The concept of "Theory of Mind" (ToM) is defined as the cognitive ability to represent ones own and others mental states, in terms of thoughts and beliefs, but also of desires, demands and feelings, so that one can explain and predict behaviour. In this work the theoretical profiles, the main reference models, the related neurobiological and clinical profiles are analysed, orienting future research on the question whether or not it is interesting to further investigate the theoretical aspects under examination, such as empathy and the perception of the self and the other in relation to the neurobiological components, to draw a common line able to connect the loss of these functions with the accentuation or the onset of certain pathologies, wondering whether it is the functional compromises of these capacities and functions that cause the psychopathological condition to arise or whether it is rather the disease that induces the dysfunctional modification of these capacities or functions.

Study Design: This was a case report and literature review Objective: We describe a case of os odontoideum combined with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), both of which require surgical treatment. Summary of Background Data: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is often a disease of the older population, while os odontoideum is a well known disease mainly diagnosed in children and young adults but rarely in the middle-aged population. Os odontoideum combined with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, both of which require surgical treatment is even more rare, there was only one such case in the literature. Methods: We describe a 68-year-old male who underwent C1–C2 posterior screw-rod fixation for os odontoideum and cervical posterior single open-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Results: Twelve months after surgery, the patient showed improvement and the plain radiographs showed no loss of correction or instrumentation failure. Conclusions: To our best knowledge, this is the second case of surgical stabilization for both cervical spondylotic myelopathy and myelopathy atlantoaxial subluxation due to os odontoideum.

Neural architectures that are operative in higher order cognition, including consciousness, memory, and motor planning, undergo complex changes in global organization during neurological disease. Increasingly, neurostimulation is therapeutically used for restoring these functions, although the mechanisms of restoration are largely unknown. Extant studies reveal, on the other hand, that non-linear and dynamical principles govern global brain organization, seen in operational features such as persistence, stability, flexibility and non-localization that are likely to be evoked by neurostimulation. These dynamical features are instantiated in neural oscillations, a key mechanism regulating brain function and communication. Due to stochastic influences, oscillator synchronization and desynchronization exhibit limit cycle attractor dynamics, which are characterized by persistent phase modulation rather than fixed point, stationary phase locking. Phase modulation governs information exchange by temporally gating transfer and guiding the trajectory of information distribution. Activation of attractor forces by modest input drive induces dynamic, phase difference detuning that results in phase preference shifts, whereas strong input drive induces low stability phase relations that promote oscillator dissociation and new pair formation. These dynamical features of oscillator behavior are likely to facilitate information transfer to neural networks during neurostimulation of higher order functions.

The article discusses and analyzes the results of the treatment of 56 patients with tumors of the orbit, cranioorbital region, operated at the neurosurgery clinic DCTMA in Donetsk from 2015 to February 2020, with various surgical approaches. Goals and objectives: coverage of clinical signs and symptoms, histology, diagnostic methods and treatment of patients operated on with tumors of the orbit and cranioorbital region for the period 2015-2020. The rationale for the use of front-orbit-zygomatic access as the optimal surgical access to tumors of the orbit and cranioorbital region of various localization, to perform radical organ-preserving surgery, with the maximum preservation of visual function, minimizing oculomotor disturbances, patient disability, good cosmetic effect in the postoperative period. Materials and methods: we analyzed the clinical cases of 56 patients who underwent treatment in DCTMA with tumors of the orbit, cranioorbital region for the period from 2015 to March 2020. Patients were operated on with different approaches - transcutaneous, subconjunctival, front-orbit-zygomatic, pterional, subfrontal. Surgical approaches were determined individually, depending on the location, size of the tumor, involvement in the process of the underlying structures of the orbit, adjacent anatomical areas (frontal, maxillary sinuses, cranial cavity, bones of the base of the skull). In 2 cases of lesions of the orbit by the tumor process a relapse of the tumor growth was obtained: one patient with aggressive adenocarcinoma, after 18 months, leading to orbital exenteration, and a 9-year-old child with rhabdomyosarcoma after non-radical removal of the tumor by subconjunctival approach. In all other cases, no relapses were noted; the operations were organ-preserving. Conclusions: the results of treatment of patients with orbital tumors directly depend on the radical removal of the neoplasm, which is associated with the choice of surgical approach, the use of chemo-, radiation therapy in the postoperative period, depending on the histological response.