Metode Jigsaw adalah metode yang cukup baik. Diharapkan setelah diterapkannya metode tersebut dapat berdampak positif terhadap hasil belajar. Konsep pembelajaran inovatif dengan metode jigsaw kelihatannya akan mendorong guru dan peserta didik melaksanakan praktek pembelajaran secara aktif dan kreatif sehingga diharapkan dapat tercapainya peningkatan hasil pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Dengan menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan metode tes yang digunakan untuk menunjang penelitian ini. Dengan menerapkan strategi pembelajaran ini, peserta didik akan termotivasi untuk lebih giat belajar dan mau membaca materi yang diberikan guru, karena pembelajaran akan lebih bervariatif dan menyenangkan sehingga dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode pembelajaran Jigsaw yang telah di terapkan pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik kelas XI ATPH di SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari peningkatan pada siklus I sampai siklus II dalam proses pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Jigsaw. Pada saat pra siklus siswa masih banyak yang belum mencapai ketuntasan KKM. Pada siklus I siswa yang mencapai ketuntasan berjumlah 6 siswa dan yang belum mencapai ketuntasan 10 siswa dengan rata-rata nilai 65,62 dengan indeks keberhasilan siswa hanya 37,5%. Pada siklus II pertemuan pertama siswa yang tuntas 14 dan yang belum tuntas 2 siswa dengan rata-rata nilai 83,75 dengan indeks keberhasilan siswa 87,5%.

This research aims to improve students motivation and learning outcomes by applying the Problem Based Learning model to Syajaah materials. This type of research is a Class Action Research by providing action in two learning cycles consisting of two meetings. This study was conducted for 4 months at SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan. The subject of his research was a student of XI OTKP SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan. The results of learning motivation are obtained from the test value. Cognitive learning results are obtained from post-test results while affective learning results are obtained from observation sheets. The results showed that the application of the PBL model can improve students affective learning outcomes where in cycle I falls into the low category and increases in cycle II. But this model can increase student motivation i.e. in cycle I and in cycle II also increases student motivation included in the moderate category. This model also has not been able to improve students cognitive learning outcomes in cycle I. However, in cycle II the average student learning has been greatly improved. The conclusion of this study is, the application of the Problem Based Learning model can improve students affective learning outcomes, students motivation and cognitive learning outcomes in Syajaah materials in class XI OTKP SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan.

Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) bertujuan menyiapkan lulusannya agar mempunyai kemampuan dan keterampilan yang berkualitas sebagai bekal hidup mandiri sesuai bidang masing-masing. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi kurang aktif dan antusiasnya siswa di kelas XI B OTKP SMK Negeri 1 Banjarmasin, pada mata pelajaran Matematika, sehingga hasil yang diperoleh kurang maksimal. Hal ini disebabkan karena dalam menerapkan proses belajar mengajar, guru menggunakan pembelajaran secara Daring tidak secara tatap muka. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Memperbaiki kualitas pembelajaran daring pada mata pelajaran Matematika menggunakan Model Blended Learning (2) Mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa melalui penerapan Model Blended Learning. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan dalam tiga siklus, masing-masing siklus terdiri dari dua kali pertemuan. Dalam penelitian ini teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, Wawancara, tes, dan Lembar Penilaian Kinerja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Model Blended Learning dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa kelas XI B Administrasi Perkantoran SMK Negeri 1 Banjarmasin pada mata pelajaran Matematika. Hasil data yang diperoleh dari siklus I, II, dan III, penerapan model pembelajaran Blended learning menggunakan Google Meet dan Google Classroom pada mata pelajaran Matematika hasil belajar Peserta Didik meningkat. Pada siklus I sebanyak 14 siswa, siklus II meningkat 20 siswa, dan pada siklus III menjadi 31 siswa.

