The first total syntheses of Balsacone C (16) and Balsacone B (17), mainly based on a convergent strategy, were described. The crucial step of this strategy was the alkylation of trihydroxydihydrochalcone derivatives 7 and 8 with cinnamylbromide derivative 13. For this, compounds 7 and 8 were prepared starting from trihydroxyacetophenone (1) in four steps. Then compound 13 was prepared starting from coumaric acid (9) in four steps.

The FeCl3/eggshell has been a new and efficient catalyst for the rapid and simple synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones in ethanol at room temperature. The present method has advantages of low cost, mild reaction conditions, simple workup process, better recovery and reusability of catalyst, excellent yields and environmentally friendly procedure.

As a result of environmental pollution and food chain, heavy metals may accumulate in human or animal bodies. Toxic metals cause inhibition on chemical and enzyme reactions in cells. Therefore, a negative situation forms in organs and tissues due to their toxic effects. The examination of metal pollution in foods and environment facilitates to monitor their harmful effects on human health. In the proposed study, the concentrations of toxic metals in tissue samples of animal obtained from a local farm were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) following micro-wave digestion. Five different tissue samples were studied including lung, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain. Metals were showed various distribution in the different organs. The highest concentration of Al in the lung, Cu, Mn, and Mo in the liver Cr, As and Se in kidney, and V in kidney and brain were found. The mean values obtained for kidney, liver, lung, muscle and brain of cattle tissues were: 2.40, 2.44, 3.73, 2,90, 3.07 mg/kg Al; 0.35, 0.26, 0.29, 0.27,0.36 mg/kg V; 3.95, 7.00, 0.76, 0.45, 1.19 mg/kg Mn; 15.82, 280.86, 7.94, 3.85, 10.64 mg/kg Cu; 1.87, 4.25, 1.19, 0.15, 0.28 Mo; 0.47, 0.14, 0.10, 0.07, 0.04 mg/kg As; 0.47, 0.33, 0.41, 0.39, 0.43 mg/kg Cr; 4.38, 1.38, 0.82, 0.60, 0.56 mg/kg Se respectively. Certified reference material (NIST CRM 2976 muscle tissue) was analyzed for accuracy of method. This results are good agreement (=95 %) with the certified values.

The ligand 5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-[(E)-1,3-thiazol-2-yldiazenyl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (Dy) has been synthesized by diazo coupling reactions of 5-methyl-2-phenyl- 2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one with 2-aminothiazole and ferric hydrogen sulfate (FHS), as a catalyst, under solvent-free conditions. A series of complexes of the ligand with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions are synthesized and structurally characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV–Visible spectral techniques. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes and the uncoordinated ligand against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line (human erythroleukemia) (K-562) cell lines exhibits good viability in the range of 50.16–55.16% at a concentration of >100-110 µg/mL as compared to the inhibition in the untreated cells. Further, the metal complexes and ligand were screened against antibacterial strains of S. typhi, S. aureus, and E. coli. Both the cytotoxicity and antioxidant studies are correlated with computational docking analysis and powder XRD studies reviles that all complexes are in crystalline nature.

The origins of the Hydrophobic Effect (HE), its biological significance and its experimental basis are critically addressed in this brief review. It is argued that the mechanistic work reported on the HE in recent decades needs to be reassessed, as its conclusions are apparently debatable. Essentially, it is highly inaccurate to view the HE as a repulsive interaction, which is rather an attractive one. It appears inevitable that the HE is indeed a manifestation of the perturbation of the structure of water upon the introduction of hydrocarbon molecules into its interior. There appears to be no other satisfactory explanation for the formation of micellar aggregates and the existence of the critical micelle concentration. Also, the practical significance of the HE on the reactivity of organic compounds (e.g. cycloadditions) is severely limited by their minuscule solubility levels, itself a manifestation of the HE! Other related phenomena apparently include the formation of gels and the occurrence of certain esterification reactions in water, which are briefly reviewed from a conceptual viewpoint.

