This paper deals with a community of Jogis which is fighting for its survival in all phases and in each place (country). They are found in major religions but undeveloped and considered to be of low social status in all subcontinents and are victim of society. This community did that type of work for their livelihood which no other community does but they do it for their survival and livelihood. In this paper I throw the light upon the present living conditions and origin of Jogis in Afghanistan and their connections with Jogis of Jain origin these both communities are very petite in number now and the Jogis of Jain origin are may be now fully extinct.

Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness. This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.

The aim of this conceptual paper is to explicate the impact of effective supply chain management in creating customers’ value. This study applied secondary source to collect all the relevant information in order to derive the conceptual framework. The findings suggest that effective supply chain management has a positive impact on the sustainability, organizational performance, competitiveness and innovativeness in way to creating ultimate value for the customers.

The Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), the Bureau for Public Enterprises (BPP) and the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN) have functions that tend to influence business life, aimed at protecting and promoting healthy relationship during business transactions. In this regards, the objectives and the extent of this activity may differ. The Pharmacists Council may be more exerting than the CAC because its activities relate largely to health. This, however, does not mean that its practices are not business related. This article emphasizes that the activities of the CAC can be strengthened if it follows the pattern of the Pharmacists’ Council (PCN, 2015).

The present study aimed to examine the effect of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on organizational performance (OP). This study was motivated by the mixed findings in literature regarding the relationships between EO and organizational performance. Owing to the mixed results, a novel stream of research was created and this motivated further examining of the impact of other variables that may shed a light on the nature of the relationship. Several theories have been proposed in literature posit the direct relationships among strategies, resources and capabilities as antecedents of success. In this study, copies of questionnaires were distributed to 300 Libyan banks branches, where 200 copies of questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The proposed hypothesis was tested through PLS-SEM and the study results showed that EO positively predicted organizational performance.

This study aims to analyze several factors that determine the performance of higher education students. Were taken into account in particular training of teachers, initial and continuous training of professors, psycho - pedagogical but especially training. We wanted to establish correlations between the interests of higher education for training teachers and their involvement in specific activities (continuing education courses, attending conferences and studies in the field of psycho-pedagogical etc.) and how they support their teaching activities and motivating the students. The issue of teacher education is a burning issue because the number of people willing to go through higher education is falling (due to multiple causes: small percentage of baccalaureate graduates, access to the labor market is not conditioned by a university degree, except for top positions, etc.). We cannot say the interests and training of teachers in their field of expertise or of psycho-pedagogy is conducive to attracting students towards higher education, but it is an important and motivating factor for students to take part in teaching or research activities and to be motivated to graduate, as well as to embrace a career in education in the future. Preparing teachers and their interest in continuing training cause changes in the style of organization and development of teaching activity generating motivation for learning among students.

Technology is not a new concept. Humans have been innovating ways to make life easier from the beginning. Recently, these changes have been coming faster and faster. The effects of these new inventions cannot be measured or seen before a newer technology is born. For the sake of this paper the relationship between behavioral factors on the use of “WhatsApp” (a Smartphone technology) on the youth is considered. Technology itself is not a bad thing; actually, it has helped better millions of lives by education, job performance, and entertainment. However, it is becoming more of an impact and prevalent in the lives of its users. This leads to higher rates of technology addiction and can lead to numerous social, physical, and psychological problems. In this paper a descriptive research is conducted to analyze the behavioral consequences of the use of WhatsApp among youth (18-35 age group) in Jalandhar. A sample of 150 respondents (75 male and 75 female) was considered for collecting the data with the help of a structured questionnaire.

A non parametric analysis is performed in the banking industry in the Philippines. This study is of interest from several points of view. First, it is of use for those who are interested in understanding how Philippine banks performed prior and throughout the global financial crisis. The study will point to which banking models handled the financial crisis well. Secondly, this would be of interest for those who are interested in comparing and contrasting the performance of different types of banking models in the Asia Pacific. As more local banks consider expanding overseas, there are various options in terms of banking models to consider, branch to the subsidiary, commercial to universal, each with its strict regulatory guidelines. For a developing economy, such as the Philippines, we aim to show the impact of different models based on traditionally used inputs of measuring banking performance, and applying it to our non parametric model. The study‘s conclusions point to the universal banking model is the most consistently efficient models of banking in the Philippines.

The article mentions the awareness of university students in Ho Chi Minh City about problem-solving skills. The analytical result shows that awareness of the concept, role, implementation steps, and problem solving skills of students is still low. It should take measures to enhance the awareness of students about problem-solving skills.

This paper is the first in a series of publications aimed at provoking thought and discourse on issues relating to “Winner-Takes-All” politics in Ghana. It discusses winner-takes-all as an electoral formula and situates it within the context of winner-takes-all politics in Ghana. It highlights the dangers of Ghana’s winner-takes-all politics such as the marginalization of perceived political opponents and the feeling of exclusion from the governance process by those who do not belong to the government/ruling party. The paper argues further that winner-takes-all politics undermines the quest for national development, cohesion and the drive towards democratic maturity. In proffering policy recommendation, the paper critically examines Proportional Representation as one possible mechanism for ensuring inclusive governance and dealing with some of the challenges associated with winner-takes-all politics.

In today’s world, to survive, people need to work for a job which they are happy and satisfied. Before choosing their own job, they need to set a career path. When looking at the history about how it has been working for people, we see some factors affecting their orientation to their careers. The world is changing; so is the generation. This paper contains a research study about the career orientation for this new generation in Turkey. This empirical study is conducted with an AHP method with Turkish university students’ career orientation, having as main objective to identify the factors which are affecting the new generation about the setting their career orientation and order them in a hierarchical way. The results showed that this new generation is somehow different from the previous ones, especially when it comes to career orientation; some factors affect their way to choose a career path.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of poor communication and faulty cognition on marital stability as expressed by married adults in Owerri metropolis. Six hundred questionnaire forms were randomly distributed among the married adults in Owerri metropolis. Ten null hypotheses were developed and tested by the use of t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The major findings showed that both poor communication and faulty cognition were responsible for marital instability. The findings equally showed that there were significant differences in respondents’ reports based on gender, age, religion, occupational status, educational background. Based on these findings, recommendations were made. Sex, marital and family counselling should be made compulsory aspect of counsellor education programme as a way of fortifying would be counsellors adequately for their assignment. Married couples should be encouraged in the art of effective communication at home and at work.

The dividend policy of a firm is a major aspect of corporate financial management. It has possible effects on share prices, financing through retained profits, equity financing and gearing ratio. The present study examines the determinants of corporate dividend decision of Indian companies included in the Nifty 50 and Nifty Junior as on 1st October 2014. The data has been sourced from CMIE Prowess database.In order to identify the determinants of dividend yield, organizational variables like Age of the firm(AGE),Earnings Per Share(EPS),Market Price To Book Value Ratio(MBR),Market Capitalization (MCAP) and Debt-Equity Ratio (DER) were used as independent variables. The results of the regression shows that Market Capitalization and Earnings Per Share has significant influence on dividend decision of a company whereas others factors like Age, Market Price To Book Value Ratio and Debt-Equity Ratio did not show a significant relationship with dividend yield.

As the deadline of December 2015 for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) approaches, this paper examined using non-parametric econometric techniques-Deviation Measurement Equation Tests- the achievement recorded in Nigeria, and observed that the level of achievement of this goal are mixed in nature. For instance while MDGs 1, 2, 3 and 7 are near total achieved, goals 4, 5 and 8 are on course to be achieved, however a wide gap exists between achieved and expected achievement of the goal 6. This paper therefore recommends that an aggressive approach should be adopted so as to achieve the desired results for all the goals.

This paper investigated the extent of awareness of climate change by local farmers in northern part of Taraba State, Nigeria. The study explores the choice of adaptation measures employed by the local farmers and the constraints to such measures. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data obtained from a survey of 248 farmers from 31 villages in six local government areas of northern Taraba State. The finding of the study reveals that about 88% of the farmers are aware of climate change in the study area, however, only 48% of the respondents claimed they know the causes of climate change. 90% of the farmers claimed that they have been affected by recent changes in climate in the study area through low rainfall, excess rainfall, flooding and extreme high temperature. The study findings show that most of the farmers’ opinion, observations and adaptation measures to climate change agrees with experts report. The study findings show that the common adaptation measures applied by the local farmer’s in the study area include altering of planting season, use of different tillage system, use of tolerant seed variety, planting early maturing variety and crop diversification/mixing. Despite the peoples’ awareness and adaptation to climate change in the study area, lack of finance hinders farmers from getting the necessary resources and technologies that facilitate adapting to climate change. The study recommends the need to increase farmers’ accessibility to information on adaptive research findings on early maturing, insect/pest tolerant, and high yielding varieties through increase extension service and soft loans to the farmers.

This paper revisits the discussion of the relationship between students’ grades and their teaching evaluation. The literature on this relationship is inconclusive. This paper studies a relationship between students’ perception of their grades and their teaching evaluations. The analysis of this paper employs teaching evaluation surveys carried out before and after the examination. This helps segregate the effect of the grade perception on teaching evaluation from other factors. This study also tests if the difference between expected and received grades affects teaching evaluation. Using multinomial logistical regressions, we found no evidence that instructors and students trade grades for teaching evaluation.

