Starting from the concept of "executive functions", we proceeded to describe the object under examination in a more complete and functional way, and their possible role in neuropsychology and developmental psychopathology. The use of statistical methods and clinical observation have allowed us to emphasize the understanding of the multicomponential structure of the processes themselves. Paying particular attention to the psychopathological contents listed in the DSM-V psychiatric manual, the main pathological forms were then analyzed to better contextualize the present discussion, also from a psychotherapeutic point of view, with the preferential choice of the strategic approach for the management of pathological disorders related to the deficit of executive functions.

Intra operative Neurophysiological Monitoring helps Neurosurgeons, Orthopedics and Anesthesiologists to achieved better post surgical outcomes. Here I encompass some very important aspects that in my opinion Neurosurgeons should not be missed if a correct monitoring is expected. Some variables that can enrich Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring are mentioned, like Communication, Video surgery, Neuronavigation, Tractography and Wave classification criteria. Particularities, strength and weakness of neurophysiologic modalities are considered. I also considered what I have learned working inside operating room.

Most neuro-pathophysiological research involving the hippocampus uses rodents as a nonhuman model, due to the extensive experimental descriptive literature and favorable cost. The findings from the rodent hippocampus may not be generalizable to humans, though, as ontogenetically they have different hippocampal components. While the rodent model has these limitations, the use of nonhuman primates is often not feasible due to economic and ethical considerations. Pigs are a translational alternative due to the anatomic similarity of the hippocampus in humans and pigs. Materials and Methods: Eight pigs’ brains were harvested and then analyzed according to our previously established technique. Five brains were frozen and three were stored in formalin. All eight brains were then sent to an independent histology service, where they were sectioned according to the methodology established by Holm 1994. The slabs were 10 µm with 2.5 cm2 of hippocampus cross-sectional area. Results: The mean total hippocampus volume was 892.84 mm3 ± 198.91 mm3 using Holm’s methodology. The mean number of cells per sample (20X magnification settings) was 9996.75, using automated ImageJ cell counting. Discussion: In this study, the counts of hippocampus cells were divided into two regions of interest: CA1 and CA3. Our results show that the mean number of hippocampus cells observed was 5.75 million and 2.25 million, in the CA1 and CA3 regions respectively. Holm reported 4.12 million cells in the CA1 region and 1.51 million cells in the CA3 region. The results presented here indicate the CA1 and CA3 cell percentages being 23% and 9% respectively, which are similar to the percentages reported by Holm (21% and 12%). Conclusion: These results corroborate previous findings and demonstrate a novel and cost-effective way to study the hippocampus of pigs in translational neurological research.

Introduction: Suicidal behavior is seen in the context of a variety of mental disorders and while many believe that, in general, first episode psychosis is a particularly high-risk period for suicide, no general agreement regarding higher prevalence of suicide in first episode psychosis is achievable. In the present study, suicides and suicide attempts among psychiatric in-patients has been evaluated to assess the general profile of suicidal behavior among native psychiatric inpatients and probing any relationship between serum cholesterol level and suicidal behavior. Methods: five acute academic wards, which have been specified for admission of first episode adult psychiatric patients, and five acute non-academic wards, which have been specified for admission of recurrent episode adult psychiatric patients, had been selected for current study. All inpatients with suicidal behavior (successful suicide and attempted suicide, in total), during the last five years (2013-2018), had been included in the present investigation. Also, assessment of serum lipids, including triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein, had been accomplished, for comparing the suicidal subjects with non-suicidal ones. Results: Among 19160 psychiatric patients hospitalized in raze psychiatric hospital during a sixty months period, 63 suicidal behaviors, including one successful suicide and sixty two suicide attempts, had been recorded by the safety board of hospital. The most frequent mental illness was bipolar I disorder, which was significantly more prevalent in comparison with other mental disorders (p<0.04, p<0.02, p<0.007, and p<0.003 in comparison with schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders and substance abuse, respectively). In addition, no significant difference was evident between the first admission and recurrent admission inpatients, totally and separately, particularly with respect to psychotic disorders. Besides, with respect to different components of serum lipids, no specific or significant pattern was evident. Conclusion: While in the present study the suicidal behavior was significantly more evident in bipolar disorder in comparison with other psychotic or no-psychotic disorders, no significant difference was evident between first admission and recurrent admission psychiatric inpatients. Moreover, no significant relationship between suicidal behavior and serum lipids was palpable.