This paper aim at assessing e-procurement knowledge of procurement staffs of AngloGold Ashanti, Ghana. The key issues examined in this paper are understanding and perception of e-procurement, benefits and challenges of incorporating e-procurement. Purposive sampling was adopted in selecting the company and the procurement department for the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data and information from the respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study revealed that e-procurement is yet to be accepted fully as a replacement to the manual system; staff knowledge on the e-procurement is not satisfactory; benefits and challenges of e-procurement were highlighted. It is recommended that AngloGold must make it mandatory for all its strategic partners to be e-procurement ready to be selected as suppliers for both parties to reap the full benefits of e-procurement adoption and training of staffs on e-procurement software systems.

Access to adequate urban housing in developing countries has been a challenge for the state and citizens alike because of rising urban population that is not matched with adequate affordable housing. The most visible manifestation of the lack of adequate housing is the proliferation of informal settlements in large cities. Dar es Salaam, the primate city in Tanzania, has over 70% of the population living in informal settlements. This paper draws from studies done in Dar es Salaam that indicate how the location decisions of households enable a variety of housing options in the informal housing sub-market. A qualitative approach was employed to collect information-rich data from purposefully selected respondents in two case study areas located in inner and peri-urban informal residential locations of Dar es Salaam city. Findings suggested that, areas located in the inner, and peri-urban locations of the city; meet varying spatial and non-spatial needs. Informal social processes mediated by the community and other actors; combine to enable residents’ access reasonably affordable land and housing that meets diverse. The preference for informal housing areas sometimes supersedes that of planned areas because the formal market is not only limited but is out of reach of many poor urban dwellers. New planning areas are often times located in remote areas far from livelihood sources hence their lack of appeal. However with the threat of uncontrolled informal settlements’ growth and deteriorating urban environments; appropriate interventions are needed in order to guide housing development and simultaneously meet the diverse livelihood needs of urban dwellers.

The turbulence and political instability in several key Muslim countries have now global consequences, as thousands of Moslems leave their countries, because they cannot live or even survive there. This is an enormous shame for the huge Islamic civilization, harbouring more than 1 billion believers in the prophet Mohammed. It should be pointed out that the coordination bodies in the Islamic civilisation – the Arab League and the Muslim Conference – have done little to stop the on-going civil wars and horrific political violence. Similarly, the rich Gulf States offer no help for refugees, turning instead to the EU with its protection for human rights. How can we understand this collapse of the Koranic civilisation? The ultimate reason is the rise of Islamic fundamentalism within the Sunni community during the 20th century. And it will not disappear soon. Islamic terrorism against Westerners, Shias, religious minorities in the Middle East could not have occurred on the present scale, if it did not have legitimation among radical fundamentalism. To understand the major changes in Islamic political thought and Koranic religion, one must go to the three men who reinterpreted Islam along radical new fundamentalism, namely Mawdudi (islamisation) (India-Pakistan), Qutb (caliphate) and Faraj (jihad) (Egypt).Their books and pamphlets are studied all over the Koranic civilisation, which is much larger than Arabia. The three inspired Ben Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri (Al Qaeda) as well as Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (ISIL) and Abu Bakr_al-Baghdad (ISIS).

At the turn of the millennium, the management and preservation of human, animal and plant species forms a major strand of the sustainable development agenda, defined as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation from meeting their own needs. However, one major contention which requires scholarly attention and policy discourse is the sustainable maximization of the tourism potentials of the wetlands in the periphery coastal regions such as the Niger Delta in Nigeria, the third largest wetland in the world. The paper engages in the policy relevance of eco -tourism from a Marxian political ecology perspective. Using sets of primary and secondary data sources, it examined two Islands in the Niger Delta namely; Opobo and Bonny to demonstrate incidence of under- utilization or otherwise of the tourist potentials of the islands. Findings suggest that ecotourism has not been given adequate policy attention as the Niger Delta wetlands which ought to have been tourist destinations are unsustainably consumed with deleterious crude oil resource exploration by the Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs). The paper argues that tourism should be prioritized as a central concept in resource sustainability and proposes policy discourse aimed at ecological justice as integral to eco- tourism.

Human resources play a significant role in organizational effectiveness. In this regard, the contribution of organization citizenship behavior is very important and can be interpreted based on the existing climate in an organization. The goal of the present study is to investigate the ethical climate existing in nonprofit sport organizations, and to examine the possible differences in the perception of ethical climate between the members in relation to gender, age and experience. One hundred and fifty six members (117 men and 39 women) of non profit sport organizations were used. Participants filled out the Ethical Climate Questionnaire. Results revealed a superiority of benevolent climate (social and individual caring) in the relevant associations, and the absence of differences between members in relation to gender, age and experience.