Due to the frequent business failure coupled with incessant malpractices and increase in fraud techniques, there is a need for auditors to improve audit quality to address these negative occurrences. This study investigated the application of Stamatis generic model as a continuous quality improvement technique to influence audit quality in Nigeria. The population consists of 916 licensed auditing firms in Nigeria and 683 was the sample size upon which questionnaire was administered. 641 copies of questionnaire were returned representing a response rate of 94%. The questionnaire was validated by certified quality management. The reliability and internal consistency of the instrument for data collection was confirmed by the Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients (Rc) of 82% obtained from pilot study. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used to confirm the research hypotheses. The result obtained showed positive correlations and statistically significant relationships among the level of Stamatis generic model awareness and degree of implementation (r =.752; p =.000) and the application of Stamatis generic model and audit quality (r =.630; p =.000). Findings show that though the model theoretically predicted audit quality but are yet to be implemented by auditors in Nigeria as a result of ignorance, inexperience and low level of firms’ resources. The study concluded that Stamatis generic model will improve the quality of auditor’s reports if implemented and through multiplier effect, influences the integrity of financial statements and stakeholders’ decision. It was recommended that audit firms should adopt SGM to have quality output and satisfied clients.

Exposure to traumatic events sufficient to result in symptoms is a common phenomenon within the general public. Extrapolation of this observation to clinical social work students in training is reasonable, though unsubstantiated, at a time when this area of practice is expanding. Untreated trauma symptoms in students have the potential to harm both students and their clients, though little data exits on the prevalence of such events in students or on predicting symptom manifestation. Resiliency is a cluster of behavioral phenomena associated with recovery from trauma in the general population, but this assumption has lacked empirical investigation in degree candidates in the field of social work. Using the Ego-Resiliency Scale, the Trauma Recovery Scale, part of the Traumagram, and the Impact of Events Scale – Revised, exposure to trauma and the predictive value of resiliency for social work students from Florida State University was investigated. Findings show that resiliency and symptoms of posttraumatic stress were inversely related, but this relationship was not statistically significant. These findings provide evidence that resiliency may occur simultaneously with symptoms of trauma. They further suggest that students may be entering a specialty area of practice susceptible to unresolved trauma, risking their own health and potentially impairing optimal client outcomes.

Information Communication Technology has been at the fulcrum of National policies, debates and actions on ICT service delivery in institutions. Despite the fact that NUC has adopted National policies geared towards making learning in higher institutions ICT based, many institutions seem not to reach the expected NUC benchmark.. The students ICT awareness have increased and so they are in a better position to assess the adequacy of provision of ICT facilities for their growth and development. The main purpose of the study is to assess the extent of provision of ICT facilities. The overall objectives are to obtain data based information on adequacy of ICT provision. All the students who attended Afri-Hub ICT training formed the population. Using purposive technique, eighty students from eight departments within Faculty of Education were selected .Three research questions were designed to elicit information from the students. Simple statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, recommendations were made.

This paper aim at assessing e-procurement knowledge of procurement staffs of AngloGold Ashanti, Ghana. The key issues examined in this paper are understanding and perception of e-procurement, benefits and challenges of incorporating e-procurement. Purposive sampling was adopted in selecting the company and the procurement department for the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data and information from the respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study revealed that e-procurement is yet to be accepted fully as a replacement to the manual system; staff knowledge on the e-procurement is not satisfactory; benefits and challenges of e-procurement were highlighted. It is recommended that AngloGold must make it mandatory for all its strategic partners to be e-procurement ready to be selected as suppliers for both parties to reap the full benefits of e-procurement adoption and training of staffs on e-procurement software systems.

In this article, the author explains the meaning of the word ‘modernity.’ He further explains how the different forms of modernity have affected the culture of storytelling among Bamasaaba in Uganda, East Africa. Generally there are different periods of modernity. However, in this article, the author has not considered forms of modernity which took place throughout all the periods of modernization. Instead he has limited his study to the modernization which took place from the middle of the (19th to-date. The components of modernity which the author analyzes include the following: introduction of the monitory economy, introduction of formal education, emergence of new religions and ways of worship, technological advancement, globalization and adoption of new and foreign cultures. The author explains how each of the above mentioned components of modernity has affected the culture of storytelling among Bamasaaba community in Uganda. The author’s concern is that storytelling which is an important genre of oral literature in Africa and the world over is varnishing among Bamasaaba. Interesting stories which the elderly people used to narrate to the children are dying away. The artistic nature and creativity of the people are no longer.

Human resources play a significant role in organizational effectiveness. In this regard, the contribution of organization citizenship behavior is very important and can be interpreted based on the existing climate in an organization. The goal of the present study is to investigate the ethical climate existing in nonprofit sport organizations, and to examine the possible differences in the perception of ethical climate between the members in relation to gender, age and experience. One hundred and fifty six members (117 men and 39 women) of non profit sport organizations were used. Participants filled out the Ethical Climate Questionnaire. Results revealed a superiority of benevolent climate (social and individual caring) in the relevant associations, and the absence of differences between members in relation to gender, age and experience.

At the turn of the millennium, the management and preservation of human, animal and plant species forms a major strand of the sustainable development agenda, defined as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation from meeting their own needs. However, one major contention which requires scholarly attention and policy discourse is the sustainable maximization of the tourism potentials of the wetlands in the periphery coastal regions such as the Niger Delta in Nigeria, the third largest wetland in the world. The paper engages in the policy relevance of eco -tourism from a Marxian political ecology perspective. Using sets of primary and secondary data sources, it examined two Islands in the Niger Delta namely; Opobo and Bonny to demonstrate incidence of under- utilization or otherwise of the tourist potentials of the islands. Findings suggest that ecotourism has not been given adequate policy attention as the Niger Delta wetlands which ought to have been tourist destinations are unsustainably consumed with deleterious crude oil resource exploration by the Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs). The paper argues that tourism should be prioritized as a central concept in resource sustainability and proposes policy discourse aimed at ecological justice as integral to eco- tourism.

Pro-poor growth has become a very popular topic among development practitioners in Africa. Consequently, there is growing recognition that in pursuing a pro-poor agenda for development, Africa could get out of her socio-economic development quagmire. In the pro-poor agenda, what matters is the degree to which economic growth provides opportunities for the poor, and the extent to which the poor can take advantage of those opportunities. This emerging agenda is more holistic and broader than the previous agenda, which often focused mainly on supporting enterprises considered important for the poor. Experience has shown some shortcomings with such interventions, which have sometimes created market distortions or not been sustainable as a result of attempts to “pick winners” or to use public sector agencies or donors to provide services. Despite this recognition, however, overall performance of Africa has been dismal in developing specific pro-poor policy strategies that can enable her to achieve sustained pro-poor growth. Using Lesotho as a case study, the paper explores the experience of Africa in pursuing pro-poor growth agenda with the view to recommend specific policy strategies that are based on the available evidence which will enable her to achieve a sustained pro-poor growth for her development path. The paper uses information taken from books, journals, official reports, newspapers and internet research on pro-poor growth. In reading the books, journal articles, newspapers and reports, the author selected material that is relevant to pro-poor growth debate. The author’s knowledge of Lesotho–where he lived, studied and worked–informed the writing of this paper as well as discussions on the concept of pro-poor growth with specific relevance to Lesotho as a case study for pro-poor growth debates in Africa.

The turbulence and political instability in several key Muslim countries have now global consequences, as thousands of Moslems leave their countries, because they cannot live or even survive there. This is an enormous shame for the huge Islamic civilization, harbouring more than 1 billion believers in the prophet Mohammed. It should be pointed out that the coordination bodies in the Islamic civilisation – the Arab League and the Muslim Conference – have done little to stop the on-going civil wars and horrific political violence. Similarly, the rich Gulf States offer no help for refugees, turning instead to the EU with its protection for human rights. How can we understand this collapse of the Koranic civilisation? The ultimate reason is the rise of Islamic fundamentalism within the Sunni community during the 20th century. And it will not disappear soon. Islamic terrorism against Westerners, Shias, religious minorities in the Middle East could not have occurred on the present scale, if it did not have legitimation among radical fundamentalism. To understand the major changes in Islamic political thought and Koranic religion, one must go to the three men who reinterpreted Islam along radical new fundamentalism, namely Mawdudi (islamisation) (India-Pakistan), Qutb (caliphate) and Faraj (jihad) (Egypt).Their books and pamphlets are studied all over the Koranic civilisation, which is much larger than Arabia. The three inspired Ben Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri (Al Qaeda) as well as Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (ISIL) and Abu Bakr_al-Baghdad (ISIS).

In the years following to the financial crisis of 2008, middle class has been particularly affected by the tax burden exerted in all societies. Besides, the pressures of indirect taxes, particularly reverting on people with lower incomes, and taxes that assess the income earnings of citizens. Currently, it is necessary to make reference to the fiscal gap triggered by the difference between what the employee really supports and the cost that his or her salary represents for his payer. This fiscal gap is particularly large in Mediterranean countries, where the difference between the net salaries charged by employees is far from the actual cost (gross pay) for the employer. The experience demonstrates a direct relationship between high fiscal gaps and high unemployment rates. A different issue is how to get a redistributive effect, if this gap decreases. Furthermore, taxation is not unaware to population policies, and a decrease in fertility rates to a medium term causes societies to have a smaller workforce, which harms the redistributive levels. Therefore, this article intends to analyze whether the States require from a fiscal system to raise tax rates, in order to allow efficient policies in favor of the family.

