The objective of the current study was to present baseline data on the morphology and surface architecture of the oviduct in adult female Balady duck grossly and by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fifteen apparently healthy adult female Balady ducks were used which weighted (2-4 kg). Two birds were formalized while the other birds were used in the fresh state for dissection then careful evisceration of the oviduct. For SEM five of the latter were used immediately after immersion in saline. Our data anatomically revealed that infundibulum had funnel and tubular parts, magnum was highly convoluted pale white or creamy color, less convoluted isthmus, dilated uterus and S-shape spiral vagina. The inner wall of the duct contains longitudinal folds in the first four parts while the vagina showed transverse thick folds. color of the mucosa was reddish in infundibulum, magnum and isthmus while greenish brown in color in the uterus and whitish yellow in the vagina. SEM showed primary and secondary folds allover the oviduct which became more thicker in the uterus and carrying tertiary folds in the vagina.

he current study was performed to evaluate the effect of acute and chronic hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol and thioacetamide respectively on serum hormonal levels and biochemical parameters. Female Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 equal groups (C), (P) and (T). Group (C) were kept as control, group (P) were received paracetamol orally (500 mg/kg b.wt) daily for 15 days and those of group (T) were injected thioacetamide (200 mg/kg b.wt) intraperitonialy twice/ week for 90 days. In P group, results revealed significant elevation in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST and ALP), T4, insulin (7th day), estrogen (7th and 15th days), triglycerides (7th day) and cholesterol levels throughout the experiment while serum proteins and T4 (15th day) showed significant decreased values. Whereas, at 90th days of chronic intoxicated group (T) resulted in significant elevation in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST and ALP), bilirubin, estrogen, T4, triglycerides (60th and 90th days) and T3 (120th day). While the levels of T4 and cortisol (60th day), serum total protein, albumin, globulin (90th day) and insulin (120th day) showed significant decreased values when compared to control group. In conclusion, both paracetamol and thioacetamide cause different degrees of damage in liver of rats leading to clear changes in their hormonal and biochemical profiles.

Escherichia coliare the most common cause of diarrhea in calves. Diarrhea in calvesremains one of the most important problems faced by livestock, causing great economic losses. Some strains ofE. coli characterized by the presence of specific virulence factors including haemolysin production, resistance to bactericidal effects of serum and Congo red binding activity. In this studyfecal samples were collected from 115 diarrheic calves aged from 3 days to one year and from different localities in Egypt along the period from February to August 2015.The prevalence of E. coli in diarrheic calves was 72.2%. 39.8% of isolated E. coli were haemolytic to sheep blood agar, 68.7% were serum resistant, 100% showed Congo red binding activity.

The current work aimed to study the phenotypic and genotypic characters of oxidase positive Gram negative bacterial pathogens recovered from different pathological lesions in broiler chickens. Samples were taken from 200 Hubbard and Ross broiler chickens of different ages (3-5weeks), from different farms in Beni-Suef and El-Fayoum Governorates during the period from January 2016 to April 2016. Bacteriological examination showed that Gram negative bacteria were 165 (82.5%) of isolates of which 60 isolates (30%) were oxidase negative while 105 isolates (52.5%) were oxidase positive including 43 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 35 Aeromonas hydrophila, 12 Pasteurella gallicida, 10 Plesiomonas shigelloides, and 5 Vibrio vulnificus with incidences of 21.5%, 17.5%, 6% 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. The in-vitro sensitivity tests were applied on a total of 59 isolates; 20 P. aeruginosa, 19 A. hydrophila, 10 P. gallicida, 5 P. shigelloides and 5 V. vulnificus against 13 different antimicrobial agents and multidrug resistant isolates were detected. Multiplex-PCR was applied on 15 different MDR isolates. The results of PCR revealed that blaTEM, CIT and FOX genes were the most prevalent where they were found in 8 isolates (53.3%) followed by blaSHV which was found only in 5 isolates (33.3%)

Outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) cause severe economic loss to the livestock industries in terms of loss of meat, milk production and the high mortality rateespecially in calves. This study was intended for detection, isolation and molecular characterization of FMDV circulated strain among different regions in Beni-Suef governorate, Egypt during 2015 and 2017. One hundred field samples were collected from clinically diseased cattle and buffaloes including vesicular fluid and sloughed epithelial membrane. Molecular detection and differentiation of FMDV serotypes by RT-PCR showed that (71%) were positive for serotype O indicating its predominance in Beni-Suef, Egypt.Also (18%) were positive for serotype SAT2 and (7%) were un-typed serotype being only positive for universal primer. Twenty samples were isolated on BHK-21 cells clone 13. Three samples showed the characteristic CPE of FMDV after blind passage 4 times. Sequences of VP1 coding-region of the three isolated FMD virus showed that the three isolated viruses were serotype O. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolated viruses reveled that they were closely related to type O of those reported in Ismailia, Behira, Giza and Cairo during 2016 with identity ranged from 97.7% - 99.8%. The most relevant outboard isolate was SUD/8/2008 with 93% identity after Blast homology search. However, the phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the three FMDV type O isolates FMDV/serotype O/Beni-Suef/2017 differs partially from all other Egyptian serotypes of 2016. In conclusion, serotype O was the most prevalent FMDV serotype in Beni-Suef, Egypt.

Stability study of biological products especially living bacterial vaccines plays an important role for determination of product changes in maintenance period and ensures safety, efficacy and maintenance of biological properties of the vaccines. So, the objective of this study was to establish stability and keeping quality of the local Brucella melitensis Rev-1 vaccine using different types of stabilizers in lyophilization process. A long-term stability study was carried out for four batches of reduced-dose Brucella melitensis Rev-1 vaccine manufactured by veterinary serum and vaccine research institute using four different stabilizers. These stabilizers were (A) sucrose and skimmed milk, (B and C) different concentrations of sucrose, sodium glutamate and gelatin, and (D) casein, sucrose and sodium glutamate. The quality control tests including colony forming unit, purity, dissociation and physicochemical tests on all batches until 12 months post- production were performed. The obtained results indicated that, in spite of collapse (shrinkage) of lyophilized cake in a number of bottles in batches prepared using stabilizer A, the brucella vaccine batches were stable and met the specification recommended by OIE 2012 for 12 months post-production in vaccine batches with stabilizers A and D.

lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was isolated, from naturally infected cattle that have a history of previous vaccination with live attenuated sheep pox virus (SPV) vaccine. The virus was isolated on chorio-allantoic membranes (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) and Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Cells (MDBK) and identified by agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFA). Characteristic pock lesions and intracyptoplasmic flourescene granules are identified respectively. Molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer for G-Protein Coupled Chemokine Receptor Gene of LSDV isolates specific amplified product 554 bp. Sequence analysis revealed tow new isolates of LSDV.

Cellulitis is a serious problem for the poultry industry because of increased condemnations, carcass downgrading at processing, and higher labor costs to process affected flocks. In the present study, the prevalence of cellulitis was studied in 240 broiler chickens. The correlation between cellulitis and other systemic lesions of the same bird was investigated also. Moreover, identification of the causative bacterial agents was conducted focusing on E. coli and Salmonella isolates. The prevalence rate of cellulitis in examined broiler chickens was 38.3%. Cellulitis without systemic lesion was observed in 14.2% of birds while 24.2% of birds had cellulitis associated with other systemic lesions in the internal organs while hepatitis was the most frequent. The bacteriological examination revealed that of 253 samples collected, a total of 157 bacterial isolates were recovered (62.1%). Among the recovered isolates, E. coli was the most prevalent (126 isolates; 80.3%) as well as 4 Salmonella species (2.5%), 9 Proteus species (5.7%), 7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.5%), 3 Enterobacter species (1.9%) and 8 Staphylococcus aureus (5.1%). Serogrouping of E. coli isolates revealed that O125 was the most prevalent; 32%, followed by serogroups O158, O55, O78 as 24%, 12%, 10%, respectively, then both O1 and O8; 6% for each, and finally O15; 4%. Antibiogram of E. coli isolates showed a high sensitivity against enrofloxacin only (81%) while they were moderately sensitive to apramycin (65.9%) and colistin sulphate (61.9%) as well as ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime sodium (56.3% and 55.6%, respectively). On the other hand, high moderate degrees of resistances were observed against the other antimicrobials. Salmonella isolates showed complete sensitivities to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin while they were completely resistant to most of antimicrbials.

Nanoparticles have many characteristics that make them suitable for biological and medical applications. Uptake of thesenano particulates into animals and humans bodiesthrough different routes may exhibit potential side effects. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common additivethat is increasingly used in consumer products, food,pharmaceutical dosage forms and cosmetic articles. In this study, the effects of oral administration of TiO2 nanoparticles (500 mg| kg .bw) for 60 days were investigated on kidney function and histopathological changes. The body weight gain and kidney/body weight ratio showed no significant changes in comparison with control group. There was a significant decrease in total thiol levels in kidney homogenate, the biochemical changes was supported by histopathologicalultration. In conclusion the data shows that the oral administration of TiO2 NPs may lead to renal toxicity in experimental rats.

