The experiment was designed to investigate the immunomodulating effect of lector 50 on general health and immune response of broiler chicks to Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination in commercial broiler chicks. the obtained results reveled significantly higher effects on body weight ,bursal, and thymic index on lector treated group of chickens, while no effects on spleen index. Also significant improvement in total and differential leukocytic count as well as significantly higher antibody titer was detected by ELISA in lector 50 treated groups.

his study was conducted to evaluatethe degree of biosecurity level with especial reference to Salmonella Spp as an example to explain the expected causes and risk factors that leads to spread them in poultry flocks in Egypt then studied farms evaluated for the sensitivity of Salmonella isolates to the most common disinfectants used in Egypt.About 300 samples (100 cloacal swabs, 100 liver and intestinal samples,100 litter samples) were collected from 10 broiler farms with different age (at 0 old day, one week,2,4 and 6 weeks of age)then the samples were investigated for Salmonella Sppand subsequently identified based on biochemical and serological tests.The obtained results showed that 35 Salmonella species were isolated from 10 broiler poultry houses (25%);(6%) and (4%) from cloacal swab;liver and litter, respectively. Average prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 11.33 % in open broiler houses whether raised Cobb, Ross or Sasso breeds. Salmonella Typhimurium, S. enteritidisand S. Kentuckywerethe most serovars out of the 35 detected isolates.There was great statistical significant difference in the sensitivity of Salmonella isolates to the most common disinfectants(P<0.05)asVerkon- S® achieved 3 log reduction, after 5-minute,Formalin and Phenique were achieved 3 log reductions against S. entriditisafter one-minute Aldekol Des- Gda® achieved one log reduction after one minute, TH4®,Biosentry® 904 and Iodophoreachieved 2 log reductions after 5 minutes.

ungal diseases of poultry have become problematic as bacterial and viral diseases. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fungal agents in broiler chickens and their environment. The prevalence of fungal isolation from broiler chickens was 21.6% including 12.8% moulds and 8.8% yeast while the prevalence of fungal isolation from the environment was 46.8% including 25.5% moulds and 21.3% yeast. Aspergillus species was the most prevalent moulds while C. albicans was the most prevalent yeast recovered from broiler chickens and their environment.

Bovine tuberculosis; caused by Mycobacterium bovis,is a zoonotic diseasecausing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat.Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different serological tests. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). The bacteriological examination of the 63 samples revealed isolation ofM. bovis from 47 processed samples (74.6%). The results of the immunoassay test have detected 27 out of the tuberculin positive cattle, while the ELISA has detected 34 out of the positive reactor cattle. It was concluded that immunoassay and ELISA tests act as complementary tests for tuberculin skin test especially in anergic cattle.

This work was planned to investigate the bacteria isolated from broiler chickens head suffered from naked eye pathological lesions. Out of 200 examined head lesions, the result revealed that the major pathogens associated with swollen head syndrome (SHS) were Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern against 11 different antimicrobials proved that isolates were resistant to most of the tested antimicrobial agents. PCR was applied on 4 MDR E. coli, 4 S. dysgalactiae and 2 P. aeruginosa for detection of some resistance and virulence genes. The results of E. coli isolates revealed that blaTEM gene was the most prevalent in all isolates (100%) followed by tetA (A), aada1, aada2 and aacC genes. Meanwhile tetA (B) gene was found in 3 (75%), while aadB gene was not detected in any isolates. All S. dysgalactiae proved to harbour 16srRNAgene also all S. dysgalactiae were 100% positive for tuf gene followed by speF gene which found in 2 isolate (50%). The results of PCR of P. aeruginosa isolates revealed that toxA gene was the most prevalent gene found in all isolates (100%) followed by lasI. Then, phzM gene was found in one isolate (50%).

The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of three natural food supplements (water hyacinth [Eichhorniacrassipes, 'EC'], Yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 'S. cerevisiae'] and date seeds) on the reproductive and productive activities in male rats. Thus, 40 male albino rats were used and divided equally into 4 groups; Control group (fed normal basal diet), EC supplemented group (400 mg EC / kg body weight), S. cerevisiae supplemented group (120 mg / kg body weight) and date seed supplemented group (0.2 mg / kg body weight). Two months later, all rats were sacrificed and all samples were collected. Results revealed that date seeds supplementation increased significantly the body weight gain. Moreover, date seeds and S. cerevisiae supplementation increased significantly gonadosomatic index, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity decreased serum level of malondialdehyde 'MDA'. On the other side, EC supplementation reduced significantly the studied reproductive parameters as well as it decreased the serum level of TAC and increased the level of MDA. Histopathologicaly, seminiferous tubules appeared with huge amount of spermatids in date seeds group and with moderate number of spermatids in S. cerevisiae group and with few number of spermatids in EC group. Therefore, the present study highly recommends the usage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as date seeds to minimize the ration costs, get the optimal benefit from the natural components of both supplements as well as to induce a higher productive and reproductive performance among animals.