The importance of organizational culture on the organization�s performance has been demonstrated (Hsu, 2009; Naicker, 2008). Although many scholars have concentrated their research on commitment and job satisfaction in both the private and public sectors, leading to positive organizational reforms, a review of the literature in the field of criminal justice system exposed a dearth of empirical research about the determinants of law enforcement and police officers� organi-zational commitment and job satisfaction. This gave rise to the following research question: what is the impact of police organizational culture on law enforcement officers� job satisfaction and organizational commitment in Namibia? A survey was administered to 100 police officers in Windhoek to address this question.

Class room activity is the fundamental solution to develop speech problem by one way or another. Speech production among EFL University learners and how to perform an effective and well-formed speech poses have been investigated in the current study. It is noticed that students face problems when they want to speak in English. The researchers designed two questionnaires for both the students of Neelain University Faculty of Arts, the Department of English Language and Sudanese university teachers as data collecting tools. Also, the researchers performed three lessons to EFL learners evaluation. Thereafter, the questionnaires were analyzed statistically. This paper has pointed out some practical findings of the study, and some recommendations. These findings and recommendations will be helpful if they are considered seriously by teachers, curriculum designers and planners.

This is a speculative article, not a scientific paper, about the time as interdisciplinary topic. I presented my view, in the light of current and brief findings in physics and psychology fields. I presented the “problem of time”, in the light of theoretical view; as we have no independent conception about time. We define time by comparing one standard motion against another. Human cultures also, emphasis on the present moment as everything, in spite of the ability of human brain to travel back and forward through the past and the future. Then, I suggested my view in the light of previous background; logically and philosophically. I suggested time as moment, as dependent definition, instead of attributing it to duration, succession or motion. In addition, I suggested replacing “moment-point” by “space-time”, all tenses are co-existing, and semi-blocked universe instead of blocked one, then the importance of this perception, in the light of my current suggested view.

Professional development has become an important tool in the development of individual working in a public sector organisation. A crucial part of professional development is mentoring and coaching employees. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of coaching in the workplace, specifically whether coaching or being a coach is related to job satisfaction and psychological empowerment and whether being in a culture of coaching is related to job satisfaction. The research was carried out by undertaking a series of qualitative structured interviews. It was found that coaching has a positive effect in a public sector organisation.

Access to adequate urban housing in developing countries has been a challenge for the state and citizens alike because of rising urban population that is not matched with adequate affordable housing. The most visible manifestation of the lack of adequate housing is the proliferation of informal settlements in large cities. Dar es Salaam, the primate city in Tanzania, has over 70% of the population living in informal settlements. This paper draws from studies done in Dar es Salaam that indicate how the location decisions of households enable a variety of housing options in the informal housing sub-market. A qualitative approach was employed to collect information-rich data from purposefully selected respondents in two case study areas located in inner and peri-urban informal residential locations of Dar es Salaam city. Findings suggested that, areas located in the inner, and peri-urban locations of the city; meet varying spatial and non-spatial needs. Informal social processes mediated by the community and other actors; combine to enable residents’ access reasonably affordable land and housing that meets diverse. The preference for informal housing areas sometimes supersedes that of planned areas because the formal market is not only limited but is out of reach of many poor urban dwellers. New planning areas are often times located in remote areas far from livelihood sources hence their lack of appeal. However with the threat of uncontrolled informal settlements’ growth and deteriorating urban environments; appropriate interventions are needed in order to guide housing development and simultaneously meet the diverse livelihood needs of urban dwellers.

Traditional prosecution of corruption proved useless results, due to futility of proving methods and the secretive nature of corruption case. Therefore, the financial disclosure system had been created to be an important and effective tool to curb corruption through prevention of conflict of interests and prosecution of illicit enrichment. Jordan adopted this system within the Illicit Enrichment Law aiming to prosecute illicit enrichment and deprive perpetrators and their accomplices from the proceeds of corruption. However, there are several problems inherent in the law that frustrates its objectives. Hence, this article discusses one of these issues, which is the relationship between the criminal liability of illicit enrichment and the obligation of submission the financial disclosure in accordance with the Jordan law, with some reference to the international standards.

Livelihoods of many rural households in developing economies majorly depend on smallholder farming activities. Smallholder dairy farming is the single largest component of agriculture in Kenya. Uasin Gishu County is the leading milk producer in Kenya with subsistence, semi-commercialized and commercialized farmers constituting 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. Smallholder dairy farming in Kenya grows at 4.1% per annum compared to 1.2% for agriculture as a whole. Commercializing smallholder dairy value chain is therefore important in providing pathway out of poverty and for sustainable rural development. Commercialization of smallholder dairy value chain development is variable and is not yet developed enough in the scale of commercialization index to enable producers benefit from increased income to stimulate rural development. This may be because of the influences of Socio-cultural characteristics of the smallholder producers. The objective of this paper is to establish the influence of socio-cultural characteristics on commercialization of smallholder dairy value chain development. Social survey research design was used to obtain both secondary and primary data. A sample size of 384 smallholder dairy producers was studied out of a population of 50,457 respondents. Data analysis procedures used includes: mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. The study results show that socio-cultural characteristics of smallholder dairy producers have significant influence on commercialization of smallholder dairy value chain development.

The quality of education is often subject to debate in higher education in Bangladesh. One of the major concerns goes with the quality, design and development of curriculum to create the backbone of quality education practice. By encompassing the theories and model across a wide range of curricular issues and the evolutionary thinking, this study strived to cover the tricks perpetuate on the trade of curriculum development. The key purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the factors to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of the curriculum development in selected universities through personal interview from the faculty members and the students. Relevance of the curricula in different aspects likely to specific needs, scope and specialization has been justified. Along with the several factors Creativity & Flexibility, and Opinions of Industry Expert and Practitioners, and Society and Culture have greater influence in the justification of curriculum development in selected universities in particular and all universities in general. The result indicated that the Students’ Needs & Preference in updating curriculum development is comparatively less considerable than Future Market Demand & Technology oriented curriculum development.

This collaborative autoethnographic, course-based study explored the personal stories of three individuals who chose to leave Hutterite communities and their transition experiences as they adjusted to a new life, having forsaken the ark. The purpose of the study was to add to the literature on culturally competent child and youth care practice by sharing insights into the personal challenges experienced when faced with the realities of shifting from one culture to another. Four major themes emerged from the thematic analysis of these stories: (a) don’t rock the boat; feelings of not fitting in, (b) no unicorns on board; seeking the freedom to be me, (c) adrift in no man’s land; severed membership ties, and (d) few tools to build a new boat; lack of skills for the life chosen.

This study examined the impact of bank credits on performance of manufacturing sector using annual time series data from 1970-2013. Using co-integration and error correction mechanism for the analysis the study revealed that a long run relationship exists between bank credits and manufacturing sector output. Given the error correction mechanism result, the study revealed that bank credits exhibited negative significant impact on the performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the study recommends among others: Bank Credits to the Manufacturing Sector should be properly monitored to ensure that funds are not diverted for other purposes, intending recipients of these Bank Credits to the Manufacturing Sector should be made to undergo entrepreneurial training and how to pay back as at when due, so as to reduce the risks associated in giving out these Credits to the Manufacturing Sector and also its adverse effect on manufacturing productivity when misappropriated.

The development of capitalism in Europe and America was preceded and instigated by the imperatives of primitive accumulation in which criminal, bloody, unethical and inhuman methods were adopted to accumulate wealth the investment of which stimulated the Industrial Revolution. This paper presents the thesis that the pervasive elite disposition towards financial crimes in Nigeria constitutes a form of primitive accumulation for investment in the transformation of a pre-capitalist social formation into a capitalist society, effectively utilizing legislations such as the Land Use Act and the financial institutions as the drivers of the processes of dispossession of peasant land and legitimization or laundering of illicit funds. Marxist Political economy is the preferred theoretical and analytical framework for the study. Data gathering was derived mainly from secondary sources and personal observations and the method of data analysis qualitative and historical. The objective of the paper was to critically analyze the implications of financial crimes for economic transformation in Nigeria. It concludes that the upsurge of financial crimes is attributable to the inordinate drive for capital accumulation for the development of capitalism in Nigeria. The significance of the paper lies in its reconceptualisation of financial crimes for a better comprehension of the dynamics of an underdeveloped capitalist society.

This qualitative course-based study explored the lived experiences of first-year Child and Youth Care students with self-disclosure, a key feature of the Bachelor of Child and Youth Care (CYC) program at MacEwan University. The purpose of the course-based study was to better understand the degree of emotional vulnerability involved in the self-disclosure process for first year CYC students. The data analysis revealed two main thematic categories: “focus on one’s self” including (a) questioning the value and amount of self-disclosure (enough already), (b) feeling vulnerable (no place to hide), and (c) feeling comfortable (it’s all good) and “focus on others” consisting of (d) building a supportive community (feeling connected) and (e) learning from the personal experiences of others (feeling strength). Given the emphasis on self-disclosing as a critical strategy in building the self-reflective capacity of first-year CYC students, the results of this course-based study suggest a need for further inquiry into the method of self-disclosure in the first-year classroom setting.