The usage of Epilobium angustifolium L. in folk medicine against prostate and skin diseases encouraged us to investigate pBR322 DNA-binding ability, biological activities and chemical composition of wild growing Epilobium angustifolium L.’s methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts from Canakkale, Turkey. DNA-binding activity was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis and chemical composition via GC, GC-MS, HPLC, LC-MS, ICP-MS and AAS. Literature survey indicates no data on pBR322 plasmid DNA interaction of Epilobium species which is an important criteria for being a potential anticancer agent. Antibacterial and antifungal effects were tested against 11 bacterias and 3 fungis and compared with ampicillin, chloramphenicol and ketokanozol by agar well diffusion techniques. Total phenolic content was found by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was obtained by DPPH and Fe (II)-FZ (ferric-ferrozine) methods. This plant is rich of flavonoids, hormones, fatty and phenolic acids. Si, K, Mg, P and Mn were the main inorganic elements. Epilobium angustifolium L. with its high DNA-binding activity and rich chemical composition can be a good potential anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant prodrug.

The aim of this research was to investigate and compare the nutritional, antinutritional, and phytochemical composition of two varieties (TME 9 (olekan–aga) and TME 7 (oko–iyawo)) of Manihot esculenta (cassava) tubers at different ages (6 months and 12months). The result of proximate analyses showed that 12-month-old samples of both varieties had higher moisture contents (44.3±0.24, 44.7±0.47) compared to the 6-month-old samples (34.8±0.62, 37.5±0.71). A 12-month-old sample of TME 7 had the lowest ash and protein contents of 1.33±0.24 and 2.28±0.21 respectively with highest carbohydrate contents of 90.38±0.7 among the four samples analyzed. The result of mineral analysis revealed that the predominant mineral is Ca (1,209.5, 1,273.3, 1,276.8 and 1,178.5 mg/kg) for the 6-month-old TME 9, 12-month-old TME 9, 6-month-old TME 7 and 12-month-old TME 7 respectively), followed by Na, Fe, and Mg in that order. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the 12-month-old samples have the largest quantity of alkaloids and saponins (16.03±1.70, 21.44±0.56 mg/100 g and 4.41±0.31, 3.54±0.25 mg/100 g respectively) for both varieties compared with 11.69±0.43, 12.49±0.53 mg/100 g and 2.39±0.23, 1.84±0.12 mg/100 g recorded for the 6-month-old samples of both varieties. Flavonoids and tannin contents are lower in the 12-month-old samples (2.1±0.64, 2.07±0.34 mg/100 g and 0.14±0.03 and 0.13±0.04 mg/100 g) compared with the 6-month-old samples with 3.5±0.57, 3.73±0.19 mg/100 g and 0.22±0.05, 0.21±0.02 mg/100 g respectively. Antinutrient contents - oxalates, cyanogenic glycosides and phytates are high for both species at 12 months while the 6-month-old samples recorded the lowest content. The results suggest that the 6-month-old samples are more desirable in terms of higher nutrient contents (especially carbohydrate and energy) as well as lower antinutrient contents.

In this study, the effects of adsorption parameters such as initial pH, initial dye concentration, temperature and adsorbent dosage on the colour removal from aqueous solution containing Telon Blue AGLF(TB AGLF) textile dye were investigated by NiO based nanomaterials and then the compliance of the equilibrium data with the different isotherm models in the literature was evaluated. In the next step, the adsorption sytem was analyzed in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. At the end of the study, XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis methods were used for the particle characterization. As a result of the experimental studies, it was detected the successful use of NiO based nanomaterials synthesized by aqueous solution method rarely seen in literature for colour removal. Through this study, it is believed that the additional contributions are provided to the scientific investigations about the recovery of the water resources.

