algorithm (12.2%) and the most failed network was developed network with BFGS (11.33%) algorithm. Considering the MAPE indication of the forecasting power, the highest network with OSS algorithm (3.55%) the trained with ANN and forecasting power has been the lowest trained ANN with BFGS algorithm (20%). The results obtained indicate that when ANN was created using the correct training algorithm can be used in the estimation WAS.