The turbulence and political instability in several key Muslim countries have now global consequences, as thousands of Moslems leave their countries, because they cannot live or even survive there. This is an enormous shame for the huge Islamic civilization, harbouring more than 1 billion believers in the prophet Mohammed. It should be pointed out that the coordination bodies in the Islamic civilisation – the Arab League and the Muslim Conference – have done little to stop the on-going civil wars and horrific political violence. Similarly, the rich Gulf States offer no help for refugees, turning instead to the EU with its protection for human rights. How can we understand this collapse of the Koranic civilisation? The ultimate reason is the rise of Islamic fundamentalism within the Sunni community during the 20th century. And it will not disappear soon. Islamic terrorism against Westerners, Shias, religious minorities in the Middle East could not have occurred on the present scale, if it did not have legitimation among radical fundamentalism. To understand the major changes in Islamic political thought and Koranic religion, one must go to the three men who reinterpreted Islam along radical new fundamentalism, namely Mawdudi (islamisation) (India-Pakistan), Qutb (caliphate) and Faraj (jihad) (Egypt).Their books and pamphlets are studied all over the Koranic civilisation, which is much larger than Arabia. The three inspired Ben Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri (Al Qaeda) as well as Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (ISIL) and Abu Bakr_al-Baghdad (ISIS).

Pro-poor growth has become a very popular topic among development practitioners in Africa. Consequently, there is growing recognition that in pursuing a pro-poor agenda for development, Africa could get out of her socio-economic development quagmire. In the pro-poor agenda, what matters is the degree to which economic growth provides opportunities for the poor, and the extent to which the poor can take advantage of those opportunities. This emerging agenda is more holistic and broader than the previous agenda, which often focused mainly on supporting enterprises considered important for the poor. Experience has shown some shortcomings with such interventions, which have sometimes created market distortions or not been sustainable as a result of attempts to “pick winners” or to use public sector agencies or donors to provide services. Despite this recognition, however, overall performance of Africa has been dismal in developing specific pro-poor policy strategies that can enable her to achieve sustained pro-poor growth. Using Lesotho as a case study, the paper explores the experience of Africa in pursuing pro-poor growth agenda with the view to recommend specific policy strategies that are based on the available evidence which will enable her to achieve a sustained pro-poor growth for her development path. The paper uses information taken from books, journals, official reports, newspapers and internet research on pro-poor growth. In reading the books, journal articles, newspapers and reports, the author selected material that is relevant to pro-poor growth debate. The author’s knowledge of Lesotho–where he lived, studied and worked–informed the writing of this paper as well as discussions on the concept of pro-poor growth with specific relevance to Lesotho as a case study for pro-poor growth debates in Africa.

The article mentions the awareness of university students in Ho Chi Minh City about problem-solving skills. The analytical result shows that awareness of the concept, role, implementation steps, and problem solving skills of students is still low. It should take measures to enhance the awareness of students about problem-solving skills.

The article mentions the awareness of university students in Ho Chi Minh City about problem-solving skills. The analytical result shows that awareness of the concept, role, implementation steps, and problem solving skills of students is still low. It should take measures to enhance the awareness of students about problem-solving skills.

This paper deals with a community of Jogis which is fighting for its survival in all phases and in each place (country). They are found in major religions but undeveloped and considered to be of low social status in all subcontinents and are victim of society. This community did that type of work for their livelihood which no other community does but they do it for their survival and livelihood. In this paper I throw the light upon the present living conditions and origin of Jogis in Afghanistan and their connections with Jogis of Jain origin these both communities are very petite in number now and the Jogis of Jain origin are may be now fully extinct.