Novel 5,5-diphenylpyrrolidineN-aroylthioureas, containing 4-methylbenzoyl, 2-chlorobenzoyl,2,4-dichlorobenzoyl, and2-naphthoyl, were synthesized and their structural analysis was performed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and high-resolution MS (HRMS) techniques. The acid dissociation constants of the 5,5-diphenylpyrrolidineN-aroylthiourea derivative compounds were determined using Hyperquad computer program for data obtained using potentiometric titration method in 25% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide–water hydroorganic solvent in the presence of 0.1 mol×L-1 ionic strength of NaCl and in the acidic medium at 25±0.1°C, using sodium hydroxide base as a titrant. Two acid dissociation constants were obtained for 3a, 3b, and 3d, and it was suggested that they were related to N-H and enol groups. Furthermore, three acid dissociation constants obtained for 3a indicated that they were related to N-H, enthiol, and enol groups, and four acid dissociation constants obtained for 3c suggested that they were related to N-H, enthiol, enol, and carboxyl groups.

Allium kharputense Freyn Et. Sint. (A. kharputense) was analyzed for total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, chemical composition and mineral and trace element composition. Total polyphenol content was determined as 257 mg GA 100 g-1 dried weight by using Folin-Ciocalteu method. DPPH test was performed for antioxidant activity analysis. IC50 values of gallic acid and Trolox were determined as 0.02642 mg mL-1 and 0.225 mg mL-1, respectively. IC50 value of A. kharputense was found as 2.186 mg mL-1. DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of extract from 1 mg of A. kharputense was determined 0.01207 mg GAE and 0.1029 mg TrE, respectively. GC-MS was used to determine chemical composition. Dimethyl trisulfide, methyl (methylthio)methyl disulfide, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 4-vinylphenol, 2-Phenylpyrrole, norharmane, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, ?-Tocopherol and a-Tocopherol are some of 40 compounds which were detected in methanolic extracts of A. Kharputense. 20 Mineral and trace elements were determined along with their levels by ICP-MS using microwave digestion procedure for preparing acid extracts.

The new coordination polymers arranged from flexible pamoic acid, namely {[Ni(µ-pam)(en)2]·H2O}n (1), (H2pam= pamoic acid, en= ethylenediamine), have been synthesized under hydro/ solvothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, simultaneous TG, DTA techniques, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. X-ray single crystal structure analysis of 1 shows that the Ni(II) ions are bridged by pamoic acid ligands to generate 1dimensional (1D) coordination polymer running parallel to the direction, with the Ni···Ni separation is 14.057 Å. Adjacent 1D chains are connected by N-H???O and O-H???O hydrogen bonds to establishing 3 dimensional (3D) supramolecular network. An infinite 3D supramolecular network in 1

This study is an evaluation of radioactivity the waters of the Çanakkale Strait. The total alpha- and total beta-radioactivity counts (Berthold, LB770-PC 10-Channel Low-Level Planchet Counter) were calculated for seawater samples taken from eight different regions of the Çanakkale Strait (Sevketiye, Seddülbahir, Lapseki, Kumkale, Burhanli, Dereliman, Eceabat and Gelibolu). In the samples, the total alpha-radiation ranged between 0.064 and 0.046?Bq/L and the total beta-radiation ranged between 14.325 and 10.532?Bq/L. The highest total alpha-radiation concentration was measured at Gelibolu (0.064?Bq/L) while the lowest (0.046?Bq/L) was measured at Sevketiye. The highest value for total beta-radiation concentration (14.325?Bq/L) was measured in Seddülbahir and the lowest value (10.532 Bq/L) was measured in Dereliman. The total alpha-radiation concentrations measured by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority in Çanakkale’s drinking and utility water ranged between 0.05 and 0.400?Bq/L, and the highest values (0.300 to 0.400?Bq/L) were found in the Ezine county. Total beta-radiation concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.500?Bq/L, and the highest values (from 0.400 to 0.500?Bq/L) were recorded in Lapseki province. The total beta-radiation concentrations in both the sample results and TAEK data were determined to be high in Lapseki and its vicinity. Comparing the mean total beta- and alpha-radiation concentration values of the Çanakkale Strait with the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, beta-radiation values in the study area were very high. Total alpha-radiation results were low in the study area compared to other areas. Evaluating the results against the legal limit threshold, the results were above the legal limit for total beta-radiation. This result indicates that the water is affected by the rocks through which it passes.

