The global rise of obesity has increased the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: The monoclonal antibodies with CD3 target have the potential to change the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and enhance the longevity of beta-cell function. The main objective of the study is antibody engineering toward Enhancement of Teplizumab Anti-CD3 Binding Affinity in T1D prevention and treatment. Materials and Methods: We aimed at finding the important amino acids of this antibody, and then replaced these amino acids with others to improve their binding affinity, and examine the binding affinity of antibody variants to antigens. In the end, we selected high-affinity variants of the antibody according to results of High Ambiguity Driven biomolecular DOCKing (HADDOCK). Results: Our research indicated that 14 mutated variants were able to enhance the binding characteristics of Ab in comparison to standard antibodies. Conclusion: The altered antibodies could serve as promising options for enhanced affinity binding to antigens, which could affect the specificity and sensitivity of antibodies.

Objective: The study investigated the direct and indirect pathways between eating self-efficacy and emotional eating behavior in women with overweight and obesity, evaluating the parallel mediating roles of shame and guilt related to body and weight. Materials and Methods: A total of 228 women between the ages of 18 and 70, with overweight and obesity (Body Mass Index= 25), were recruited through purposive sampling. Participants completed online questionnaires: Demographic Information Questionnaire (DIQ), Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), Weight- and Body-Related Shame and Guilt Scale (WEB-SG), Weight Efficacy Lifestyle-Short Form (WEL-SF). Descriptive statistics and parallel mediation analysis (PROCESS model 4) with bootstrapping were used to test the hypothesized model. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. Results: Higher levels of eating self-efficacy were directly associated with the lower levels of emotional eating behavior (P< 0.001), and indirectly related to reduced emotional eating by decreased weight- and body-related shame and guilt (P< 0.05). Shame and guilt served as partial, parallel mediators. The model explained 39% of the variance in emotional eating behavior (R2= 0.39). Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of addressing cognitive and emotional factors in interventions to improve eating behaviors and manage obesity in women, providing actionable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers.

Objective: According to the studies, 80% of patients with diabetes suffer from concern and rumination in their life cycle. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-based therapy (CBT) on rumination and concern in patients with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study evaluated the effect of CBT on women with type 1 diabetes. Thirty women with type 1 diabetes, recruited from Qazvin city health centers between October 2024 and March 2025 and meeting inclusion criteria, were purposively sampled and randomly assigned to the CBT (n= 15) or control (n= 15) group. The intervention group received eight weekly 90-minute sessions. The control group received no intervention. The Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and Rumination Questionnaire (RQ) were administered pre- and post-intervention, and data were analyzed using ANCOVA in SPSS version 26. Results: A comprehensive analysis of variance has revealed notable disparities between the experimental and control groups in terms of worry and rumination. The results indicate a moderate effect size for worry (?= 0.29; F= 10.63; P= 0.003). Similarly, rumination also shows a strong effect size (?= 0.39; F= 17.23; P< 0.001). Conclusion: CBT effectively reduces rumination and worry in patients with type I diabetes in Qazvin, suggesting its potential as a supportive treatment for these symptoms.

Objective: Adherence to anti-diabetic medications in diabetic patients plays a considerable role in glycemic control, prevention of short-term and long-term morbidities, and diabetes-related mortality. The current study aims to evaluate the factors associated with adherence to medications among patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted on 366 diabetic patients who were referred to the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism. The HbA1C was measured at baseline and then after six months. The validated questionnaire on adherence to refills and medication scale (ARMS) was filled, and factors associated with medication adherence were assessed. The higher ARMS scores represented poorer adherence to the medication. Results: Diabetic patients with adherence to anti-diabetic agents represented significantly lower levels of HbA1C both at baseline (P< 0.001) and the six-month follow-up (P< 0.001) compared to the non-adherent group. In the correlation analyses, the ARMS score was significantly correlated with the A1C levels measured at the baseline (rs= 0.37, P< 0.001) and after 6 months (rs= 0.40, P< 0.001) as well as the duration of diabetes (rs= 0.16, P= 0.003). The subsequent logistic regression analysis highlighted the use of insulin as the main determinant of adherence to medications (OR: 0.59; 95%CI: 0.35-0.99), after controlling for age, gender, diabetes duration and number of medications. Conclusion: The current study revealed that adherence to the anti-diabetic medication is associated with remarkably improved glycemic control. Diabetes duration and insulin use were inversely correlated with adherence to medication, while there was no association with age, gender, numbers of drugs.