The terms ‘revolution’ and ‘democracy’ are unarguably among the most popular concepts in the lexicon of political science. These concepts have been used in different dimensions and perspectives but little has been done in unshielding the beclouded imperatives of these concepts as recycling elements of nation-building. This work focuses on democracy and revolution as veritable tools for nation-building. It argues that democracy, if not practiced in line with the established terms and conditions of the social contract that established it, may culminate in revolution; the aftermath being a better and genuine democratic culture. That is to say, revolution starts where democracy ends and the mass consciousness and ideology embedded in a particular social revolution results in a better and more unified nation-state; unity being the basic ingredient in nation-building. Both secondary and tertiary evidences have been utilized in solving the puzzles in this paper.

Test anxiety is an observable fact that many students usually encounter during tests. It is considered to be one of the most common and widespread emotions, with a large number of the student population suffering from its excessive and overbearing level. This study investigated the Effect of Self-management Technique in reducing Test Anxiety among secondary school students. Two research questions were posed and two hypotheses formulated to guide the study. The study is a quasi-experimental research and employed a 2x2 factorial design pretest-posttest experimental control group, comprising two groups (Experimental group and control) using one treatment group (Self-management Technique {SMT . The population comprised all the secondary school students in Onitsha urban areas with test anxiety. A total of 77 students were selected from two schools using a standardised instrument titled “Test Anxiety Inventory”. The instrument, Test Anxiety Inventory was administered to both the experimental group and the control group before and after treatments, making up the pre test and post test. The data relating to the research questions were analysed using mean scores. The data relating to the null hypotheses were analysed using the Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA). The result of the study showed that self-management technique was effective and significant in reducing test anxiety. Based on the findings of the study, the implications of the findings were highlighted, recommendations and suggestions for further studies made. The researcher recommended, among others that Self-management technique should be utilised by guidance counsellors in reducing test anxiety among secondary school students in the State and the nation in general.

Machiavelli generally grounds his discourses on the government, regime, the ways that empower the government and the policy to be followed in determining the state power and limits and on the elements that lead to the decay or collapse of the state. According to Machiavelli, all the regimes somehow come to an end. What is important is to create a good regime construction and to turn this into a long-lasting structure. Machiavelli, generally mentioned by absolute monarchy, actually supported the absolute monarchy in a certain period especially during the establishment of the state. In his work called Discourses on Livy, he mentioned the supporting of the republican regime during the development stage of the state. Moreover, he emphasized that republican regime is essential for the continuity and longevity of the state. In this study the answers given by Machiavelli, regarded as the founder of modern state theory, to the issue about how a good and long-lasting regime can be established are attempted to be discussed based on the author’s point of view regarding absolute monarchy and republican regimes. At this point, it is worth discussing the approach of Machiavelli to Republic, whose discourses were associated with and evaluated as absolute monarchy and even tyranny. Of course, while this discussion is made, based on the principle of period thinking, Italy and even Europe at the time when the philosopher lived should also be considered. Especially including Italy in the evaluation, which had not yet provided its central union and was governed by small principalities has a vital importance in terms of accurately identifying the opinions of Machiavelli. While the research is made, descriptive and historical research methods have been used.

The purpose of this article is to highlight on photography as an excellent art work. This article on photography is based on the authenticity and social influence of the photographer. In discussing the paper, some attempts have been made to examine the nature and dynamics of photography, as well as the appreciation of photographs as a human achievement. There is also a general overview on photography in Ghana, outlining in particular the visual aesthetics of the photographic industry, and the specialized fields that exist. The paper concludes that the use of technological photography in teaching at all levels should be encouraged. It is when we add our personal vision to the technology of photography then we cross that line from mere reproduction to transformation. With this shift from science to art, we begin speaking with a vocabulary of aesthetics.

Courtesy expression, as lubricant, is a method of interaction with people by which using moderate praises and compliments which in an effort tries to build harmonious relationship with others. In this paper, I devote myself to figure out the feasibility of courtesy expression in daily using between China and Japan at the condition of Face theory proposed by Brown and Levinson, even though these two countries share many a similarity with each other. The insights of this paper emphasize how Chinese and Japanese behave diversely during daily communication in aim of mutual understanding and better communication with westerners.

This paper is about Hakka, a people whom some Chinese took as guests or foreigners in their mist but in the actual sense, they are Han Chinese from the north trying to escape from their pursuers. The paper traced what China was before now; how much the people have suffered due to wars and hunger. It made us to know the effect of these problems was Chinese migration to other nations of the world. This contributed to the foundation of what people now know as Hakka village in Fujian Province of P.R.C. The study had interest in showcasing how Hakka tribe, a rejected stone among the Chinese, has become a yielder of golden egg in Chinese economy as it contributes towards tourism in the southern part of China.

In this article, the author explains the meaning of the word ‘modernity.’ He further explains how the different forms of modernity have affected the culture of storytelling among Bamasaaba in Uganda, East Africa. Generally there are different periods of modernity. However, in this article, the author has not considered forms of modernity which took place throughout all the periods of modernization. Instead he has limited his study to the modernization which took place from the middle of the (19th to-date. The components of modernity which the author analyzes include the following: introduction of the monitory economy, introduction of formal education, emergence of new religions and ways of worship, technological advancement, globalization and adoption of new and foreign cultures. The author explains how each of the above mentioned components of modernity has affected the culture of storytelling among Bamasaaba community in Uganda. The author’s concern is that storytelling which is an important genre of oral literature in Africa and the world over is varnishing among Bamasaaba. Interesting stories which the elderly people used to narrate to the children are dying away. The artistic nature and creativity of the people are no longer.

This study investigated factors affecting quality of training in College of Education Hong, Adamawa State. The objective of the study was to assess the quality of training in the College. The quantitative research design was used. Two research questions guided the study. The sample consisted of 100 respondents, selected by simple random sampling technique. An instrument with 20 items titled Factor Affecting Quality of Training Questionnaire (FAQTQ) was used for data collection by the researchers. The instrument was validated through face and content validation by three experts from the Department of Science Education, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Nigeria. The test-retest method was used in determining the reliability of the instrument, and the reliability coefficient was calculated using person product Moment Correlation method which gave coefficients of stability of 0.73. Data collected for the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean. Findings from the study revealed that, factors affecting students learning were inaccessibility to library internet and usage. It was recommended that the college authority should provide internet in the library and also organize seminars to orientate students on the advantages of using library to develop their learning skills.

This paper explores the effectiveness of task based language teaching (TBLT) in improving master level students’ narrative writing skill as well as students’ perception of task based language teaching. The sample has been taken in two stages. In the first stage two classrooms of MA English part 1(morning and evening) comprising 122 students have been selected by non-probability sampling technique. In the second stage, 60 students were selected and divided into two groups randomly after they were passed through a structure test adopted from old papers of English of grade 12. The treatment class has been taught for 20 days through task based language teaching. Experimental and control class data were collected through written tests and questionnaires. Written pre and post tests were administered to both classes comprising 60 students. Questionnaires were given to the students in experimental group after each of 12 treatment tasks. Data from written pre and post-test and questionnaires were analysed quantitatively. T-test was run to analyse improvement between the groups. Test results revealed highly significant difference between two groups. The study also demonstrated treatment groups’ general perception of task based language teaching positively. Findings of this study may inspire the teachers to adopt task based language teaching to improve students’ narrative writing as well as other skills.

This paper seeks to explore the importance of the in-house newsletter at Great Zimbabwe University (GZU) in articulating and managing its vision, mission statement and niche area to its academic staff. The article evaluates the extent to which the GZU newsletter incorporates corporate communication (CC) strategies in promoting its founding vision and/ or niche in the arts, culture and heritage to the academic staff at the university. In order to achieve this objective the paper employs a case study design as the framework for data collection and analysis. The paper also employs documentary analysis as data collection tools. The outcomes of this research proved that GZU to a lesser extent employs the GZU newsletter as part of its CC strategies in promoting its vision, mission and niche area to its internal publics, specifically the academic staff. The effectiveness of the newsletter is compromised by poor distribution to academic staff members and inadequate funding to produce a fully-fledged magazine.

The study was aimed at determining the effect of vocabulary instruction on students’ performance in reading comprehension in junior secondary schools in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design was used for the study. The target population of the study consisted of 39,227 JS II students in public junior secondary schools in Kaduna State. A sample size of 117 JS II students were used in the study. The sample size was arrived at using purposive sampling technique. Sixty seven (67) JS II students were sampled for experimental group while fifty (50) students were used as control group. Both groups were taught for six weeks. A pre-test was administered to both groups prior to the six weeks of teaching to establish the homogeneity of the two groups. A cloze reading comprehension test was used to assess students’ performance in the reading comprehension task. Data collected in the study was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. At descriptive level, mean and standard deviation were used to respond to the research question while t-test was used at inferential level to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that the experimental group performed better than the control group. The study concluded that it takes fairly intensive vocabulary instruction to guarantee measurable gains in reading comprehension. It was therefore recommended that teachers should include vocabulary instruction in teaching reading comprehension to facilitate more understanding. Curriculum planners should equally include vocabulary instruction as one of the teaching techniques in the basic education curriculum.

