Diabetes and obesity represent two interrelated epidemics that have become major contributors to the global burden of disease and health-care expenditure. Despite remarkable advances in understanding their pathophysiology and in the development of novel pharmacological therapies, their overall prevalence and associated complications remain alarmingly high.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of different training modalities, Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Training (MIAT), High-Intensity Aerobic Training (HIAT), and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), on SIRT1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Wistar rats.

Objective: Market traders face an increased risk of chronic diseases due to prevailing conditions in marketplaces. This study assessed obesity and hypertension among 421 traders in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference [WC]) and blood pressure (BP) measurements were obtained using standard protocols. Overweight and obesity were defined as BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m² and =30 kg/m², respectively; abdominal obesity (AOB) as WC =102 cm (men) and =88 cm (women); and hypertension as systolic BP= 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP= 90 mmHg. Physical activity (PA) was assessed using the IPAQ short form. Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity, AOB, and hypertension were 39.2%, 23.4%, 47.3%, and 24.2%, respectively, while low PA was 9.0%. Predictors of increased BMI included AOB (AOR= 5.2; 95% CI: 3.1-8.9) and age 31–50 years (AOR= 3.0; 95% CI: 1.6-5.3). The strongest predictors of AOB were female sex (AOR= 10.3; 95% CI: 5.5-19.5), age =51 years (AOR= 4.0; 95% CI: 1.3-12.2), and increased BMI (AOR = 5.7; 95% CI: 3.2-10.0). Hypertension was most strongly associated with age =51 years (AOR= 9.5; 95% CI: 3.1-29.3), monthly income = ?100,000 (AOR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.4-12.9), increased BMI (AOR= 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2-4.6) and AOB (AOR= 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.6). Conclusion: Obesity and hypertension were highly prevalent among traders, underscoring the need for regular screening and behavioral interventions for prevention and management.

Objective: The aim of present study was to compare the effect of cumin bread (designed on a mixture of wheat flour and cumin powder 2%) and white bread on the satiety index of healthy adults. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled cross-over clinical trial was conducted on 15 healthy participants. Volunteers were randomly allocated into 2 groups to consume either cumin bread or the white bread. The satiety index was measured over a period of 120 minutes. Results: 12 out of 15 participants completed the study and were included in the final analysis. The results showed that the consumption of cumin bread compared to white bread significantly increased the satiety index (P= 0.0001). Additionally, the participants did not report any complaints when consuming cumin bread or white bread. Conclusion: The present study suggests that cumin bread has a greater potential to enhance satiety compared to white bread. This result highlight cumin bread may be an effective strategy for improving satiety in healthy individuals. Further studies are needed to validate these preliminary results and to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Objective: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of support groups to enhance physical activity adherence of patients with diabetes in the Khuzestan Province of Iran to improve diabetes management and help reduce complications from the disease. Materials and Methods: The study used a mixed methods approach. The qualitative phase included the analysis of twenty-three diabetic patients, a professor from a university, and sporting federation personnel in semi-structured interviews. This phase and advanced a theoretical structure with four primary types and 19 placeholders of exercise adherence. The quantitative phase employed a 59-item highly reliable questionnaire (Chronbach’s alpha= 0.923) to diabetic patients. A sample of 384 respondents was obtained using a random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS and Smart PLS. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. Results: Support was personal (self-efficacy and other digital support tools 11.92 percent), family (joint activities 42.09 percent), friends (helps in alleviating social loneliness, 7.03%), and public (enhanced policies and infrastructure, 9.73%). 70.78 percent of support was exercised to help with adherence to physical activity. Conclusion: Support groups are critical to increasing physical activity adherence among diabetes patients.