Pro-poor growth has become a very popular topic among development practitioners in Africa. Consequently, there is growing recognition that in pursuing a pro-poor agenda for development, Africa could get out of her socio-economic development quagmire. In the pro-poor agenda, what matters is the degree to which economic growth provides opportunities for the poor, and the extent to which the poor can take advantage of those opportunities. This emerging agenda is more holistic and broader than the previous agenda, which often focused mainly on supporting enterprises considered important for the poor. Experience has shown some shortcomings with such interventions, which have sometimes created market distortions or not been sustainable as a result of attempts to “pick winners” or to use public sector agencies or donors to provide services. Despite this recognition, however, overall performance of Africa has been dismal in developing specific pro-poor policy strategies that can enable her to achieve sustained pro-poor growth. Using Lesotho as a case study, the paper explores the experience of Africa in pursuing pro-poor growth agenda with the view to recommend specific policy strategies that are based on the available evidence which will enable her to achieve a sustained pro-poor growth for her development path. The paper uses information taken from books, journals, official reports, newspapers and internet research on pro-poor growth. In reading the books, journal articles, newspapers and reports, the author selected material that is relevant to pro-poor growth debate. The author’s knowledge of Lesotho–where he lived, studied and worked–informed the writing of this paper as well as discussions on the concept of pro-poor growth with specific relevance to Lesotho as a case study for pro-poor growth debates in Africa.

In the years following to the financial crisis of 2008, middle class has been particularly affected by the tax burden exerted in all societies. Besides, the pressures of indirect taxes, particularly reverting on people with lower incomes, and taxes that assess the income earnings of citizens. Currently, it is necessary to make reference to the fiscal gap triggered by the difference between what the employee really supports and the cost that his or her salary represents for his payer. This fiscal gap is particularly large in Mediterranean countries, where the difference between the net salaries charged by employees is far from the actual cost (gross pay) for the employer. The experience demonstrates a direct relationship between high fiscal gaps and high unemployment rates. A different issue is how to get a redistributive effect, if this gap decreases. Furthermore, taxation is not unaware to population policies, and a decrease in fertility rates to a medium term causes societies to have a smaller workforce, which harms the redistributive levels. Therefore, this article intends to analyze whether the States require from a fiscal system to raise tax rates, in order to allow efficient policies in favor of the family.

Traditional prosecution of corruption proved useless results, due to futility of proving methods and the secretive nature of corruption case. Therefore, the financial disclosure system had been created to be an important and effective tool to curb corruption through prevention of conflict of interests and prosecution of illicit enrichment. Jordan adopted this system within the Illicit Enrichment Law aiming to prosecute illicit enrichment and deprive perpetrators and their accomplices from the proceeds of corruption. However, there are several problems inherent in the law that frustrates its objectives. Hence, this article discusses one of these issues, which is the relationship between the criminal liability of illicit enrichment and the obligation of submission the financial disclosure in accordance with the Jordan law, with some reference to the international standards.

The importance of organizational culture on the organization�s performance has been demonstrated (Hsu, 2009; Naicker, 2008). Although many scholars have concentrated their research on commitment and job satisfaction in both the private and public sectors, leading to positive organizational reforms, a review of the literature in the field of criminal justice system exposed a dearth of empirical research about the determinants of law enforcement and police officers� organi-zational commitment and job satisfaction. This gave rise to the following research question: what is the impact of police organizational culture on law enforcement officers� job satisfaction and organizational commitment in Namibia? A survey was administered to 100 police officers in Windhoek to address this question.

The paper is an attempt on how mathematics can be used as an instrument for everyday living. Drawing from hypothetical illustrations, the paper highlighted situations involving paired selection and the various commonly used approaches involved in the process. From these approaches, some shortcomings were observed and this created the need to explore a better and fairer alternative. This alternative was seen in the Cartesian product, a topic in Set Theory. Hypothetical illustrations were given on how the Cartesian product can be used as a fair instrument in a paired selection process. The submission is an eye opener to the mathematics teacher as the paper made some recommendations, one of which is that the teacher should strive to create a nexus, during instruction, between every topic in mathematics and its every day application.

The importance of involving both women and men in the management of water and other related issues has been recognized globally. This paper was aimed to evaluate gender disparity among decision makers in water issues and shortage of water supply in Sokoto. The methodology used was said to rely on internet , phone calls, interviews with Sokoto Ministry of Water Resources staff and as well as the use of questionnaire. From the results obtained it was discovered that gender disparity exist and lack of women education has contributed a lot to this disparity. In which 40% of the female respondents has no any formal education while the same 40% has only attended primary school. But for the male respondents there was 0% in both those with no formal education and primary school. In fact 15.3% of the male respondents have obtained a postgraduate studies. On the shortage of water supply and its quality challenges in Sokoto, was found to be a problem. The responses from the respondents indicated that 92 % of the female agreed its government responsibility to supply water, while 94.7% of the male respondents also concur. But only 42.7% of the female respondents agreed their water was adequate in supply, while 44.7% male respondents also agreed it’s adequate. On the participation of the respondents on water policies, 95.3% of the females have never participated in any water policy decision making, while 49.3% males have participated in water policies. In conclusion there is a huge gap in gender disparity among water policy decision makers and water supply is not in adequate supply. Therefore educating girls was found to be lacked behind, in which very few proceed after primary or secondary school level. And they need to be educated so that they can be found in every sector of government especially water, there by involving them in various decision-making to contribute their coater.