A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study was performed to develop a model that relates the structures of 62 compounds, which have activity against maximal electroshock induced seizure (MES), with their anti-MES activity. Molecular structures of the compounds were geometrically optimized and energetically minimized using a combination of modified Merck force field (MMFF) molecular mechanics, Austin model 1 (AM1) semi-empirical quantum mechanical and density functional theory (DFT) quantum mechanical method using the Becke’s three parameter exchange functional (B3) hybrid with Lee, Yang and Parr correlation functional (LYP) and basis set of the double zeta split valence plus polarization quality 6-31G** i.e. B3LYP/6-31G**. Theoretically derived descriptors were obtained from the optimized structures, a genetic function approximation (GFA) algorithm was also applied to select the optimal descriptors and multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to establish a relationship between the anti-MES activity of the compounds and the optimal molecular descriptors. A six-parametric equation containing dipole moment (µ), energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (?LUMO), polar surface area (PSA), accessible surface area derived from wave function (WAA), sum of the square root of square of the charge on all atom of the molecule (QA) and sum of the square root of square of the charge on all fluorine atom in the molecule was obtained as the QSAR model in the present study with good statistical qualities (R2=0.937, R2adj=0.928, F=104.11, R2pred=0.929 and Q2=0.913). The QSAR model was used to study estimate the anti-MES activities of 1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives not yet synthesized. 10 out of the 101 screened compounds had improved anti-MES activity when compared to the template (i.e. ethyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-morpholino-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate, which is compound number 61 in the dataset) used to design the 101 derivatives. These 10 compounds were docked with voltage-gated sodium channel (PDB code: 2KaV) and there binding affinity were found to were found to be comparable to that of phenytoin (a standard drug known to possess anti-MES activity).

The use of metal oxide-based nanoparticles plays a key role in the development of electrochemical sensors with superior properties such as high sensitivity, wide linear range, low limit of detection, and long storage stability. In this work, we aimed to synthesize CeO2-TiO2 mixed metal oxide nanoparticles which were used as substrate materials for the immobilization of biorecognition element for the construction of enzyme-based electrochemical sensors. For this purpose, in the first part of the study, CeO2-TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared via a low temperature co-precipitation method and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), N2-adsorption, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) methods. The XRD results confirmed the successful synthesis of CeO2-TiO2 mixed metal oxide nanoparticles with the average crystalline size of 8.51 nm. The calculated crystalline size value was compatible with that obtained from the TEM images. The N2 adsorption results revealed a large surface area of 78.6 cm2 g-1 which is essential for the construction of electrochemical sensors with improved performance. The electrochemical sensors were developed by the deposition of nanoparticles on the surface of a Pt electrode, followed by the immobilization of lactate oxide enzyme. The electrochemical performance of the sensors was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry methods. The constructed sensors showed a sensitivity of 0.085 ± 0.008 µA µM-1 cm-2 (n=5) with a high reproducibility (RSD % = 1.3) and a wide linear range (0.02-0.6 mM). In addition, the detection limit towards lactate was found be 5.9 µM. The results indicated that the use of CeO2-TiO2 nanoparticles used as a modifier on the surface of the Pt electrode enabled the construction of electrochemical lactate sensors with high sensitivity.

The allylation yield and regioselectivity of phenyl Grignard reagent in THF was investigated in the presence of complexed transition metals and also uncomplexed or complexed transition metal salts. Additionally, the effect of Lewis acids and Lewis baseson the yield and the regioselectivity of the allylic arylation was also observed. Neither P-containing ligands for transition metal complexes, nor transition metal salts did make a difference on the yield and a:g product ratio and gave the is a-product as the main product. However, donor cosolvents resulted in decrease in the yield and change of the regioselectivity.