Sociology is a science which discuss about social activity as a part of social community in a certain community, it discusses about pattern, attitude in almost every part of social life. Learning sociology is actually very interesting, but in fact, based on writer’s observation, most of students are still needed to be motivated, the writer predits that the unproper choice of teaching learning method implemented by the teacher. This research is a Classroom Action Research in whict it is the effort of solving problem in the classroom. It is conducted in two cycles. After conducting the research by implementing role playing method in teaching social control material. It is known that the role playing method can increase the students’ mastery on social control material. Besides, it can also increase the students’ motivation in studying sociology because they have known the benefits in the future. It is also suggested that (a) teachers should implement variety of teaching methods when they hold a teaching learning activity in the classroom, (b) the teacher should explain the social benefits to students in learning a certain material to motivate them to know deeper about the materials they have been studying, (c) the teacher should give more appreciation to their students to keep their motivation in the classroom.

Esensi dari Pendidikan adalah optimalisasi bakat dan minat anak-anak melalui kegiatan penyampaian ilomu pengetahuan sebagai bagian penting dalam penyiapan kehidupan manusia yang adaptif dan produktif di dalam masyarakat. Kegiatan ini dilakukan melalui pembelajaran yang aktif kreatif dan mampu mengakomodasi bakat dan minat peserta didik secara maksimal. Akhir-akhir ini, kesadaran terhadap kebersihan dan pelestarian lingkungan menjadi kajian menarik dan upaya yang digaungkan banyak pihak. Kerusakan lingkungan di manapun dan sekecil apapun tetap akan membawa dampak buruk bagi kehidupan masyarakat. Tingginya frekuensi banjir diduga disebabkan pengelolaan lingkungan yang buruk. Kegiatan best practice yang dilakukan penulis merupkan sebuah ikhtiar kecil bagaimana menjaga dan melestarikan lingkungan dimulai dalam skala kecil, lingkungan sekolah. Peserta didik diposisikan sebagai pelaku, karena mereka diharapkan akan bias dibentuk karakter sadar dan peduli lingkungan. Mereka kelak akan berkiprah langsung di dalam masyarakat tempat di mana mereka tinggal dan akan menetap selama hidupnya. Pun juga, apabila mereka berdomisili di luar, mereka diharapkan tetap memiliki karakter peduli bahkan menjadi pioneer dalam pelestarian lingkungan hidup. Dampak positif yang bisa dirasakan dengan kegiatan best practice ini adalah terciptanya lingkungan yang asri dan sejuk serta mendapat manfaat tambahan, berupa hasil panen dan dana hasil penjualan produk panen. Meskipun masih dalam skala yang masih kecil dan terbatas, kegiatan ini diharapkan akan menjadi perhatian dan inspirasi sekolah lain untuk melaksanakan.

This study aims to determine the increase in student activity and learning outcomes in Chemistry lessons using the discovery learning method of class X Agribisnis Perikanan Air Tawar (APAT) at SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan. The type of research conducted is classroom action research using the Kemmis & Taggart spiral model. The research consisted of two cycles where each cycle included planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan. The research subjects were students of class X APAT, totaling 11 students. The object of this research is the increase in student activity and learning outcomes in Chemistry subjects, especially on the subject matter and its changes. Data collection methods used are observation, tests, and documentation. The results of research using the discovery learning method in chemistry learning can increase student activity and learning outcomes in constructing knowledge so as to increase their ability to master concepts. This is marked by an increase in learning outcomes obtained by students in the first cycle by 54%, and in the second cycle by 90% getting a score above the KKM. Based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that the application of the discovery learning method can improve student activity and student learning outcomes on the subject matter and its changes.