This is a speculative article, not a scientific paper, about the time as interdisciplinary topic. I presented my view, in the light of current and brief findings in physics and psychology fields. I presented the “problem of time”, in the light of theoretical view; as we have no independent conception about time. We define time by comparing one standard motion against another. Human cultures also, emphasis on the present moment as everything, in spite of the ability of human brain to travel back and forward through the past and the future. Then, I suggested my view in the light of previous background; logically and philosophically. I suggested time as moment, as dependent definition, instead of attributing it to duration, succession or motion. In addition, I suggested replacing “moment-point” by “space-time”, all tenses are co-existing, and semi-blocked universe instead of blocked one, then the importance of this perception, in the light of my current suggested view.

Livelihoods of many rural households in developing economies majorly depend on smallholder farming activities. Smallholder dairy farming is the single largest component of agriculture in Kenya. Uasin Gishu County is the leading milk producer in Kenya with subsistence, semi-commercialized and commercialized farmers constituting 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. Smallholder dairy farming in Kenya grows at 4.1% per annum compared to 1.2% for agriculture as a whole. Commercializing smallholder dairy value chain is therefore important in providing pathway out of poverty and for sustainable rural development. Commercialization of smallholder dairy value chain development is variable and is not yet developed enough in the scale of commercialization index to enable producers benefit from increased income to stimulate rural development. This may be because of the influences of Socio-cultural characteristics of the smallholder producers. The objective of this paper is to establish the influence of socio-cultural characteristics on commercialization of smallholder dairy value chain development. Social survey research design was used to obtain both secondary and primary data. A sample size of 384 smallholder dairy producers was studied out of a population of 50,457 respondents. Data analysis procedures used includes: mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. The study results show that socio-cultural characteristics of smallholder dairy producers have significant influence on commercialization of smallholder dairy value chain development.

Professional development has become an important tool in the development of individual working in a public sector organisation. A crucial part of professional development is mentoring and coaching employees. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of coaching in the workplace, specifically whether coaching or being a coach is related to job satisfaction and psychological empowerment and whether being in a culture of coaching is related to job satisfaction. The research was carried out by undertaking a series of qualitative structured interviews. It was found that coaching has a positive effect in a public sector organisation.

The quality of education is often subject to debate in higher education in Bangladesh. One of the major concerns goes with the quality, design and development of curriculum to create the backbone of quality education practice. By encompassing the theories and model across a wide range of curricular issues and the evolutionary thinking, this study strived to cover the tricks perpetuate on the trade of curriculum development. The key purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the factors to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of the curriculum development in selected universities through personal interview from the faculty members and the students. Relevance of the curricula in different aspects likely to specific needs, scope and specialization has been justified. Along with the several factors Creativity & Flexibility, and Opinions of Industry Expert and Practitioners, and Society and Culture have greater influence in the justification of curriculum development in selected universities in particular and all universities in general. The result indicated that the Students’ Needs & Preference in updating curriculum development is comparatively less considerable than Future Market Demand & Technology oriented curriculum development.

This collaborative autoethnographic, course-based study explored the personal stories of three individuals who chose to leave Hutterite communities and their transition experiences as they adjusted to a new life, having forsaken the ark. The purpose of the study was to add to the literature on culturally competent child and youth care practice by sharing insights into the personal challenges experienced when faced with the realities of shifting from one culture to another. Four major themes emerged from the thematic analysis of these stories: (a) don’t rock the boat; feelings of not fitting in, (b) no unicorns on board; seeking the freedom to be me, (c) adrift in no man’s land; severed membership ties, and (d) few tools to build a new boat; lack of skills for the life chosen.

This study examined the impact of bank credits on performance of manufacturing sector using annual time series data from 1970-2013. Using co-integration and error correction mechanism for the analysis the study revealed that a long run relationship exists between bank credits and manufacturing sector output. Given the error correction mechanism result, the study revealed that bank credits exhibited negative significant impact on the performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the study recommends among others: Bank Credits to the Manufacturing Sector should be properly monitored to ensure that funds are not diverted for other purposes, intending recipients of these Bank Credits to the Manufacturing Sector should be made to undergo entrepreneurial training and how to pay back as at when due, so as to reduce the risks associated in giving out these Credits to the Manufacturing Sector and also its adverse effect on manufacturing productivity when misappropriated.

