Cognitive dissonance (cogdis) is defined as an uncomfortable condition resulting from holding contradictory beliefs. Obviously, stupidity helps in this process, in that the dumber a person is, the easier it is for her to hold contradictory beliefs.

During 1987 and 1988, the trauma service at Hahnemann University Hospital, a level I trauma center, evaluated 1,875 consecutive patients. Four hundred ninety-seven consecutive computed tomographic (CT) scans were performed to evaluate intracranial trauma in the emergency department. These patients records were reviewed to determine the adequacy of loss of consciousness, amnesia, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and mechanism of injury in predicting intracranial findings. In 302 patients with a GCS score of 13 or greater, 55 (18%) CT scans showed abnormal findings. Eleven (4%) of these patients required neurosurgical intervention. Furthermore, patients with normal CT scans required no interventions for head trauma. Mechanism of injury directly influenced the incidence of neurosurgical intervention. Current bedside methods to evaluate patients for possible intracranial injury in our trauma patient population are inadequate. Emergency department CT scans should be performed on all patients referred to the trauma service with previously classified mild- or low-risk criteria for intracranial trauma, regardless of GCS score.

In a former report, we observed the possibility that the non-convulsive electric shock administration may contribute the stability of granulocytes number of the patients receiving clozapine.The instability and most critical drug side-effect. We have an idea about the drug accumulated experiences of combined therapy. Moreover investigated the transitions of granulocytes number in eachcase. As per observations the gradual stabilization of cites number has been becoming apparent on thecurrent of therapy. In this report describes the passage of stabilization, the patient’s shows thegranulocytopenia before dosing of clozapine.

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles responsible for life and death. Extensive evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that mitochondria play a critical role in aging, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and Huntingtons disease. Several lines of research suggest that mitochondrial oxidative damage is an important cellular change in most late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Further, emerging evidence suggests that structural changes in mitochondria, including increased mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased mitochondrial fusion, are critical factors associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in aging and age-related diseases. In addition, epigenetic factors and lifestyle activities may contribute to selective disease susceptibility for each of these diseases. This paper discusses research that has elucidated features of mitochondria that are associated with cellular dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper also discusses mitochondrial abnormalities and potential mitochondrial therapeutics in AD. Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal loss and gradual cognitive impairment. AD is the leading cause of dementia worldwide and the incidence is increasing rapidly, with diagnoses expected to triple by the year 2050. Impaired cholinergic transmission is a major role player in the rapid deterioration associated with AD, primarily as a result of increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the AD brain, responsible for reducing the amount of acetylcholine (ACh). Current drug therapies, known as AChE inhibitors (AChEIs), target this heightened level of AChE in an attempt to slow disease progression. AChEIs have only showed success in the treatment of mild to moderate AD symptoms, with the glutamate inhibitor memantine being the most common drug prescribed for the management of severe AD.

Stroke is categorized into two major subtypes i.e., ischemic and hemorrhagic and is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), i.e. spontaneous extravasation of blood into the brain parenchyma, begins very suddenly and is a medical catastrophe. The well-known risk factors for ICH are hypertension, heavy drinking of alcohol, and anticoagulant medication. Risk factors for early death include clinical and radiological severity of the bleeding. Moreover, intraventricular bleeding, use of anticoagulants, and high blood pressure on admission also predict early death after ICH. CT brain imaging is the immediate modality for establishing diagnosis and supplemented with MR imaging depending upon aetiology. Treatment of patients with ICH includes standard supportive care, medical management and surgical intervention.