Terdapat tiga aspek penting dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia, guru idealnya membelajarkan bahwa Indonesia dengan mempertimbangkan tiga aspek penting, yaitu kompetensi, keahlian dan sikap. Ketiga komponen penting ini diharapkan dapat dikuasi secara seimbang sehingga peserta didik tidak hanya memiliki ilmu pengetahuan yang mumpuni, namun mereka juga bisa beradaptasi sebagai bagian dalam masyarakat, maka sikap dan perilaku menjadi bagian yang tidak kala penting.Penulis mendapatkan data dan kenyataan bahwa pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia masih belum bisa menghadirkan suasana yang menyenangkan, memotivasi dan memberikan ruang maksimal kepada para peserta didik untuk mengembangkan kreativitasnya secara maksimal. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini bertujuan untuk memecahkan masalah belajar, yaitu peserta didik mengalami banyak kesulitan mengembangkan imajinasi dan daya nalar, khususnya dalam mengelanorasi sebuah cerita. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus dalam kurun waktu 3 bulan, yaitu bulan Februari-April 2022. Pada siklus I diperoleh data bahwa 66,66% peserta didik menuntaskan belajarnya, terdapat 2 peserta didik yang hanya menuliskan judul dari tugas membuat cerita pendek yang diberikan. Pada siklus II, peserta didik yang mampu mengerjakan tugas sebesar 90,24%, jika dibandingkan dengan rerata hasil pada siklus I, maka rerata hasil nilai pada siklus II lebih besar daripada siklus I. Dengan demikian, Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa metode pembelajaran imaginatif berhasil meningkatkan penguasaan materi peserta didik pada materi menulis cerita pendek. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas, maka penulis menyarankan bahwa metode belajar imajinatif cocok diimplementasikan untuk materi pembelajaran yang memerlukan pengembangan daya nalar peserta didik, serta memungkinkan untuk diimplementasikan dalam materi pembelajaran lain di kelas yang berbeda pula.

The process of English teaching learning, especially Procedure Text material, the students of Eleventh grade, language department, SMA Negeri 4 Berau is still low. The writer predicts that the low result of their mastery mostly caused by the process of teaching learning is still done by giving the text, asking students to read and aswer questions. The students are not given a chance to work together in a small or big group. This Class Action research is aimed to solve the above problem by implementing a race game in a collaborative teaching learning activity, conducted in two cycles adapted on Kemmis and Taggart cycles model. The result, there is score improvement where in cycle I, the average score is 79,47 (37,5%), it increases become 91,13 (87,50%) in cycle II. From the above result in can be concluded that the race game implemented in collaborative teaching learning can increase the mastery of text procedure material among the eleventh grade students of language department, SMA Negeri 4 Berau, East Kalimantan Province.

The material about national integration in the frame of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity) is one of the most essential materials in Civics for the students of Senior High School students, especially the students of SMA Negeri 5 Berau. Based of the observation and exercises given, it is shown the fact the mastery of the material is still unsatisfied, especially the mastery of solving the problem given to students. This action research is conducted to solve the problem in mastering the material about national integration in the frame of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity) in two cycles. The result shows that the average score of students in the bravery of expressing something and the problem solving is increased from 70. 33% to 85.55%, it increased 15.22%. The teaching learning process of Civics material, especially national integration in the frame of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity) topic can be taught by implementing Problem Based Learning Model. It is also suggested that this model can also be implemented in another subjects material.

This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan, with the type of research namely "Classroom Action Research". The subjects in this study were students of class XI OTKP, totaling 35 people, while the object in this study was the Google Classroom. The tools that will be used to collect data are observation sheets and tests. Observations were made to observe the activities of teachers and students in learning and tests were given to see the level of success of students from a teaching material delivered. The hypothesis proposed in this study is "The learning outcomes of students on Arithmetic Sequences and Series will increase, if the Google Classroom application is implemented correctly in class XI OTKP. Based on the results of observations made in the initial conditions, there were 20 people out of 35 students or approximately (57%) who did not complete and as many as 15 people from 35 students or approximately (43%) completed. Then in the first cycle there were 24 people from 35 students or about (68%) who completed and as many as 11 people from 35 students or around (32%) who did not complete. In the second cycle there were 33 people out of 35 students or around (94%) who had completed and as many as 2 people out of 35 students or approximately (6%) who had not. Based on the results of the study starting from the initial conditions, cycle I and cycle II there has been a significant increase. So it can be concluded that using the Google Classroom can improve student learning outcomes for Arithmetic Sequences and Series in class XI OTKP.