The development of capitalism in Europe and America was preceded and instigated by the imperatives of primitive accumulation in which criminal, bloody, unethical and inhuman methods were adopted to accumulate wealth the investment of which stimulated the Industrial Revolution. This paper presents the thesis that the pervasive elite disposition towards financial crimes in Nigeria constitutes a form of primitive accumulation for investment in the transformation of a pre-capitalist social formation into a capitalist society, effectively utilizing legislations such as the Land Use Act and the financial institutions as the drivers of the processes of dispossession of peasant land and legitimization or laundering of illicit funds. Marxist Political economy is the preferred theoretical and analytical framework for the study. Data gathering was derived mainly from secondary sources and personal observations and the method of data analysis qualitative and historical. The objective of the paper was to critically analyze the implications of financial crimes for economic transformation in Nigeria. It concludes that the upsurge of financial crimes is attributable to the inordinate drive for capital accumulation for the development of capitalism in Nigeria. The significance of the paper lies in its reconceptualisation of financial crimes for a better comprehension of the dynamics of an underdeveloped capitalist society.The development of capitalism in Europe and America was preceded and instigated by the imperatives of primitive accumulation in which criminal, bloody, unethical and inhuman methods were adopted to accumulate wealth the investment of which stimulated the Industrial Revolution. This paper presents the thesis that the pervasive elite disposition towards financial crimes in Nigeria constitutes a form of primitive accumulation for investment in the transformation of a pre-capitalist social formation into a capitalist society, effectively utilizing legislations such as the Land Use Act and the financial institutions as the drivers of the processes of dispossession of peasant land and legitimization or laundering of illicit funds. Marxist Political economy is the preferred theoretical and analytical framework for the study. Data gathering was derived mainly from secondary sources and personal observations and the method of data analysis qualitative and historical. The objective of the paper was to critically analyze the implications of financial crimes for economic transformation in Nigeria. It concludes that the upsurge of financial crimes is attributable to the inordinate drive for capital accumulation for the development of capitalism in Nigeria. The significance of the paper lies in its reconceptualisation of financial crimes for a better comprehension of the dynamics of an underdeveloped capitalist society.

This qualitative course-based study explored the lived experiences of first-year Child and Youth Care students with self-disclosure, a key feature of the Bachelor of Child and Youth Care (CYC) program at MacEwan University. The purpose of the course-based study was to better understand the degree of emotional vulnerability involved in the self-disclosure process for first year CYC students. The data analysis revealed two main thematic categories: “focus on one’s self” including (a) questioning the value and amount of self-disclosure (enough already), (b) feeling vulnerable (no place to hide), and (c) feeling comfortable (it’s all good) and “focus on others” consisting of (d) building a supportive community (feeling connected) and (e) learning from the personal experiences of others (feeling strength). Given the emphasis on self-disclosing as a critical strategy in building the self-reflective capacity of first-year CYC students, the results of this course-based study suggest a need for further inquiry into the method of self-disclosure in the first-year classroom setting.

Information Communication Technology has been at the fulcrum of National policies, debates and actions on ICT service delivery in institutions. Despite the fact that NUC has adopted National policies geared towards making learning in higher institutions ICT based, many institutions seem not to reach the expected NUC benchmark.. The students ICT awareness have increased and so they are in a better position to assess the adequacy of provision of ICT facilities for their growth and development. The main purpose of the study is to assess the extent of provision of ICT facilities. The overall objectives are to obtain data based information on adequacy of ICT provision. All the students who attended Afri-Hub ICT training formed the population. Using purposive technique, eighty students from eight departments within Faculty of Education were selected .Three research questions were designed to elicit information from the students. Simple statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, recommendations were made.

The terms ‘revolution’ and ‘democracy’ are unarguably among the most popular concepts in the lexicon of political science. These concepts have been used in different dimensions and perspectives but little has been done in unshielding the beclouded imperatives of these concepts as recycling elements of nation-building. This work focuses on democracy and revolution as veritable tools for nation-building. It argues that democracy, if not practiced in line with the established terms and conditions of the social contract that established it, may culminate in revolution; the aftermath being a better and genuine democratic culture. That is to say, revolution starts where democracy ends and the mass consciousness and ideology embedded in a particular social revolution results in a better and more unified nation-state; unity being the basic ingredient in nation-building. Both secondary and tertiary evidences have been utilized in solving the puzzles in this paper.