The protic ionic liquids (PILs) (3a-3d) were synthesized from the reactions of tetraamino-4-(fluorobenzyl)spiro(N/O)cyclotriphosphazenes (2a-2d) with the gentisic acid in THF. The structures of the PILs were verified by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H, 13C {1H} and 31P {1H} NMR techniques. The thermal properties of the PILs were evaluated using TG/DTG/DTA instrument. On the other hand, the antimicrobial activities of the PILs were examined against some bacteria and fungi, and the obtained results were compared with the evaluations of the corresponding fully substituted cyclotriphosphazene bases. The interactions between the PILs and supercoiled PBR322 DNA were also scrutinized, and it was determined that they exhibited significant conformational changes.

Nano-sized lead has many versatile applications that could be applied in daily life. In the current study, we report a comprehensive study for preparation of nanosized lead oxide using the co-precipitation method and optimization of reaction parameters to obtain lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles with homogeneously distributed size, shape and structure. When aqueous solution of lead (II) acetate reduced with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures, alpha form of lead oxide nanoparticles, with spherical shape were achieved. Decreasing the ratio of sodium hydroxide to lead (II) acetate concentration at moderate temperatures resulted with a gradual change in crystal structure from quasi -spherical a-PbO nanoparticles and two dimensional nanoflakes of beta PbO with a thickness below 100 nm was synthesized for the first time. The obtained particles in both a and b forms were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering equipment (Zetasizer), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, thin layers of freeze-dryer a-PbO and ß-PbO particle powder on glass and filter paper were formed by the help of nail polisher and conductivity measurements were performed using four-point probes method. Produced layers ß-PbO particles with a below 100 nm showed higher conductivity on both supports as compared to the ones produced from spherical a-PbO nanoparticles. This altered conductivity of the material in the semiconducting zone, which is probably due to a more effective electron transfer facilitated by 2D alignment of the molecules, could rose the potential use of this material in voltaic and catalysis.

The concentration of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity were analyzed in current sediments of the Gulf of Izmir (Eastern Aegean Sea). The sediments were collected from four different locations where are very wealthy in terms of industry on the coast of the Gulf of Izmir. Each processed sample was determined for gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity by using a low-background counter (Berthold, LB 770 10- channel a-b low-level counter). The obtained results show that natural gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations in the drilling cores range from 537±77 to 1800±207 Bq kg-1 and 993±60 to 1842±102 Bq kg-1, respectively. These results were compared with previous studies throughout the world, and the study could be a reference data for the future research related to radiological mapping or environmental monitoring in the area.

In this study, optimum conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidants from Apium graveolens L. seeds were investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to evaluate the effect of sonication time (5, 10, 15 min), ultrasound power (60, 120, 180 W) and the ratio of extraction solvent in terms of methanol (0, 50, 100%) on antioxidant capacity. The optimal UAE conditions for the parameters investigated were 11 min of sonication time, ultrasound power of 131 W and 100% methanol as an extraction solvent. Under these conditions, UAE of antioxidants from the seeds achieved a maximum of 95.08% in respect to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Additionally, the high value of the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj = 0.9192) and the non-significant difference between experimental and predicted values confirmed the validity of the quadratic polynomial model. Hence, UAE is a suitable, fast, economical and practical technique for the extraction of antioxidants from Apium graveolens L. seeds.

Graphite and its composites have gained considerable attention in electrochemical applications due to their excellent structural, electrical and chemical properties. In this study, a graphite paste electrode (GPE) modified with natural Na-bentonite (BGPE) is fabricated and utilized for the sensitive determination of Lanaset Red G (LRG) which is a kind of azo containing metal complex dye. The BGPE shows excellent enhancement in peak currents as compared to that of the GPE. The detection limit of LRG is determined to be as low as 0.65±0.08 when utilizing the BGPE as the working electrode in square wave voltammetry experiments (SWV). The electrochemical behavior of LRG is also investigated using a cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique to propose reaction mechanisms. Effects of pH and scan rate on the electrochemical behavior of LRG are studied to calculate transfer coefficients, the number of protons and electrons transferred in the redox reaction. The results show that a quasi-reversible reaction occurs on the BGPE surface/electrolyte interface. The morphology and the chemical characterization of both BGPE and GPE electrodes are investigated by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique and the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), respectively.