he outbreak of the COVID-19 virus in 2020 had a tremendous impact on almost all fields, one of which was in the field of education. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the learning process, which was usually carried out face to face in front of the class, could no longer be carried out. Learning using the problem posing model is an approach in learning that helps students to find a concept from a real event, collect information through self-determined strategies to take a decision to solve the problem which will then be presented in the form of performance. The purpose of this research is Improving Student Activities and Learning Outcomes Through Problem Posing Learning Model on Acid-Base Solution Material for Class X TKJ-B at SMK Negeri 5 Banjarmasin for the 2020/2021 Academic Year. The results showed an increase in student activity and student learning outcomes in class X TKJ-B SMK Negeri 5 Banjarmasin through a problem posing model. Shows an increase, namely from the observation of student activities in the first cycle of 74.29% with the active category experiencing an increase in the second cycle with a percentage of 88.57% in the very active category. The learning outcomes test also increased with classical completeness 68.57% in the first cycle increasing to 94.29% in the second cycle.

This study aims to determine the learning outcomes of class VI students of SDN Tamban Baru Bangun 1 on the concept of modus (data that often appears) through the inquiry learning method. This research was conducted in two cycles according to the stages of action research, namely: planning, implementing actions, observing, and reflecting. This research was conducted from January to March 2020, at SDN Tamban Bangun Baru 1. The subjects in this study were grade VI students of SDN Tamban Bangun Baru 1 for the 2020/2021 academic year with a total of 13 students, consisting of 8 male students and 5 female students. Data collection techniques are using learning outcomes tests, observations, and questionnaires. Analysis of the data through the inquiry method which refers to the criteria for the level of student learning success, while the analysis of the results of the questionnaire refers to the scale of interpretation of student perceptions. The results showed that the inquiry method was effective in improving student learning outcomes individually and classically on the concept of mudus learning (data that often appears). By using two learning cycles, classical completeness in the first cycle of meeting 1 resulted in 42.30% and in the second cycle of meeting 2 the results increased to 95.38%. The average student learning achievement increased from 42.30 in the first cycle of meeting 1 to 95.38 in the second cycle of meeting 2. Students gave a positive response to contextual learning on the concept of mode learning (data that often appears).

This study aims to improve student learning achievement in the sub-subject of acid-base solution class XI MIPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Angsana through the application of project-based learning (PBL). This research is a Classroom Action Research which is carried out in two cycles, each cycle consisting of action planning, action implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects in this study were students of class XI MIPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Angsana in the academic year 200/2021 even semester. Sources of data come from teachers, observers, and students. The data collection technique is by test and non-test (questionnaire, observation, and interview). Data analysis used descriptive qualitative analysis techniques. The results showed that the PBL method on Acid-Base solution material, students of class XI MIPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Angsana can increase learning activities with completeness 89% in the first cycle to 93% in the second cycle, teacher activities as a whole activity learning went well with a percentage of 89. In the 93% completeness project activities there was an increase to 100% in the second cycle. while the student achievement in knowledge competence increased from 72.4% in the first cycle to 96.6% in the second cycle.

This study aims to determine the learning outcomes of fifth grade students at SD Negeri Patih Muhur Baru on the concept of learning theme 5 sub-theme 3 ecosystem balance through the numbered head together learning method. This research was conducted in two cycles according to the stages of action research, namely: planning, implementing actions, observing, and reflecting. This research was conducted from September to November 2018, at SD Negeri Patih Muhur Baru. The subjects in this study were fifth grade students in the 2018/2019 academic year with a total of 17 students, consisting of 11 male students and 6 female students. Data collection techniques are using learning outcomes tests, observations, and questionnaires. Data analysis with the numbered head together method refers to the criteria for student learning success rates, while the analysis of the results of the questionnaire refers to the interpretation scale of students perceptions. The results of the study indicate that the use of the numbered head together method is more effective in improving student learning outcomes individually and classically in the learning concept of theme 5 sub-theme 3 ecosystem balance. By using two learning cycles, classical completeness in the first cycle of meeting 1 resulted in 58.82% and in the second cycle of meeting 2 the results increased to 95.29%. The average student achievement increased from 58.82 in the first cycle of meeting 1 to 95.29 in the second cycle of meeting 2 with a score of 1,620. Students gave a good response to contextual learning on theme 5, sub-theme 3, ecosystem balance.