Test anxiety is an observable fact that many students usually encounter during tests. It is considered to be one of the most common and widespread emotions, with a large number of the student population suffering from its excessive and overbearing level. This study investigated the Effect of Self-management Technique in reducing Test Anxiety among secondary school students. Two research questions were posed and two hypotheses formulated to guide the study. The study is a quasi-experimental research and employed a 2x2 factorial design pretest-posttest experimental control group, comprising two groups (Experimental group and control) using one treatment group (Self-management Technique {SMT . The population comprised all the secondary school students in Onitsha urban areas with test anxiety. A total of 77 students were selected from two schools using a standardised instrument titled “Test Anxiety Inventory”. The instrument, Test Anxiety Inventory was administered to both the experimental group and the control group before and after treatments, making up the pre test and post test. The data relating to the research questions were analysed using mean scores. The data relating to the null hypotheses were analysed using the Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA). The result of the study showed that self-management technique was effective and significant in reducing test anxiety. Based on the findings of the study, the implications of the findings were highlighted, recommendations and suggestions for further studies made. The researcher recommended, among others that Self-management technique should be utilised by guidance counsellors in reducing test anxiety among secondary school students in the State and the nation in general.

Machiavelli generally grounds his discourses on the government, regime, the ways that empower the government and the policy to be followed in determining the state power and limits and on the elements that lead to the decay or collapse of the state. According to Machiavelli, all the regimes somehow come to an end. What is important is to create a good regime construction and to turn this into a long-lasting structure. Machiavelli, generally mentioned by absolute monarchy, actually supported the absolute monarchy in a certain period especially during the establishment of the state. In his work called Discourses on Livy, he mentioned the supporting of the republican regime during the development stage of the state. Moreover, he emphasized that republican regime is essential for the continuity and longevity of the state. In this study the answers given by Machiavelli, regarded as the founder of modern state theory, to the issue about how a good and long-lasting regime can be established are attempted to be discussed based on the author’s point of view regarding absolute monarchy and republican regimes. At this point, it is worth discussing the approach of Machiavelli to Republic, whose discourses were associated with and evaluated as absolute monarchy and even tyranny. Of course, while this discussion is made, based on the principle of period thinking, Italy and even Europe at the time when the philosopher lived should also be considered. Especially including Italy in the evaluation, which had not yet provided its central union and was governed by small principalities has a vital importance in terms of accurately identifying the opinions of Machiavelli. While the research is made, descriptive and historical research methods have been used.

Class room activity is the fundamental solution to develop speech problem by one way or another. Speech production among EFL University learners and how to perform an effective and well-formed speech poses have been investigated in the current study. It is noticed that students face problems when they want to speak in English. The researchers designed two questionnaires for both the students of Neelain University Faculty of Arts, the Department of English Language and Sudanese university teachers as data collecting tools. Also, the researchers performed three lessons to EFL learners evaluation. Thereafter, the questionnaires were analyzed statistically. This paper has pointed out some practical findings of the study, and some recommendations. These findings and recommendations will be helpful if they are considered seriously by teachers, curriculum designers and planners.

This paper is about Hakka, a people whom some Chinese took as guests or foreigners in their mist but in the actual sense, they are Han Chinese from the north trying to escape from their pursuers. The paper traced what China was before now; how much the people have suffered due to wars and hunger. It made us to know the effect of these problems was Chinese migration to other nations of the world. This contributed to the foundation of what people now know as Hakka village in Fujian Province of P.R.C. The study had interest in showcasing how Hakka tribe, a rejected stone among the Chinese, has become a yielder of golden egg in Chinese economy as it contributes towards tourism in the southern part of China.

This study investigated factors affecting quality of training in College of Education Hong, Adamawa State. The objective of the study was to assess the quality of training in the College. The quantitative research design was used. Two research questions guided the study. The sample consisted of 100 respondents, selected by simple random sampling technique. An instrument with 20 items titled Factor Affecting Quality of Training Questionnaire (FAQTQ) was used for data collection by the researchers. The instrument was validated through face and content validation by three experts from the Department of Science Education, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Nigeria. The test-retest method was used in determining the reliability of the instrument, and the reliability coefficient was calculated using person product Moment Correlation method which gave coefficients of stability of 0.73. Data collected for the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean. Findings from the study revealed that, factors affecting students learning were inaccessibility to library internet and usage. It was recommended that the college authority should provide internet in the library and also organize seminars to orientate students on the advantages of using library to develop their learning skills.