In this study, the removal of glycolic acid from aqueous solutions by using reactive extraction with different organic solvents and tripropylamine mixtures was investigated. In experimental studies, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 1-decanol, toluene, cyclohexyl acetate (CHA), DMP and an ionic liquid, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL), were chosen as the diluent solvent in the organic phase. In recent chemistry researches, IL compounds have come to the foreground due to their superior properties and environmentally friendly chemical structures and they are being used intensively. For this reason, it is particularly aimed to compare the efficiency of the IL compound with other solvents. In addition to the solvent effect, the amine concentration used was changed to determine the effect on extraction yield. Using the obtained data, the most important parameters for the design of reactive extraction processes were calculated: Distribution coefficient (D), loading factor (Z), and the percentage of extraction efficiency (E%). The maximum removal of glycolic acid has been achieved as 99.76 % with IL and 1.75 mol L-1 initial amine concentration.

The objective of this study was to compare mineral contents of chickpeas and haricot bean using two different analytical digestion method including dry ashing and microwave digestion method. The levels of micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and macronutrient minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in two different legumes, as chickpea (Cicer arientinum L) and haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) samples that are widely growing and consumed in Tunceli Province-Turkey were evaluated. The mineral composition of chickpea and haricot bean were determined by using FAAS after dissolving dry ashing and microwave digestion methods. In this way both the mineral composition of legume samples and the dissolving methods were compared. Results obtained from each group and each method was analyzed statistically using the SPSS statistic program. It was observed that in chickpea and haricot bean samples Ca, Cu and Zn concentrations using microwave digestion method were higher than dry ashing method (p<0.01).

A novel symmetrical N2O2 type Schiff base (1) and its copper (II) (2) and manganese (III) (3) complexes were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic, analytical, and magnetic susceptibility studies. Spectroscopic and magnetic susceptibility studies suggested that copper and manganese ions are in 2+ and 3+ states and their complexes have a binuclear double stranded helical structure in the form of 2:2 (metal to ligand) stoichiometry. Cytotoxic effects of the ligand and its metal complexes against MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line), DLD-1 (human colorectal cancer cell line), ECC-1 (human endometrium cancer cell line), DU-145 (human prostate cancer line), MDA-MB231 (human breast cancer cell line), PC-3 (human prostate cancer line) and HEK293 (normal cells) were evaluated by determining their cellular viability using the colorimetric 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. It has been found that cytotoxicity of the ligand was significantly enhanced towards cancer cells and declined towards normal HEK293 cells by metal chelation. Copper complex yielded better results in comparison with manganese complex. Particularly, copper complex showed a selective cytotoxicity, harming the cancerous cell lines while not impairing the normal cells, which is considered as the key to the future of cytotoxic therapy.

Glycerol and insoluble starch xanthates were synthesised and effectively used in the removal of Pb, Cd and Cu from aqueous solutions. The insoluble metal complex formed between the sulphur atoms in the xanthates and the heavy metals were easily separated. Lower dosage of glycerol xanthate was required in each case, with the optimum molar ratio (M2+/GX) of 2. Moreover, the use of glycerol xanthate required no pH adjustments to give a 100 % heavy metal removal within the range of the detection limit. As for the ISX, there was a remarkable metal scavenging activity when the ISX contained high amount of Sulphur per molecule (10.12% S) and when the pH was adjusted to 6. Butyl xanthate was also synthesised to make a good comparison with the glycerol and insoluble starch xanthate. The xanthates from these two sustainable materials (Starch and glycerol) are proven to be more effective in metal scavenging activity. FTIR and CHNS elemental analyses were used to prove the evidence of xanthation, in addition, 13C NMR was used to characterise the glycerol xanthate.