The school is one of the most important personality development institutions for every student, as part of the personality attitude, self-confidence is very important to develop in an effort to increase human resources, especially in achieving the desired learning outcomes for each individual, especially for students of SMA Negeri 11 Banjarmasin . Based on this, SMA Negeri 11 students need to improve their abilities, one of which is the ability to Tell Faith to Allah Apostles which is developed through the Role Play Method. This is motivated by the problem that telling stories, especially in front of many people, is a lesson that most students are less interested in. This research was conducted from January to March 2022 at SMA Negeri 11 Banjarmasin. The object of this research is 35 students of class XI MIPA 2. The method used in this study is Classroom Action Research. This research consists of two cycles. The first cycle discussed the material on Talk of Faith to Allahs Apostles and in the second cycle improved the activities carried out in the first cycle. The indicators used to measure success in this research are the suitability of the subject matter provided with the Learning Implementation Plan (RPP). The results of the research in the first cycle the average formative value of 72.7 and in the second cycle the average formative value of 75.4 means that student learning outcomes have increased by 2.7. The percentage of completeness in the first cycle was 80% while in the second cycle it was 91.4%, meaning that these indicators had increased by 11.4%. This study shows that the Role Play method has succeeded in increasing students ability to tell stories in front of many people.

The problems to be studied in this action research are: (a) Does Lightening the Learning Climate have an effect on students learning motivation? (b) How is the effect of Lightening the Learning Climate on student learning outcomes? Meanwhile, the objectives of this research are: (a) To reveal the effect of Lightening the Learning Climate learning strategy on motivation to learn Accounting Vocational Basic Materials (b) To reveal Lightening the Learning Climate learning outcomes on learning outcomes of Accounting Vocational Basic Materials. The objectives of this action research are: (a) To reveal the effect of Lightening the Learning Climate on learning motivation for the basic material of Vocational Accounting (b) To reveal Lightening the Learning Climate learning on the motivation to learn science. This research uses three rounds of action research. Each round consists of four stages, namely: design, activities and observations, reflection, and revision. The target of this research is students of Class X-B Accounting and Financial Institutions (AKL). The data obtained in the form of formative test results, observation sheets of teaching and learning activities. From the results of the analysis, it was found that student learning achievement has increased from cycle I to cycle III, namely, cycle I (58%), cycle II (67%), cycle III (92%). The conclusion of this study is that Lightening the Learning Climate can have a positive effect on the learning motivation of Class X B AKL, and this learning model can be used as an alternative to learning accounting.

This research was conducted in two cycles according to the stages of action research, namely: planning, implementing actions, observing, and reflecting. This research was conducted from March to May 2017, at SMP Negeri 1 Kuripan. The subjects in this study were seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Kuripan in the 2017/2018 academic year with a total of 17 students, consisting of 10 male students and 7 female students. In this study, the data collection techniques used were learning outcomes tests, observations, and questionnaires. Analysis of the data using the inquiry method which refers to the criteria for the level of student learning success, while the analysis of the results of the questionnaire refers to the scale of interpretation of student perceptions. The results of the study indicate that the use of the inquiry method is more effective in improving student learning outcomes individually and classically on the concept of learning ecosystems and conserving biological resources. By using two learning cycles, the results of classical completeness in the first cycle of the first meeting were 47.64%% and in the second cycle of the second meeting the results increased to 95.29%. The average student learning achievement increased from 47.64 in the first cycle of meeting 1 to 95.29 in the second cycle of meeting 2. Students gave a positive response to contextual learning on ecosystem materials and conservation of biological resources. In this case, it shows that each cycle at each meeting has increased and is above the KKM (minimum completeness criteria) student learning outcomes using the inquiry method are declared successful and accepted.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Active Learning Strategy to improve the mastery of the logarithmic material for class X MIPA-2 students at SMA Negeri 4 Berau, East Kalimantan. This research was carried out in two cycles, the researcher invited observers to observe the course of research activities while providing the necessary assistance. The research was carried out in 4 activities, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The results showed that in Cycle I, of the 28 existing students, there were 4 students who scored less than 60, while 19 students had scored above the completion limit, this means that 68.75% of students have achieved completeness. Meanwhile, the results of the research in Cycle II showed that students were very enthusiastic in working on group assignments, all students seemed active with their groups in completing the worksheets given by the researcher. During the discussion of the material given by one group to be responded to by another group, sometimes it is seen that there are differences in the thinking patterns of individual in conveying the problem-solving ideas given. The results showed that of the 28 students in class X of the acceleration program, only 2 students scored below the minimum completeness limit, so the percentage of students who had completed was 92.85%.