Medicinal herbal feed that used as feed additives are widely applied in livestock production and may be applicable to aquaculture production systems. The present study explores the modulatory effects of incorporation of herbal combination of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa), peppermint (Mentha piperita) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), on African Sharptooth Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. For this purpose, a total of 72 catfish were randomly distributed into 6 groups of 12 fish each and fed on the experimental diets for 45 successive days. Fish of first group were fed on basic diet only while, those of the second one were fed on basic diet supplemented with 0.5% from each medicinal plant while, other 4 groups were subjected to challenge experiment by injection with Vibrio vulnificus. The third group was kept non-injected, fourth group was injected by saline, fifth and sixth groups were injected by Vibrio vulnificus after feeding with basic diet and basic diet with herbs, respectively. Results proved that, total antioxidant capacity, serum total proteins, albumins and globulins were observed to be significantly higher in the treated group as compared to the control. Lymphocytes percent increased significantly in herbal fed group comparing to the control group while, neutrophils percent decreased significantly. Although serum urea level was not affected by herbal supplement, serum creatinine level was decreased significantly. Body weight gain of C. gariepinus increased significantly after herbal administration. Catfish challenged with a Vibrio vulnificus isolate and received the herbal diet showed less mortality than the control group. Fish fed on the herbal diet exhibited normal histological structure of liver, kidney and spleen. In conclusion, based on the current results together with the low cost and the potential antioxidant and immune effects of mixed herbal medicinal plants used in the study, it is recommended to be used in fish feed to diminish the mortalities caused by some aquatic pathogens.

A total of a hundred and twenty samples of crustaceans, 60 samples of shrimp (30 peeled & 30 unpeeled shrimps) and 60 samples of local chilled crab were collected from Beni-Suef markets. Collected samples were evaluated by the physicochemical deteriorative criteria (pH and TVB-N), the bacterial load determination (mesophilic count, psychrophilic count, Staphylococcus aureus count and MPN of coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli), and isolation and identification of specific pathogens (E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). All fresh and frozen seafood samples were judged as safe food from the microbiological point of view. The total mesophilic, psychrophilic and S. aureus for all examined seafood samples lies within the standard permissible limits recommended by national and international agencies. The suggestive measure for produce high-quality shrimp & crab was recommended.

The present study is an endeavor to explore the relationship between induced hormonal alterations and ovarian activity in female rats. Fifty mature cycling female Albino rats were left for one week for acclimatization and offered balanced diet and water ad libitum. Animals were daily examined by vaginal smears to determine regularity of the estrous cycle. Rats were equally divided into 5 groups; control, hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, hypercorticosteroid and hypocorticosteroid. At the end of 3 cycles, individual sera were obtained to determine glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), estradiol and progesterone levels. Moreover, tissue specimens of the ovaries and the Fallopian tube were taken for histopathological examination. Results showed that all hormonal treatments induced alterations in the cellular characteristics of the cycle. Gonadosomaic index (GSI) did not show any remarkable variation. Alloxan or insulin treatments affected significantly serum glucose level in rats as. On the other side, hypercorticism led to marked elevation of glucose while hypocorticism showed no significant effect. Serum MDA showed significant elevation only in hyperglycemic and hypocorticoid groups. Hypoglycemia led to a significant decrease in serum estradiol while other treatments had no effect. Upon progesterone, hypoglycemia resulted in an increased level of the hormone while other treatments led to reduced levels of the hormone. It was evident that abnormalities of the adrenal corticosteroids and / or pancreatic insulin levels are concomitant with irregular estrous cycle as well as ovarian and Fallopian tube alterations which led to deviated gonadal folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis.

The present study aimed to ellucidate the prenatal developmental stages of the submandibular salivary gland of the New-Zealand rabbits. To conduct that, twenty New-Zealand rabbit fetuses ranged from 11 to 30 days-old were used. The head region of fetuses and gland specimens were fixed, processed and stained with histological stains to be examined by light microscope. The submandibular primordia was firstly seen at the 12th day of the prenatal life as bilateral invaginated epithelial buds from the linguo-gingival groove. At 15 days-old , such buds continued deep down growth forming cord-like structure ended by compact bulges that forming the future primitive acini. At 17 days, such cords were branched off forming the future primary ducts. Canalization of the ducts appeared at 18 days. At 22 days, the primitive capsule initiated around the gland and the lobulation was recognized. At 25 days, the capsule became well developed, the duct system was completed and the parenchyma occupied by serous adenomeres surrounded by myoepithelial cells. At the full term, the submandibular gland became fully developed and became typically compound tubulo-acinar nature, the parenchyma showed seromucoidadenomeres. Strong positive PAS reaction was noticed in the striated ducts, while the cytoplasm of the acinar cells reacted weakly.

This study contains evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of hospital acquired infections. Hospital acquired infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity and provide challenge to clinicians. Measures of infection control included identifying patients at risk of nosocomial infections. Antiseptics and disinfectants are used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. In particular, they are an essential part of infection control practices and aid in the prevention of nosocomial infection. This study investigated the nosocomial infection via isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens, the effect of detergents against isolated bacteria, and describes the histopathological tissue changes induced by the isolated bacteria in vivo study. Some bacteria resistant to disinfectants were prevalent and these bacteria had different effects on the human, Different pathological changes were seen experimentally by inoculation of these bacteria in mice.