Objective: Studies show that exercise and herbal supplements help improves type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensities aerobic exercise with resistance training and cinnamon on the levels of METRNL and irisin in diabetic women. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 54 diabetic women (age 41.73± 4.05) were selected from Nowshahr and randomly allocated into six groups; Control (C), Resistance and Moderate Aerobic Exercise (RME, 50% VO2max, 200 kcal), Resistance and Vigorous Aerobic Exercise (RVE, 80% VO2max, 200 kcal), Cinnamon (Ci, 1000 mg/day), Resistance and Moderate Aerobic Exercise+Cinnamon (RMECi), Resistance and Vigorous Aerobic Exercise+Cinnamon (RVECi). Data were analyzed using an independent t-test and ANCOVA (P< 0.05). Results: It was observed a significant increase in Metrnl, irisin in the RME (P= 0.041 and P= 0.004, respectively), RVE (P= 0.0001 and P= 0.0001, respectively), Ci (P= 0.006 and P= 0.0001, respectively), RMECi (P= 0.00 and P= 0.0001, respectively) and RVECi (P= 0.001 and P= 0.0001, respectively) compared to group C. The increase in Metrnl and irisin was significant in RVE compared to RME (P= 0.045, and P= 0.028, respectively); RMECi relative to RME (P= 0.004) and Ci (P= 0.0001); RVECi compared to RME (P= 0.0001), RVE and Ci (P= 0.0001). It was also observed a significant decrease in HOMA-IR in the RME (P= 0.014), RVE (P= 0.001), Ci (P= 0.044), RMECi (P= 0.0001), and RVECi (P= 0.0001) compared to group C. Conclusion: Combining exercise with cinnamon may help prevent or delay T2D complications. RVE exercise showed greater improvements in irisin and HOMA-IR than RME.

Metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, have reached epidemic proportions globally, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. The gut-brain axis, particularly gut hormones, plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, offering promising targets for intervention. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on gut hormone-based therapies for metabolic disorders, focusing on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Gut hormones, including GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin, and oxyntomodulin, orchestrate complex physiological responses to nutrient intake, influencing insulin secretion, appetite, and energy expenditure. Recent advancements in incretin-based therapies, particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists, have shown remarkable efficacy in improving glycemic control and promoting weight loss. These therapies exploit the synergistic actions of multiple gut hormones, offering a more comprehensive approach to metabolic regulation. Emerging research on PYY analogs and ghrelin antagonists further expands the therapeutic landscape. However, challenges remain in optimizing delivery methods, ensuring long-term efficacy, and mitigating potential side effects. Gut hormone-based therapies represent a paradigm shift in the management of metabolic disorders. By harnessing the intricate signaling networks of the gut-brain axis, these innovative approaches offer the potential for more effective and targeted interventions in obesity and type 2 diabetes, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies in metabolic medicine.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), a culinary plant with medicinal properties, has been utilized as a traditional remedy by people worldwide for centuries. Garlic possesses a variety of health benefits, such as its antibacterial and anticancer properties, its capacity to slow the aging process and prevent obesity, its antihypertensive, antioxidative, and cardioprotective properties, and its capacity to reduce blood sugar and cholesterol. Garlic possesses organosulfur compounds, which have been associated with advantageous and favorable impacts on health. This review specifically examines the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of Garlic in influencing important processes related to the control of glucose and lipid metabolism. These effects have been observed in both laboratory studies and clinical trials. The processes encompassed within this category entail the excretion of insulin, the absorption of glucose, the accumulation of glycogen, and the synthesis of lipids in the liver. The results of this study investigating the impact of Garlic on glucose and lipid regulation will deepen our comprehension of this fascinating natural compound. This information will be invaluable for healthcare professionals, researchers, and individuals seeking to prevent and treat metabolic disorders.