Based on the results of the evaluation of chemistry bond material in 2020 using google forms and online teaching methods (PJJ) using Google meet, WA, and Classroom results obtained by class X students. Only 5 people from SMA Negeri 1 Alalak received a complete score or 5.32% of the 94 students. This study aims to identify the learning outcomes ofstudents in understanding the concept of chemical bonding by using a Four-Tier diagnostic instrument test during the Covid-19 pandemic with a mixed learning strategy between offline and online, namely Blended Learning. Methods of collecting qualitative data by methods of interviews and documentation. Quantitative data collection method using Four-Tier diagnostic test instruments with concept understanding analysis by Gurel, et.al, 2015. Based on these results, it turned out that students who understood the concept or mastered the material were 19.52% with a total of 84 students, an increase from the PJJ results which were only 5.32% of the 94 students. This research is only up tothe stage of the first diagnosis has not yet reached the level of advanced diagnosis because it is bumped by time, and could be the subject of further Class Action Research by other teachers or myself later in the next semester.

Based on the results of the evaluation of chemistry bond material in 2020 using google forms and online teaching methods (PJJ) using Google meet, WA, and Classroom results obtained by class X students. Only 5 people from SMA Negeri 1 Alalak received a complete score or 5.32% of the 94 students. This study aims to identify the learning outcomes ofstudents in understanding the concept of chemical bonding by using a Four-Tier diagnostic instrument test during the Covid-19 pandemic with a mixed learning strategy between offline and online, namely Blended Learning. Methods of collecting qualitative data by methods of interviews and documentation. Quantitative data collection method using Four-Tier diagnostic test instruments with concept understanding analysis by Gurel, et.al, 2015. Based on these results, it turned out that students who understood the concept or mastered the material were 19.52% with a total of 84 students, an increase from the PJJ results which were only 5.32% of the 94 students. This research is only up tothe stage of the first diagnosis has not yet reached the level of advanced diagnosis because it is bumped by time, and could be the subject of further Class Action Research by other teachers or myself later in the next semester.

This study aims to determine the improvement of student activities and learning outcomes in Biology lessons using the Cooprative Learning Type Inquiry learning model in class X agribusiness students of Plantation Plants SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan. The type of research carried out is class action research, carried out in two cycles where each cycle includes planning, action, observation, and reflection Research is carried out at SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan The subject of the research is class X ATP students The object in this study is to increase student activity and learning outcomes in Biology subjects, especially on the subject of Understanding the Scope of Biology Based on Problems in Various Biological Objects and Organization Level. The data collection methods used are observation, tests, and documentation. The results of the research using the Inquiry model on Biology learning can increase student activities and learning outcomes in constructing knowledge so as to increase their ability to master concepts. One of them is characterized by an increase in learning outcomes obtained by students in cycle 1 with an average score of 70.00 and in cycle II to 72.00. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of the Cooperative Learning inquiry type learning model can increase student activities and learning outcomes on the subject of Understanding the Scope of Biology Based on Problems at various Biological Objects and Organizational Levels.