Objective

Objective: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevent metabolic disease. Gender differences are important in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of many diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the gender effect on laboratory variables and complications in patients with T2DM.

Objective: The objective of the present analysis was to compare the effect of these two treatment regimens (Novomix insulin twice or thrice-daily versus once-daily insulin glargine plus twice or thrice-daily insulin aspart) on glycemic control in Iranian patients with T2DM. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for one year on people with type 2 diabetes referred to Yazd Medical Research Center. Glycemic control (HbA1C, FBG, and 2hPP) from baseline (week 0) to 24 -48 weeks were recorded in the electronic file of patients receiving Novomix insulin twice or thrice daily. These profiles were compared to those of patients receiving once-daily insulin glargine plus twice or thrice-daily insulin aspart (according to each meal). P< 0.05 was considered as a significant level. Results: Based on the finding, both treatment groups demonstrated significant reductions in FBG, 2hPP, and HbA1c from baseline to the study endpoint (weeks 24 and 48) (P< 0.05 for all comparisons). However, the changes in HbA1c, FBG, and 2hPP levels compared to the baseline level during the study were not significant between the two groups. Conclusion: The insulin glargine regime is effective in reducing HbA1C-FBS-2HPP compared to aspart and Novomix, but no significant difference was seen between the two mentioned regimes. It is recommended to observe more effectiveness and achieve more efficient and reliable results of the studies.

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence is increasing around the world as a progressive metabolic condition. The miRNA expression profile changes in the early stages of diabetes in body fluids. It can help in early diagnosis of diabetes, which reduces diabetes-related mortality. In this study, miR-194-5p gene expression levels in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients will be examined and compared to the healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The expression levels of miR-194-5p were evaluated in 90 participants, referred to Yazd diabetes centers (Iran) in 2022, including 30 T2DM, 30 prediabetics, and 30 healthy subjects by real-time PCR. The potential pathways affected by microRNA were fitted to the Enrichr web server by applying target genes predicted to miR-194-5p in the Target Scan Human 7.2 database. Results: The results of these studies indicate a gradual decrease in miR-194-5p expression levels in prediabetic and T2DM patients compared to healthy controls (P< 0.001). The role of the miR-194-5p target genes in T2DM-related signaling pathways such as the Wnt and TGF-beta pathways was also determined. Conclusion: The results indicate that miR-194-5p is a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of T2DM due to its down-regulation in the serum of prediabetics and diabetics compared to healthy subjects.

Objective: Diabetes and thyroid disorders (TD) are two prevalent endocrine conditions in adults. While the association between TD and type 1 diabetes is well documented, the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and TD remains unclear due to its complex mechanisms and the involvement of multiple variables. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of TD in patients with T2DM referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2019. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 411 patients with T2DM. Data were collected using a checklist comprising demographic information (age, sex, type of drug used, duration of diabetes) and clinical and laboratory information. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software. Results: Among the 411 patients with T2DM, 352 (85.6%) had no TD, 38 (9.24%) had hypothyroidism, and 21 (5.10%) had hyperthyroidism. There were no significant differences among groups in terms of gender (P= 0.269), age (P= 0.154), fasting blood sugar (FBS) level (P= 0.196), type of treatment (P= 0.9), and duration of T2DM (P= 0.138). However, a significant relationship was found between TD and the average level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (P= 0.021). Conclusion: This study highlights a significant prevalence of TD among patients with T2DM, particularly noting the impact on HbA1c levels. Regular screening for TD in patients with T2DM is recommended to improve glycemic control and overall diabetes management. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms linking TD and T2DM and to develop targeted interventions.

Objective: The main aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the variability of the hepatic, renal and cardiovascular biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with poor glycemic control. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study utilizing random sampling technique was used to recruit 103 consenting participants at the Kakamega county general hospital. Approximately 6mls of blood sample was collected and processed for biomarkers of hepatic, renal and cardiovascular function using spectrophotometry and florescence-immuno detection. Data was analyzed using the IBM SPSS ver. 22 software. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were done on categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis test on the continuous variables. A Bonferroni Post-hoc test was done to determine the differences between the groups. Results: The study revealed a significant hepatic biomarker variability in gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P= 0.031), Total bilirubin (P< 0.0001), Direct bilirubin (P< 0.0001), albumin (P= 0.001) and Aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase (AST/ALT) ratio (P< 0.0001). Renal biomarkers including Urea (P= 0.002), potassium (P= 0.0012), sodium (P< 0.0001) and chloride (0.007) showed a significant variability in poor glycemic control. Additionally, Triglycerides (P< 0.0001) and total cholesterol (P= 0.046) levels were significantly elevated in poor glycemic control. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control causes elevation in GGT, AST/ALT ratio, potassium, triglycerides and total cholesterol while bilirubin, albumin, sodium and chloride are reduced.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the comparison of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) levels in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rather than the standard ESR rate as the reference. Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study 80 individuals with T1DM under 14 years of age were selected from Diabetes Research Center from 2021-2022. Sampling was done by available methods. Demographic information such as age, gender, HbA1c, and ESR level was recorded. The collected data were entered into SPSS v.22 software. Pearson correlation was used for association and t-test was used for comparing means. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered. Results: thirty three (41.2%) were male and 47 (58.8%) were female. The mean (±SD) age was 9.50 (± 0.414) years. The mean (±SD) ESR in the studied samples was 11.60(±6.475), which had a significant difference with the ESR value of 10 (P= 0.031). Moreover, the ESR of both groups of studied boys -and girls was significantly higher than the standard upper limit of the society (P= 0.0001). Additionally, ESR had a statistical relationship with HbA1c (P= 0.016) and no significant relationship with age (P= 0.730). Conclusion: ESR levels in children with T1D were significantly elevated, indicating systemic inflammation. ESR also showed a statistical relationship with HbA1c levels, suggesting its potential as a valuable marker for disease activity and management in T1D patients.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the pressing global health issue, with advanced glycation end products (AGEs) playing a crucial role in its development. AGEs are harmful compounds formed through chronic exposure to elevated blood glucose levels and oxidative stress, both of which are prevalent in diabetes mellitus. These molecules have detrimental effects on vascular function, inflammation, and oxidative stress, exacerbating CVD progression. Conventional strategies for managing AGEs are often limited by side effects and insufficient efficacy, driving the need for alternative approaches. This review investigates the intricate relationship between AGEs, diabetes mellitus, and CVD, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of natural products-particularly phenolic compounds. The review explores how AGEs contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes-related complications and their impact on cardiovascular health. It examines the molecular mechanisms underlying AGE formation and the inhibitory effects of various natural compounds on this process. Additionally, the review assesses preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of these natural agents in mitigating AGE-induced damage. By highlighting the significant role of AGEs in diabetes and CVD, the study underscores the potential of natural products to counteract AGE accumulation. It provides an in-depth analysis of AGE biochemistry, their sources, and the effects of different natural products on AGE formation. The review concludes by emphasizing the promise of natural compounds in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and thereby lowering the risk of cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. This comprehensive overview advocates for the integration of natural products into therapeutic strategies for managing AGE-mediated cardiovascular and diabetic conditions.