Objective: Foeniculum vulgare has been suggested as a potential option for the management of hyperglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare seeds (HEEFVS) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male rats were randomly divided into six groups (I–VI). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (175 mg/kg) in groups II–VI. Groups I and II received distilled water; groups III, IV, and V were treated with HEEFVS at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively; and group VI received glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight/day). Serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and histological analysis of the liver were assessed. Results: Administration of HEEFVS at 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly decreased ALT and AST activities (P< 0.001). Total cholesterol levels were significantly reduced (P< 0.001) at all tested doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Triglyceride levels showed a significant reduction (P< 0.01) only at the 400 mg/kg dose. During the second and third weeks, administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg markedly reduced glucose levels (P< 0.001). Complete regeneration of liver tissue was observed in the 400 mg/kg group, while partial restoration was seen in the 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups. DPPH radical scavenging and a-amylase inhibitory activities of HEEFVS demonstrated IC50 values of 146.6 µg/ml and 8.47 µg/ml, respectively. The LD50 of HEEFVS was greater than 3500 mg/kg. Conclusion: HEEFVS exhibits strong hepato-protective, hypolipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects.

Objective: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) regulates lipid metabolism, and its disruption in diabetes leads to lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and inflammation. BMAL1, a core circadian clock gene, modulates physiological rhythms. This study aimed to examine the effect of aerobic exercise timing on BMAL1 and SREBP-1c expression in adipose tissue of diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty male mice were randomly assigned to two temporal groups: ZT3 (light phase) and ZT15 (dark phase). Within each time point, animals were divided into three subgroups: Healthy Control (HC), Diabetic Control (DC), and Diabetic + Exercise Training (TD). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injections. After confirmation, the TD groups performed treadmill running for eight weeks (60–80 min/day, 50–60% Vmax, 5 days/week) at their respective time points. Gene expression of BMAL1 and SREBP-1c was analyzed using Real-time PCR, and data were statistically evaluated using SPSS. Results: Exercise during the dark phase significantly increased BMAL1 (P< 0.0001) and SREBP1 (P< 0.05) levels in the diabetic group compared to the diabetic control group. No significant differences were observed in BMAL1 or SREBP1 levels between the diabetic control group and the diabetic group with exercise during the light phase. Conclusion: The results show that by upregulating BMAL1 and SREBP-1c in adipose tissue, evening exercise improves metabolic status in diabetic mice. These findings lay the groundwork for further translational research in humans and point to possible uses in developing time-specific exercise interventions for the management of diabetes.

This review explores advancements in the food industry for developing functional foods to manage diabetes. It evaluates the mechanisms and clinical evidence for eight bioactive components. Dietary fibers help control blood sugar levels and insulin sensitivity by slowing glucose absorption and promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids. Polyphenols reduce glucose spikes by inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes and activating signaling pathways like AMPK. Antioxidants protect pancreatic ß-cells and insulin secretion by combating oxidative stress and inflammation. Probiotics and prebiotics improve metabolic balance by modulating gut microbiota and strengthening the intestinal barrier. Omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids reduce inflammation and enhance insulin receptor signaling. Fermented foods provide bioactive compounds with hypoglycemic effects, while alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids have diverse anti-diabetic properties. Clinical trials have shown promising results in lowering fasting glucose, HbA1c and postprandial spikes, but limitations like small sample sizes and inconsistent formulations call for further validation through robust randomized controlled trials. Conflicting results across studies emphasize the need for cautious interpretation.

Nutrigenomics explore how foods and bioactive compounds interact with our genes and epigenome to influence overall health, while food safety examines how dietary hazards can disrupt these pathways. Integrating both fields aids in the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Nutrients such as polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids and methyl donors can modulate key epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA regulation, helping protect against metabolic disorders and some types of cancer. Conversely, exposure to harmful substances, including mycotoxins, heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals and food processing by-products, can trigger oxidative stress, disturb the gut microbiome and alter epigenetic regulation, increasing disease risk. This narrative, non-systematic review synthesizes evidence published between 2000 and 2025, emphasizing the surge in studies since 2020. Relevant articles were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar using combinations of keywords related to nutrigenomics, epigenetics, food safety, and chronic diseases. In total, 235 publications were analyzed, highlighting nutrigenomics and food safety as an emerging scientific hotspot. Recent advances in multi-omics and microbiome research have enabled precision nutrition approaches and more accurate risk assessment models for NCDs. Despite challenges such as inconsistent methodologies and limited longitudinal data, integrating nutrigenomics with food safety offers a promising approach for improving metabolic health, achieving sustainable weight management, and reducing the global burden of chronic disease. Priorities include large-scale clinical trials, standardized omics pipelines and validated biomarkers to ensure accessibility to and translational impact in public health.