Because female literacy contributes to the economic condition in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important to examine the role of index of economic freedom and religion on female literacy. By index of economic freedom, we mean an index that measures the extent to which individuals are free to engage in voluntary transactions. Using cross-sectional data of 33 sub-Saharan African countries, this paper examines: (a) the impact of index of economic freedom on female literacy, and (b) the influence of religion on female literacy. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis, the study found that the index of economic freedom was positively related to female literacy at a 10 percent significant level. Religion was found to be negatively related to female literacy at a 1 percent level of significance.

Marathon is one of the popular physical activities in Taiwan. The Physical activities also play an important role in promoting quality of life (QoL). The distance running enhances participants’ life satisfaction and provides positive experiences in physical activity. This study aims to measure the perception of QoL and to find the effect on satisfaction and intent to return for Marathon runners. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out to extract four major factorial dimensions of QoL, including multiple functions, spiritual, physical and cognitive factors. The main factors of QoL were introduced into the regression function on satisfaction and return intention. The results shown that the QoL factors including multiple functions, spiritual, physical and cognitive factors, and had positive and significant impacts on satisfaction for participants. The multiple functions and physical factors were also significantly positively correlated to the intent of return for runners.

The Persian Gulf region has been a region of contention and interest not only between the Gulf states, but to outside extra regional powers, owing mainly to its strategic location and its linkage with the Indian Ocean and the Eastern Mediterranean sea, as well as its enormous gas and oil resources which has made the region highly important in global political affairs. Energy is at the heart of the global political economy, and is of importance to global security. These have combined to make the politics of energy within the region highly complicated, and has left the region volatile for quite some time. This paper examines the security of energy within the region, focusing on the struggle for control and influence within the region among the Gulf states and extra regional powers, including the United states, Russia, India, China, the EU states and Turkey who are seen as big players , as a result of which the region has become unstable. The paper argues that no security arrangement would succeed in the region without the cooperation and involvement of Iran.

The study assessed the implementation of Vision 2020 Umurenge program in Rwanda. The study was empirical in nature, where by the researcher developed a questionnaire and an interview guide used to gather data. The study used employed a descriptive and a cross-sectional survey design to collect data from a sample of 384 respondents using cluster and systematic random sampling techniques. Analysis was done using frequency counts and percentage distributions, means and standard deviations. The findings revealed that VUP has been generally well implemented for all the three components. Majority of the beneficiaries have ever accessed public works services, including paid employment with 81.7%, direct support services in form of direct cash transfers, with 73% accessed and majority indicate that there is fairness in distribution of VUP funds, indicating that the direct cash support goes to the most deserving people. More than 90% of beneficiaries have accessed VUP loans and more than 95% have opened up savings accounts and are currently active.

The importance of utilizing the Internet to alleviate a range of training problems has been proved and accepted by teachers and educators. However, Chinese researchers found that less than 50% teachers eager to participate in online courses for their professional development. Therefore, research objective of this study was to identify Chinese high school teachers’ perception toward usefulness and ease of use of online professional development (OPD). The participants consist of 120 teachers from 3 high schools in Ningxia. The instrument for data collection was 12-item questionnaire. The researchers adopted the Cronbach Alpha method to determine the reliability of the instrument. A reliability index of 0.84 was obtained. Two research questions were structured and data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. Findings revealed that there was significant positive effect on the usefulness and ease of use of OPD among Chinese high school teachers. It was also recommended that to stimulate Chinese high school teachers’ positive attitude toward OPD, the quality of OPD courses should be emphasized more by online educators.

Right from the late 1890s, different colonial powers began to send their expeditions to Kambariland, aimed at dominating the Kambari economic affairs. In respect of their common mission, the European powers therefore, signed a considerable number of commercial treaties with the Kambari rulers within the area of eastern and western banks of Mashivo (River Niger, in Kambari language). Consequentially, the European contacts with the Kambari led to the imposition of colonial policies that later brought about some dramatic changes on the social, political and economic life of the Kambari. By the end of colonial rule in 1960, despite their attachment to their culture, some of the Kambari succumbed to the colonial rule and adopted the European ways of life. This paper has made an overview of the activities of the European powers in Kambariland, and it shows how the European conquest affected the political, economic and social life of the Kambari, particularly among the Akimba group of the Kambari people. Due to the scarcity of documented materials, oral information was systematically used in reconstructing the history of European contacts with the Kambari.

The nature of insecurity at global level is changing rapidly. In the Cold-War era, its problem was an issue of concern among countries but, it later changed to become a major challenge within different countries in the Post-War era. The case of African societies is critical due to the emergence of non-violent conflicts which seem to have compounded the already existing violent conflicts in these countries. This article uses social theories to explain this problem in Nigeria via data from secondary source. The article among other things examines the concept of insecurity, sources of insecurity, and theoretical approaches to insecurity, which include traditional (Functionalism and Marxism) and contemporary theories (Elite, social structure and anomie as well as relative deprivation theories) as they relate to the problem of insecurity in contemporary Nigeria. The study concludes that none of these theories could adequately provide an extensive explanation of the phenomenon under study but it offers synthesis of all the theories to provide an encompassing knowledge.

This research was conducted to analyze the difference of attitudes and psychomotor of students at the implementation of authentic assessment in PJBL model (treatment group) compared to that at the implementation of inauthentic assessment in PjBL model (control group). This quasi experiment research used pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design, involving 54 university biology education students in the second semester of 2015/2016. The statistical test used ANCOVA with the significance level of 5% (p <0.05). The results of this research show that students’ attitudes toward Biology material after the implementation of authentic assessment in PjBL model have a difference of 9, 59% higher compared to that after the implementation of inauthentic assessment in PjBL model. The implementation of authentic assessment in PjBl has an effect on students’ psychomotor with a difference of 11, 19% higher compared to that at the implementation of inauthentic assessment in the PjBL model. It can be concluded that authentic assessment has a better effect on students’ attitudes toward biology material and students’ psychomotor compared to those at the implementation of inauthentic assessment in the PjBL model.

The main purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationship between principals’ staff relations practices and teacherrs’ job performance in public secondary schools in Anambra state. The correlational research design was adopted. All the six education zones, namely Aguata, Awka, Nnewi, Ogidi, Onitsha and Otuocha were studied. The population of the study comprised 6,342 secondary school teachers in six education zones of the state. The sample for the study was 634 public secondary school teachers in Anambra state representing 10% of public secondary school teachers in the six education zones of Anambra state. Researchers-developed instrument titled: Questionnaire on Staff Relations and Job Performance (QSRJP) was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts and the reliability of the instrument was established through a trial- test in public secondary schools in Enugu State. The reliability index of the instrument using cronbach alpha method was 0.82 and was deemed high for the study. The researcher administered the instrument directly on the respondents with the help of five research assistants. Pearson’s Product Moment correlation coefficient was used in the data analysis. The findings of the study indicated that there is a moderate positive relationship between principals staff relation practices and teachers job performance in public secondary schools in Anambra State. Accordingly, it was recommended among others that principals and teachers in the state should maintain harmonious staff relations in their schools in order to enhance school productivity.

The study result showed that Ethiopia plays a key role in conflict resolution in the horn of Africa and in Somalia in particular. Currnetly political condition of Somalia is not capable to build organized governement; the Transitional government needs support of other countries like Ethiopia. As the study presented, even if the relation between Somalia and Ethiopia before 1991 is not good after 1991 they work together for the establishment of peace in the area. The involvement t of Ethiopia also have value in the way that struggling AlShabaab, Islamic Court Union and other terrorist groups. From the result of this study the researcher recommended that peace is not only a need for individual but rather it is worldwide and not only Ethiopia but also all nations should give a due consideration for the establishment of stability in all countries. As the result showed, the troops challenged in language and each country including Ethiopia should train soldiers to be able to speak the language of the country to communicate with the peoples of the given country.

The research purpose is to know The Management of Bureaucracy Reformation of Technical Function of INP in Resort Police of Samarinda. The research has been conducted in using qualitative approach. All of the data collected through interviews, documentation and participant observation.From the result of this research as follows : (1). management of INP bureaucracy reformation is based on technical guidance dan INP Administration for reaching mindset, cultural and instrumental changing, and (2). Bureaucracy reformation of technical function of INP in Resort Police of Samarinda creates innovation and creativity in public services and to become a pilot project, and to be a part of INP Curriculum. Then, (3). supporting and obstacle factors are expected to be a spirit of changing for being an excellence Police services. The conclusion of these research are Bureaucracy reformation of technical function of INP in Resort Police of Samarinda is conducted effectively, professionally, modern, accountable, transparent and to become a pilot project in public service.

Nigeria faces a number of problems such as high rate of corruption, increasing unemployment, persistent poverty, lack of basic medical care amongst others. Added to the above stated developmental problems, is the problem of incessant rape permeating the Nigerian society. This paper examines the causes and effects of rape. The paper is essentially library research with internet sources using expository and phenomenological designs. Rape is shown to be a global social problem and its perpetrators cut across all age brackets. The paper recommends amongst others that; the society should exhibit zero tolerance to rape by engaging rape intolerance attitudes, an increased level of empathy; every perpetrator of rape should be exposed to take full responsibility for his or her actions and should under no circumstances be shielded or protected by parents, colleagues or churches. Nigerian government should enforce laws to protect women against rape.