Salmonellosis is a major problem for the poultry industry, and this problem represents a critical food safety hazard. Resistance to antimicrobial agents within nontyphoidal Salmonellae is a serious problem. The present study aimed to analyze genetically some ß-lactamase resistance genes and some virulence associated genes in Salmonella isolates from broiler chicken. Five hundred samples were collected from diseased broiler chickens of different ages (3-6 weeks) from different farms in Assiut Governorate in Egypt during the period from January 2015 to December 2015. Bacteriological examination showed that 26 Salmonella isolates were recovered with a prevalence rate of 5.2% Serotyping of Salmonella isolates showed that S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium, and S. Kentuky were identified at rates of 50%, 30.8% and 19.2%, respectively. Results of antibiogram showed that 18 Salmonella isolates (92.3%) were multidrug resistant. All isolates were screened for the presence of 2 ß-lactamase resistance genes (blaCTX and blaCMY) as well as 3 virulence genes (stn, invA and hilA) using multiplex PCR. The overall prevalences were 53.9% for blaCTX and 34.6% for blaCMY. Meanwhile, stn, invA and hilA genes were found in 96.2%, 100% and 84.7% of isolates, respectively.

his work was planned to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from animal and human sources. Ten isolates of E. faecalis recovered from urinary tract infections in humans, as well as, ten isolates of E. faecalis were recovered from diarrheic dairy cattle studied for their antimicrobial sensitivity to 7 different antibacterial agents. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern proved that most isolates were resistant to most of the tested antimicrobial agents. All isolates of human E. faecalis were 100 % resistant to rifamycin, gentamicin and penicillin G. Resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and vancomycin was 80.0%, 90.0%, 90.0% and 70.0% respectively. However animal E. faecalis were completely (100%) resistant to penicillin G and ciprofloxacin. Resistance to gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, rifamycin and vancomycin was 70.0%, 40.0%, 20.0%, 20.0% and 0.0% respectively. PCR was applied on MDR for detection of aminoglycosides resistance genes. All human E. faecalis isolates were negative for aph(2?)-Ia, aph(2?)-Ib, aph(2?)-Ic and aph(2?)-Id. 40.0% of isolates were proved to harbour aph(3?)-IIIa and 10.0% (one isolate) harboured ant(4?)-Ia. However all animal E. faecalis isolates were negative for aph (2?)-Ib, aph(2?)-Ic, aph(2?)-Id. Two isolates (20.0%) harboured aph(2?)-Ia and ant(4?)-Ia and four isolates (40.0%) harboured aph(3?)-IIIa. In conclusion, the increased antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis isolated from animal and human sources complicate treatment decisions and increase public health hazard.

Fish with bacterial septicemic syndrome (BSS) exhibit very similar clinical signs regardless of the etiological agents. Members of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Streptococcus and Lactococcus species are considered the most reported bacterial pathogens incriminated in such syndrome. Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae are 3 major pathogens share in the BSS associated losses in aquaculture and considered problematic for growth of tilapia and catfish production in Egypt. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis is highly needed for controlling their disease outbreaks, particularly, in mixed infections. In an attempt to elucidate the main causative pathogen, a novel multiplex PCR (m-PCR) was newly designed in this study. The developed m-PCR involves amplifying the three multiple genes in single reaction based upon primers deduced from the regions carrying 16S rRNA, etfA and 16S RNA genes of A. hydrophila (Aeromonas spp.), E. tarda and S. iniae, respectively. Prior to perform m-PCR, individual PCR assays were carried out to adapt suitable laboratory and m-PCR assays conditions. The specificity of the developed m-PCR was confirmed by the fact that only specific fragments were amplified equivalent for 953, 415 and 300 bp corresponding to A.hydrophila, E. tarda and S. iniae, respectively, and that was evident with both extracted DNAs and the bacterial cells. More specifically, these specific bands were obtained also when either the extracted DNAs or the bacterial cells of the three pathogens mixed together in the reaction. The developed m-PCR is accurate, sensitive, fast and simple technique for the simultaneous detection of A. hydrophila (Aeromonas spp.), E.tarda, and S. iniae, three major bacterial pathogens involved in BSS incidence in Egypt.