According to WHO the health is “a state of complete physical, mental, social wellbeing and not merely absence of disease or infirmity”, which has been widely used for last 70 years for all practical purposes but it is now realized that many areas are left uncovered and needs amendment. Author justifies that emerging concept of holistic health and wellbeing, SDG indicators of 2016-2030, global warming etc., are demanding more domains to be addressed. It is recently also realized that sustainable development goals will be difficult to achieve in 2030 by member countries if environmental health, healthy yoga lifestyle and community engagement are not included in universal health coverage approach. Through a definition of health it may be possible to create advocacy on priority areas needing resource mobilization to achieve holistic health and wellbeing. This article is expressed by the author in his personal capacity

Objectives: (1) To determine the profile of reported infectious diseases. (2) To analyze the reported infectious diseases with reference to certain factors. (3) To evaluate the functionality of the notification system. Methodology: The hospital record-based study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital in Goa. The “Malaria, Dengue, Encephalitis Notification Reports” for a period of 18 months (Jan 2016–Jun 2017) were scrutinized. Data was entered in excel and analyzed in SPSS version 22. Results: A total of 2360 cases were recorded as per reports. 2043 (86.5%) of these were cases of malaria, 225 (9.6%) dengue, 55 (2.3%) encephalitis, 37 (1.6%) leptospirosis, and zero cases of chikungunya. Among the malaria cases, majority of the cases notified were plasmodium vivax-type. There were a total of 30 deaths reported, majority being due to leptospirosis 7 (23%) and encephalitis 7 (23%). The highest case fatality rate of 22 was due to cerebral malaria. Only 48 out of 346 (14%) of the reports were duly complete. Incorrect notification was seen in 2% of the reports. Many a times (25%), the reports were not sent on a daily basis. Conclusion: The hospital-based surveillance is an effective notification system for cases reporting to the hospitals. It is a cost-effective method of surveillance. If the problems of inconsistency, incompleteness, untimely reporting, etc., are solved, it has potential to revolutionize by timely detection and control measures on impending disease outbreaks.

Medical tourism refers to people traveling to a country other than their own to obtain medical treatment. The main objective of medical tourism is to provide ‘cost-effective’ private medical care in collaboration with the tourism industry, for patients needing surgical and other forms of specialized treatment. Lower cost in the developing countries was because of availability of resources and skilled and professional manpower at lower cost. In the last two decades, globalization and advancement in technologies throughout the world including India brought many reforms in management of medical conditions. High-quality service with no waiting time, patient-centric care, exotic experience, Eastern Healthcare Wisdom along with the expertise of Western medicine all these factors are making India increasingly popular as a medical tourist destination. Moreover in India, clinical outcomes are at par with the world’s best centers with internationally qualified and experienced specialists using third-generation equipment and infrastructure as technology, and competitive costs are around 1/5th of costs in the West.

The spectrum of NAFLD ranges from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis with chances of progression to endstage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Prevalence of NAFLD varies in literature due to difference in methodologies used by various investigators in the past. This study was conducted in the department of Medicine and Pathology. This study was done to find out the prevalence of hepatic steatosis in non-alcoholic asymptomatic adults, presenting with hepatomegaly or unexplained elevation of liver enzymes with special reference to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis The study also included study of prevalence of well-known risk factors like diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity associated with NAFLD in Indian population. This was a prospective study and cases were selected from OPD and IPD by random selection, aged between 20 and 75 years, who presented with hepatomegaly along with asymptomatic liver enzymes derangements or ultrasound suggestive of fatty liver in the absence of history of alcohol intake. Out of 500 patients who agreed to participate in the study, 284 were males and 216 females. A total of 110 cases were found to have fatty liver on the basis of USG report, of which 75 cases were found attributed to NAFLD. Diabetes was seen in 32 cases out of these 75 patients, 43 subjects had dyslipidemia, 48.67% cases showed elevated aminotransferases level. Liver biopsy was performed in 25 patients and 16% cases showed steatosis, 32% cases showed steatohepatitis and 4% cases showed cirrhosis.