Why did the Hawaiian sovereignty movement adjust its framing over the past century? In this article, we elucidate the processes that can help move social movement organizations engaging in a frame war to unify around a common frame. Using comparative historical case study, we examine the history of the Hawaii Sovereignty Movement as well as the U.S. governmental policies related to Hawaii and Native Hawaiians across the twentieth century. We highlight the importance of external actors in creating the conditions by which social movements must alter their framing strategy. Specifically, we look at the impacts of specific policies and legal threats on movement framing strategies. We find that when movement organizations face an existential challenge to their existence, they are willing to overlook their individual differences and unify behind a common framing. Policies meant to undermine a movement can work to strengthen a movement by unifying its disparate parts. These finding have implications for future studies of social movements and social movement framings as well as governmental policy studies.

This paper covers the changes in women labour force and their participation along with categorical employment status as well as main economic activities in Bangladesh. In particular, it pays attention to regional variations on female labour force. Employment, in a poor country like Bangladesh, provides the critical link between economic growth and poverty alleviation as the vast majority of the people depends on employment as their only source of livelihood. The labour market, however, is one of the most important mechanisms for transmitting the benefits of economic growth to different groups in the society. Women, being a significant part of the population, play a significant role in the economic growth of the country. This paper makes an attempt to explore the situation of women labour force to find a clear image in formulating new policies and programmes regarding women employment in Bangladesh.

The aim of this study was to examine the perception and attitude of Nigerian rural dwellers as a gauge for determining whether there is (or not) perceived beneficial use of mobile technologies among rural inhabitants. It also tries to find out the factors that determine mobile phone usage in rural areas. Two factors that determine technology acceptance and use were identified: Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEU). A cross sectional research design was employed for this study using questionnaire as a data collection technique. Using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) V15, the findings showed that socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, status, level of education, occupation, income, and social influence are the major determinants of mobile phone ownership and usage in rural areas. It also showed that age and gender affect the perceived benefit and satisfaction of mobile phone in rural communities. It is believed that policy makers will find it helpful if they understood rural inhabitants’ perception and attitude toward mobile phone.

Given a budget constraint, a family allocates its expenditures among food, clothing, and housing and transportation services based on their respective prices. This study tested for differences between these price components. Data were monthly changes for 1999-2017. Prices contained four components of CPI: Price indices of clothing, food, housing and transportation. Unit root tests include ADF, PP and DF-GLS. Cointegration tests include the Engle-Granger and Johansen tests. Four series variables contained a unit root but not cointegrated. A first-differenced VAR(k=3) was estimated. Major findings are that while housing prices grew by 1%, food prices reduced by -0.47% in two months. While clothing prices grew by 1%, food prices reduced by -0.77% in one month. While transportation prices grew by 1%, food prices reduced by -0.53% in one month. Hence, this paper suggests that an increase in expenditures on clothing, housing and transportation may be made at the cost of food consumption. However, an inconsistency of changes across various prices does not necessarily mean causal links between variables or exogeneity of a given variable.

Green marketing refers to all what has to do with a product or service from its production process to its purchase by consumers. This study aims to investigate the influence of products price and availability on the actual green purchasing behavior of Malaysian consumers. 394 questionnaires were distributed to Malaysians in 3 states in the northern region namely Kedah, Perlis and Penang. Both SPSS version 18.0 and PLS-SEM were used to analyze the obtained data. The results of the study showed that price has a significant relationship with purchasing behavior of green products, while product’s availability showed no significant influence on green purchasing among Malaysian consumers. This paper helps in bringing more understanding on the actual purchasing behavior of green products in Malaysia.

Land is a vital resource and a driver of economic growth and development. The way it is governed and administered therefore has a significant impact on a certain country’s future. Land and the institutions that govern its ownership and use greatly affect economic growth and contributes in poverty reduction. Lack of access to land and inefficient or corrupt systems of land administration have a negative impact on a country’s investment climate and general wellbeing of the society. Well-functioning land institutions, land markets and easy access to credit facilities for entrepreneurs contributes for development. Land governance must help to eradicate poverty, not contribute to it. Hence, Ethiopia needs to have a land governance policy that fosters transfer of land rights, fosters respect for human rights, and rescues the environment from imminent peril in line with the principles of sustainable development. Hence, this article contributes knowledge towards responsible land governance and evaluated the Ethiopian lands regime in line with the accepted norms of land governance. Thus, the method of analysis is doctrinal legal research. 2011.

The quantity and quality of water delivered and used for domestic purpose in household level is an important aspect of domestic water supplies, which influence hygiene and public health. The provision of water services by city authorities in the new settlement (Peri-urban) is often not sustainable. The main purpose of this study was to assess the challenges of water accessibility in peri-urban areas of Dar es Salaam Tanzania. The cross section research design was adopted, where by questionnaire survey; key informants interview, field observations and documentation reviews were used to collect data in the field. The finding revealed that sources of water in the study area, are groundwater (shallow well and borehole/tube wells), water kiosks and piped water, other sources of water available to the households, include rain and surface water. Majority of the respondent’s main source of water was shallow well by (36.7%).The study revealed that water supply were reliable at different rates of which (75.5 %) explained is very low reliable, On accessibility of community members to clean water the findings revealed that less than 50 percent have access clean and safe water. Majority 70.4% of the respondents spent 1 hour to access water. Water Piped into dwelling source had the least time that they spent less than 20 minutes for fetching water. The results revealed that water payment was largely done on daily, few pays per month. The cost of water charged per 20 liters’ bucket/Gallon range was between Tsh 100/= –Tsh 500/= and household’s average water consumption per day was 17 buckets and average household expenditure on water was about Tsh 8,500/= per day and Tsh 255,000/= per month. The findings revealed inadequate budget from LGA,s and Central government, distance, inadequate water infrastructure services were the major challenges for community to access safe and clean water. Government through DAWASA and Ministry of Water should play their role by allocating enough funds to accomplishing the already drilled wells in Kisarawe II, Kimbiji and Kibada water project.

It is confirmedly shown that global emission of CO2 is determined by the world population, which is an ecological rule of the globe. It reveals that 1.3 billion is the break-even point of CO2 and more people lead to net emission. The ecological system maintains a metastable state with a constant per capita emission of CO2 until reaching 6.7 billion of population when the metastable state crashed. Both permafrost land and glaciers begin to melt, and the per capita emission of CO2 becomes remarkably higher. The quantitative correlation clearly shows that environmental problem cannot be solved by any technical measure, but to reduce the world population. Firstly, pull the world population back to an ecologically metastable state, and then gradually to the break-even point of CO2.

It is confirmedly shown that global emission of CO2 is determined by the world population, which is an ecological rule of the globe. It reveals that 1.3 billion is the break-even point of CO2 and more people lead to net emission. The ecological system maintains a metastable state with a constant per capita emission of CO2 until reaching 6.7 billion of population when the metastable state crashed. Both permafrost land and glaciers begin to melt, and the per capita emission of CO2 becomes remarkably higher. The quantitative correlation clearly shows that environmental problem cannot be solved by any technical measure, but to reduce the world population. Firstly, pull the world population back to an ecologically metastable state, and then gradually to the break-even point of CO2.

Policy analysts tend to have chosen their approach for analysing policy-making before starting their study because they often consider their chosen approach must be ‘always best’ or ‘universal’. However, every policy approach indeed has both strengths and deficiencies and they can play an effective role in a certain circumstance. Policy approaches are namely not ‘Superman’ who can help researchers anytime and anywhere but ‘Specialist’ who can help researchers in a certain time and in a certain place. This paper seeks to justify this proposition by examining currently most dominating approaches for policy analysis and policy-making process of emission standards for automobiles in Japan as a case study.

Displacement of both urban and rural poor has been taking place globally as a result of establishment of various development projects. In recent years, there has been the displacement of urban poor in many areas of which has led to them becoming vulnerable to unpredictable events. This paper discusses displacement of urban poor in Dodoma municipality. Specifically, the study examined land displacement practices, the effects of displacement of urban poor on livelihood and the strategies used by the Planning Authority to reduce the effects of displacement on the livelihoods of urban poor. The study involved 64 respondents and 5 key informants. The cross-section study design was used where by, observation, interviews, documentary review and focus group discussions were used to collect data on the field. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 20 was employed in inferential and descriptive analysis. Paired samples t- test, was employed for describing the difference between the variables whilst descriptive analysis was employed to describe the distribution of scores among the variables. The study findings revealed that the community members were displaced to give way to the establishment of the University of Dodoma. It was found that displacement brought about more negative effects than positive effects. It led to the decrease of crop yields from 1,984.8Kg per year per household to 451.2 Kg per year per household before and after the displacement of urban poor respectively. Also the commuting distance used by the community members from their residence to their farms changed from 0.972Km to 6.8Km before and after the displacement respectively. The paper recommends to the development stakeholders that basing on the time value of money as well as the change in land price, the land acquisition by the government should be accompanied by fair, full and prompt compensation to reduce complains, currency inflation and income loss. The Planning Authority and development actors ought to critically undertake resettlement planning as to maintain community’s resilience and promise security of land tenure to victims of displacement.

Water consumption is a problem, as it is used inefficiently, besides that, the demand is growing much faster than nature can supply, so in the present study an analysis was conducted to determine the amounts of water used in domestic and agricultural activities in a rural town, that allows us to obtain the water shortage index. To define and know the different uses, a survey of people’s perception of household water expenditure is used, both personal hygiene and at home, as well as the use in agricultural activities. Then, the water shortage index is calculated with the model IDEAM (Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies Institute) modified by Romero and Ortiz (2016), which was adapted to a rural area. The agricultural and domestic activities need 868, 500, 660 L/ha, equivalent to 72.8 % of the total water rains in the study area and, the amount that is not used is 344,982,477 L/ha, what represents the 27.2 % of the total 100 %, the latter is for the recharges of wellsprings to feed the micro-basin, representing problems of water scarcity.

Being geographically located in isolation from the Kutai Timur District, has not prevented the school-aged population of Sandaran Sub-District, Kutai Timur District of Indonesia to obtain education services as ruled in by the 1945 Indonesia’ s Constitution, article 31. Purposes of this research are to find out about the teachers’ performances in preparing, implementing and evaluating their teaching-learning process at their secondary schools at Sandaran sub-district, Kutai Timur District, Indonesia. Using the qualitative approach, the data were collected through observation, in-dept interviews towards the secondary school teachers and documentary studies. Conclusions indicated that 1) in preparing their lesson plans, teachers tend to design those that comply with their tertiary qualifications only, not those that they are not qualified in. 2)Implementation of the teaching leaning process has been running well with good discipline enforcement at schools, 3) Evaluation of the teaching-learning process has its own advantages with the application of mid-semester and semester exams resulted in repeatedly intensed learning towards a students’ better independent learning.

The declining role of traditional institutions in the management of communal conflicts in Nigeria tends to have watered down the relevance of these institutions in community leadership, especially as it concerns conflict management. This has become a source of worry and hence necessitated this study. This paper therefore examined the challenges of traditional institutions in the management of communal conflicts. Data for this study was generated from secondary sources which include related published works on library shelves, internet materials and primarily from researcher’s personal observations. Specific reference was made to the leadership roles played by these institutions in the traditional communities prior to the advent of colonialism. The study was anchored on the African Renaissance Theory which is rooted in African traditional values. Findings revealed that westernisation and its politics, coupled with primitive politics occurring in the Nigeria political arena have altogether distracted and deviated the consciousness of these institutions from their primary role as custodians of traditional and customary values, especially in the area of ensuring peaceful co-existence among communities. The paper therefore argues that not until the traditional institutions are once more repositioned to assume their traditional roles and responsibilities, in partnership with the legal institutions of the state, management of communal conflicts will continue to be problematic, while peace building and consensus will remain a mirage.

Supply chain performance is a vital issue for making products available to the customers at affordable costs. The objective of this study is to identify the drivers of retail supply chain performance. For the purpose of the study, data were gathered from the respondents through a structured questionnaire survey. The collected data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique with smart PLS 2.0M3 software. Data analysis findings reveal that suppliers’ role, use of IT, inventory management, transportation management and coordination are the significant determinants of retail supply chain performance. The findings of this study bear deep significance both in practical and theoretical aspects.

Socio-economic factors such as age, income, sex, marital status among others determine the purchasing power of an individual and have much influence on what the individual will engage in and type of project(s) such individual and group of individuals or community will embark upon. Issues that would be of interest to men folks may be different from that of the women folks and there may be areas of overlap of interest due to various reason(s). This study investigated the effects of socio-economic factors on the initiation of water projects by Sustainable Ibadan Project in Ibadan, Nigeria. Nine water projects were identified under the Sustainable Ibadan Project, of which, six (6) were development of natural springs and 3 were borehole projects that spread over 6 Local Government Areas in Ibadan. A total of 729 users were sampled for this study. Age and household-size had negative correlation while income had positive correlation. Sex, level of education, occupation and marital status were significant at 0.01 Alpha level. The study also confirmed that apart from the socio-economic characteristics of the users, the preservation of cultural heritage, especially in communities that have natural spring projects played a very significant role in the initiation of the water projects. The paper called for the replication of these water projects in more communities in Ibadan.

Livelihood framework suggests poverty as a product of interrelated factors such as low income, weakness, isolation vulnerability and powerlessness. This article is an investigation into the poverty and vulnerability relationship of the people living in the slums of Dhaka city. It presents an analysis of various factors that contribute to the vulnerabilities of the urban poor in Dhaka and explores their various adaptation or coping strategies in reducing their vulnerability. The article is based on data collected from 329 households in four different slums in Dhaka city. From the analysis it is found that the poor are vulnerable due to lack of education, skill as well as income and to cope with this vulnerability they adopt some strategies such as expenditure reducing living in a compromised housing condition, income raising by involving more family members in the workforce, getting involved in petty trading and other multiple economic activities, maintain social and kinship networks and getting them involved in NGO led community development activities.

Post-colonial governance has continued to be a subject of critical discourse among scholars and researchers in Africa and beyond. This is because the question of leadership in the continent has accidentally adopted, as leitmotif, the consistent violation of the basis of the social contract. This phenomenal practice has generated growing tension, wretchedness, frustration and ultimate resistance among the people who try to offset their depreciating condition in hope of a new beginning. It is against this appalling situation that the continent remains the laughing stock of the world in spite of enormous recognizable human and natural resources. The aim of this paper is to show the link between postcolonial African dramaturgy and the politics of governance. In specific terms, the paper expounds on how contemporary African playwrights represent political leadership in their various contexts and go on to show how the mismanagement of political power results in resistance and social upheavals. In the context of social realism, Wole Soyinka’s A Play of Giants and Bole Butake’s Dance of the Vampires are textual prototypes that portray the leadership situation in Africa in the aftermath of political independence. Using social semiotics as theoretical paradigm, this paper is foregrounded on the premise that Soyinka and Butake in their dramatic discourses convey the pitfalls of postcolonial despotic political leadership which has, as a matter of fact, ushered in a reign of self-aggrandisement, corruption, hero-worship, sycophancy and social strife.

This work internalized the influence of deforestation on economic and social welfare in Port Harcourt City. The study espoused the survey approach through special surveillance, conversations and opinion pull and the data collected was analyzed to obtain the variances, correlations and regression models. The results of the research showed that deforestation significantly and negatively affected output and social welfare in Port Harcourt City and also negatively and significantly affected income of the farming communities. It therefore recommended that governments should take urgent steps to discourage unsustainable deforestation and at same time encourage reforestation to improve output, income and enhance social welfare.

Measuring the psychopathology symptoms among flood victims is an important step for intervention and treatment. However, there is a gap of a valid, reliable and an efficient instrument to measure flood victims’ mental distress in Malaysia. This study aims to revalidate e-Psychological Instrument for Flood Victims Version II (e-PIFV-II) by using expert judgment method to prove content-related evidence. The e-PIFV-II is a digital self-report inventory that has 56 items with 4 dimension scales namely stress, anxiety, depression and trauma. Two studies have been done to revalidate the instrument. Results showed that there were very strong content coefficient validity for each subscale of the instrument. In study II the coefficient values for stress and trauma subscale of the e-PIFV-II were increased. The coefficient value of stress was 0.8-0.9, anxiety was 0.9, depression was 1.0, trauma was 0.9-1 and overall was 0.9. This study supports the theoretical framework and provides practical implication in the field of digital flood victims management, psychological testing and clinical psychology.

This study is aimed at exploring whether learning about art activities can help children of divorced parents in three aspects, namely self-concept, emotional expression, and linguistic expression. The researcher designed appropriate art activities for children of divorced parents based on their family backgrounds. There were nine art activities in total, including “self in the mirror”, “painting with paint”, and “pick-up and paste”. From February to April in 2016, these art activities were conducted once a week for 40 minutes, led by the researcher. During these art activities, data were collected through observations and interviews and then coded and analyzed. To ensure the correctness of the analysis results, triangulation was applied for verification with three angles, the researcher’s, the case subject’s caretaker’s (the grandmother’s), and the case subject’s custodian’s (the father’s). The research findings are summarized below: 1. In the aspect of family and self-concept, the art activities helped the children of divorced parents with their self-exploration and self-assertion. 2. In the aspect of emotional expression, the art activities offered the children of divorced parents more opportunities to express their feelings and gradually reveal their true emotions inside. 3. In the aspect of linguistic expresision, the art activities offered the children of divorced parents more opportunities for expression. The children were allowed to express their thoughts and ideas through drawing images and symbols. Lastly, based on the research findings, as references for children of divorced parents and related future studies.