Background: According to a WHO study, 13 of the 20 most-polluted cities in the world are in India, which is more than half of the world’s most polluted cities. Delhi is at 11th position. Pollution in Delhi hit almost 30 times the WHO safe limit. On 8th Nov 2017, toxic smog enveloped Delhi, which alarmed the Indian Medical Association (IMA) to declare a public health emergency. They also advised citizens to stay indoors and schools to be shut. Air Quality Index (AQI) of neighboring Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, and Gurgaon were also in the emergency category. Aim: To assess perception on air pollution and the willingness to contribute to control air pollution among the general population of Delhi. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study, in seven localities of South Delhi district of Delhi using simple random sampling. 384 adult members (>18 years) residing in the selected households for more than 6 months and who volunteered for the study were recruited. The sample size was calculated using Epiinfo software version 7.2.2.2 (developed by CDC). A pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Ethical clearance was obtained from administrative authorities and institutional ethical committee. Data was analyzed using a SPSS 21. Results: Among 384 participants, 57.6% believed that the current air quality was worse than it was 5 years ago. People with high income (31.4%) perceived fewer symptoms due to current air quality. More men (61%) perceived air quality to be worse, but women perceived symptoms of air pollution more. Less-educated residents are the targetable population for improving environment. Regarding willingness to contribute for control of air pollution, all the positive questions received a median score of 4 or 5 (on a Likert scale of 1–5, where 1 is strongly disagree and 5 is strongly agree).

The current study was carried out to describe the use of mobile technology amongst the population at high risk of HIV infection (clients of Targeted Intervention Project under National AIDS Control Program) in Delhi. Information was collected from 1520 high-HIV-risk clients registered in targeted intervention projects in Delhi under National AIDS Control Program, using a structured questionnaire. Around 87.8% of the 1520 respondents admitted to be in possession of mobiles with the lowest levels being amongst IDUs. The truckers, female sex workers, transgenders, and migrants data shows more than 90% of the clients being in possession of mobiles, while only 58.3% of injectable drug user clients reported obsessing a mobile phone. Only 8% of the respondents reported using the mobiles for HIV awareness, though around two-fifths of the respondents reported having ever used them for social media. The use of mobile phones in soliciting clients amongst the groups involved in sex work, viz., MSM, transgenders, and female sex workers was reported to be 83.5%, 80.0% and 77.6% respectively. Messenger apps and video calls are commonly used for solicitation. Voice calls have been a common way of soliciting clients. WhatsApp messenger was found to be the most commonly used messenger amongst all the three categories of respondents. Almost universal availability of mobiles amongst HIV-high-risk population, affordable mobile technologies, and increasing use of social media may be tapped to increase awareness for prevention and control of spread of HIV/AIDS for the benefit of the high-risk population.

Background: The manpower which collects waste from urban localities to dumping or disposal site is exposed to a number of health hazards which are of physical chemical and biological nature. The waste collectors have the seventh most dangerous job in the world. The working conditions of waste collectors are very poor and are violation of human rights. Objectives: 1. To Identify health problems in solid waste collectors of Zone-2 (old city) of Bhopal 2. To Educate them about their occupational hazards and measures to prevent them 3. To sensitize the municipal authorities about their problems and the need for provision of safety devices and measures 4. To assess the increase in the use of safety devices and measures Material and Methods: All workers of zone-2 Bhopal were called for health checkup and health education at the Urban Health and Training Centre of the Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. Health check up was done to access their health problems. Data regarding their knowledge, attitude and practices about occupational health hazards was using a semi-structured questionnaire. Thereafter, they were given health education about the hazards of their occupation and measures to prevent them. The results of the study were communicated to the municipal authorities for appropriate action. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 35 years. All of them denied using protective devices like boots and gloves during waste collection. The morbidities observed were injuries, injuries with sharp (41%), dermatological problems (15%), Arthritis (10%), abdominal pain and loose motions (8%) snake bite (1.6%), others such as high BP, diabetes (13%) and none (11%). The knowledge and attitude of the workers regarding their health problems was poor