The main purpose of this study is to examine how sub-urbanization creates poverty in the suburban areas of Bangladesh. The study focuses on the new urban poverty of the adjacent area of Dhaka where sub-urbanization is taking place. Data have been collected from the inhabitants of Savar municipality under Dhaka district in Bangladesh through semi-structured interview schedule. The paper reveals that the poor men face more extreme poverty and vulnerability than women in terms of their economic, cultural and social conditions. The study also explores that suburban poverty is mostly affected by the masculinization of poverty instead of the feminization of poverty. It contributes to understanding and analysis of the phenomenon of rapid urbanization in the developing country like Bangladesh and its social consequences as the formation of frequent suburban mess hall like slums and new forms of urban poverty. Finally, the suburban poor are largely dependent on their household, income, employment, medical facilities, and social networking. The paper also indicates that significant portions of the suburban dwellers are lived mostly in informal house and are living below the poverty lines.

Test anxiety is considered to be one of the most common and widespread emotions, with a large number of the student population suffering from excessive and overbearing levels of it. This study investigated the Effects of Behaviour Rehearsal Technique on Test Anxiety among co-educational secondary school students in Imo State. Five research questions guided the study and five hypotheses were tested at the level of 0.05 level of significance. The study was a quasi experimental research. The population for the study comprised one thousand one hundred and twelve students (1112). The sample for the study was seventy (70) students with test anxiety. Puposive sampling was used in selecting two schools in the area of the study. Test Anxiety Inventory was used in selecting thirty five (35) students each from the two sampled schools making it a total sample of 70respondents. Mean was used in answering the research questions, while analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used in testing the null hypotheses. The result revealed that behavior rehearsal technique was effective in reducing secondary school students’ test anxiety. Based on the findings, it was recommended, among others that Behaviour Rehearsal technique should be utilized by Guidance Counsellors in reducing test anxiety among secondary school students in the state and the nation in general.

The modern education system shows that "memorizing" does not lead to a necessary knowledge acquisition. In this regard, student-centered education becomes more relevant, as each student receives a required amount of attention and approach that will reveal his potential. However, there is no specific description of "creative potential". This article is an attempt to find meaning in "creative potential" from the standpoint of music teaching. Pressing problems in related scope of education actualize the problems of developing personal/creative potential and readiness for innovations contributing to their success in music teaching. In this regard, we have applied both general and pedagogical methods. We have also carried out a philosophical analysis. We have generalized pedagogical information provided by domestic and foreign specialists and formed an original comprehensive concept of creative personality. As a conclusion, it is important to shape the humanistic ideas about a person and positive attitude to the surrounding world and own ego in the subject of creativity. It is also important to teach how to find valuable reasons for one’s own existence and moral ways of self-realization. If one wants to develop own creative potential in a more effective way, he/she has to gain certain traits and abilities typical for a creative person.

This paper is about Stimulus-Response Theory which sees human behavior as a reaction to the stimulus (stimulus to response). This theory also emphasizes the importance of rewards or incentives to stimulate and influence what and how pupils do things, including how they learn. Therefore, this study focuses on the acquisition of language during the teaching and learning of Malay Language among year 1 pupils in a primary school in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Teachers have applied this theory to train the pupils repeatedly using drill method. For example, when the teacher teaches the skills mentioned in the Malay Language syllables i.e. KV + KVK spelling pattern, the teacher will ask the pupils to repeat the pronunciation of the word a few times so that they can pronounce it properly. In this situation, learning depends on the pupils mastery of the mentioned syllables and the teacher will continue teaching the word built by the syllables which are taught earlier. Next, the pupils are asked to give examples of words constructed according to the KV + KVK pattern of syllables and the process are repeated until the skill is mastered well. Through participating observation method conducted in this study, it is found that the acquisition and mastery of a language is a learning process that needs to be practised repeatedly. Thus, the process of language teaching can be done in a more systematic way and will also improve the pupils memory. Thus, the findings also shows that, the acquisition of language using Stimulus-Response Theory encourages pupils to learn a language with continuous reward and reinforcement and the teachers do not have to take too long to explain the learning topics.

In this article an introduction is made to the analysis of the humanistic attributes that the managerial manager should have, in his intentions to humanize the company, from the practice of the virtues associated with work -as causal factors-, fundamental to direct a socially responsible humanist company. For this purpose, re makes an introduction to the literature on the anthropology of the organization and the manager, as well as to the Thomistic categories of the virtues; to the anthropological approaches of the manager from Pérez and Chinchilla, and to the complementary views of other authors, which allow us to understand the constitutive dynamics of the humanist enterprise.

This paper examines the roles of a road safety intervention and three personality traits in predicting drivers’ self-reported aberrant behaviours. Ninety-nine individuals recruited during their driver licence attendance are randomized in the experimental or control group. The intervention aimed at modifies knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. Six months later participants received the Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) designed to assess the differentiation between deliberate deviations from safe driving practices and mistakes due to misjudgements or lapses in attention. Compared with control group, participants in the intervention group reported significantly higher scores in learning questionnaire. Statistical analysis on DBQ data showed participants in the experimental condition reporting significantly lower errors and violations compared to controls. No personality trait predicted risky driving and no interactive effect emerged in measures of self-reported driving violations. Practical implications of the study are development of relevant instruments to establish effective components of educational program in order to perform a road safety education.

One of the best solutions for countries with foreign trade deficit and cannot increase total exports is to improve the added value of exported products. High technology products have the highest added value. The method to increase production and exports in high technology products is to increase R&D expenditures and qualified labor force available for the R&D sector. South Korea, for example, is one of the countries that significantly accelerate economic growth thanks to technology-intensive exports. South Korea, has recognized the importance of advanced technology-driven growth in its export-oriented economic growth strategy. South Korea has succeeded in transforming the composition of the manufacturing industry significantly over the years and transforming it from labor-intensive industry to capital-intensive and high-tech industries (Arslanhan and Ve Kurtsal, 2010). Again, China initially started with cheap and low quality products exports based on cheap labor. However, when China came to 2012, there were 170 automobile brands producing and exporting. There were advances towards the defense and space industry. In the same years, China has begun to take its place in the pharmaceutical industry with its advanced technology and mass production capacity (Ozsoylu and Algan, 2011; World Bank, 2012). On the other hand, India has significantly accelerated its economic growth through computer software, natural healthy life support products and remote call center services it offers to developed countries thanks to the individuals it sent for education abroad in the 1960s (Hindistan, 2012). Members of BRICST countries, Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey drew global attention due to their economic growth performance in recent years. Economic performance of these countries affects the foreign trade volume and economic growth for the rest of the world. In the present study, impacts of R&D expenditures and the size of the qualified R&D labor force on high technology exports were investigated for BRICTS countries using panel data analysis for 1996-2014 period. We expected that the study findings would reveal a positive impact of R&D expenditures and qualified labor force in the R&D sector on exports in high technology products. The present study would contribute to the literature as it would draw the attention of developing countries to the significance of R&D expenditures and qualified labor force in the R&D sector.

University students are important personal in making, they are the citizens who will contribute to the well-being of a community. Therefore, students need to be more responsible, care caring and participate involved in community activities. However, nowdaysnowadays students were are found to be less involved in volunteerism, especially at the community level. In order to solve the problem, we need to identify the indicators need to be identified in order to measure the participation behaviours, and acting further steps actions can be taken to improve their engagement. This study was conducted to develop a scale to measure the participation among university students, and testing the validation of the measurement. Conceptualizing of this study was suggested There are 10 indicators for the conceptualization of this study to measure the variable of participation in community volunteerism. This cross-sectional survey by using questionnaires was applied distributed inon the east side of peninsular of Malaysia for to 150 respondents, and analyzedanalysed by the structural equation modelling (SEM) by AMOS. The suggested indicators were considered accepted as the measurement elements by observing on the regression weight for standard loading, average variance extracted (AVE) for convergent validity, square root of AVE for discriminant validity, composite reliability (CR) for reliability of items, and at least three fit indexes for model fitness. Finally, a measurement scale of volunteerism participation for students was successfully developed, and suitable to be used in areas of research, evaluation, training, campaign or any type of programme in order to improve students’ engagement with in community activities.

Good university governance is expected to increase the public image which leads to promote credibility and public participation in the role of university. The objectives of this research were to find 16 principles of Good University Governance at Islamic Muhammadiyah University of East Borneo. The quaitative approach with Case study type were used in this research. Key informan is Dean Faculty of health science, Dean secretary and head of study program. The others research Informan are Vice Quality assurance, Vice research and community service insitutes, and Lectures. The data were collected through depth-interview, participation observation, and document study. The data analysis were analyzed with interactive model by Miles and Huberman model. The research finding were : 16 principles of Good University Governance at Islamic Muhammadiyah University of East Borneo. There were nine principles be done optimal have been implemented, namely transparency, fairness, efficiency, effectiveness, win-win situation, responsiveness, performance, productivity and quality culture, however there were seven principles less optimal. The seventh principles which had been implemented less optimally were independence, relevance, accountability, responsibility, performance and academic capacity.

The purpose of this article is to highlight on photography as an excellent art work. This article on photography is based on the authenticity and social influence of the photographer. In discussing the paper, some attempts have been made to examine the nature and dynamics of photography, as well as the appreciation of photographs as a human achievement. There is also a general overview on photography in Ghana, outlining in particular the visual aesthetics of the photographic industry, and the specialized fields that exist. The paper concludes that the use of technological photography in teaching at all levels should be encouraged. It is when we add our personal vision to the technology of photography then we cross that line from mere reproduction to transformation. With this shift from science to art, we begin speaking with a vocabulary of aesthetics.