The limbic system forms a crucial part of the human brain. It is a network of structures that set beneath temporal lobe and on both sides of thalamus. It has a wide range of functions which mainly involve in our behavioral and emotional responses. Therefore, any disruption to the system may lead to devastating neurological conditions. This essay will explore the structure of the limbic system, its functional organization utilizing neurological diseases or damage to demonstrate the association between that specific affected brain region and function.

Aim: This study aims to identify the efficacy of different intracanal medication formulations existing in end of endodontic therapy’s failure, and related to strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus in Petri plates. Materials and methods: It was used diffusion test in agar where each Petri plate with the inoculated bacteria. Perforations of approximately 4 mm deep by 5 mm in diameter were made to prepare where the intracanal drug (25 µl) to be tested. The diameters of the bacterial inhibition zones were measured and registered to each tested medication at the period of 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 and 14 days respectively. Results: All the medications promoted inhibition halos. The inhibition halos were represented in mm. A higher elimination of micro-organisms can be significantly achieved through the association of different substances in the formulation of an intra canal medication, with emphasis to Ca (OH)2 combined with nitrofurazone and magnesium oxide respectively. Conclusion: Cleaning and shaping of the root canal system associated with the chemical combination of Ca (OH) 2 with antiseptic pastes or solutions considerably reduce the bacterial load.

Background Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a neuroinflammatory disorder with a predilection for females. Males present differently, with seizures rather than the better-recognized constellation of psychiatric and behavioral symptoms dominating the initial stages of the disease, providing a potential substrate for delayed recognition and treatment. Case Presentation An 18-year-old man presented with fever and “seizures. When examined, he was febrile but alert and coherent. His neurologic, respiratory, cardiovascular, and abdominal examinations were unremarkable. Diagnosed with infective meningoencephalitis, he was started on intravenous ceftriaxone and acyclovir concurrently with anti-epileptic medications. However, he deteriorated into refractory status epilepticus. Electroencephalograms showed left temporo-parietal seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed inflammatory features, but the virologic assays and bacterial cultures returned negative. Magnetic resonance imaging scans performed in the first and second week from symptom-onset demonstrated the interval development of widespread sulcal T2 hyperintensity, with florid and diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement. Anti-NMDAR antibodies were subsequently detected in his cerebrospinal fluid by indirect immunofluorescence. Diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, he received plasmapheresis, methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin infusions. Conclusion Anti-NMDAR encephalitis should be considered in patients, especially males, who are treated for suspected infectious meningoencephalitis, but continue to deteriorate, even in the absence of prominent psychiatric or behavioral symptoms, considering how the initial symptoms differ between the genders. The interval development of diffuse and florid leptomeningeal enhancement on sequential magnetic resonance imaging scans of our patient has not been described in prior reports, and may be reflective of the underlying inflammatory processes.

Objective: Evaluate the intraepidermal nerve fiber density in healthy subjects with diabetic family history compared with diabetic patients and controls. Introduction: Neuropathy is the most prevalent chronic complication of diabetes, presenting various symptoms that interfere with daily living activities, psychosocially disability, and reducing life quality. The skin biopsy is recognized as a minimally invasive procedure that allows morphometric quantification of intraepidermal nerve fibers and has made possible the study of peripheral neuropathies involving thin fibers that traditional methods cannot diagnose. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional observational pilot study with seven patients per group including healthy, diabetic, and healthy with diabetic family history subjects. For the statistical analysis, we used the R package, R software version 3.3.2, with a confidence level of 95%. The research was performed with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test to test the primary objective. Results: The density of intraepidermal nerve fibers is similar between the group with diabetic family history 6.8 ± 2.1 (3.5 - 10.1) and diabetic patients 6.3 ± 2.9 (3.5 - 7.05) while the control group reported a density in parameters of normality of 10± 1.2 (8.2 - 10.1) with a p= 0.01 between the three groups. The decrease of intraepidermal nerve fibers showed a tendency to decrease with increasing age and BMI with a ratio coefficient for age of r= -0.342, 95% CI (-0.67 - 0.106), p= 0.129; and for BMI of r= -0.36, 95% CI (-0.685 - 0.0847), p= 0.109. Conclusion: Intraepidermal nerve fiber density is decreased in subjects with a family history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and even more so in diabetics, with no statistical difference.

Background Posterior fossa brain ependymomas are one of the most devastating forms of human illnesses which are more common in children. Brainstem compression, herniation and death are the risks with tumours in this critical location. Patients and Methods A retrospective study including 50 patients with posterior fossa ependymoma were performed at the Neurosurgery Department in Ait IDDIR University Hospital between the period of January 2005 and December 2015 . In each case, diagnosis was made clinically and confirmed radiologically and histo-pathologically.. All patients received the adjuvant treatment Results Out of 50 patients, 30 (60%) patients were males and 20 (40%) were females. The mean age was 24?years (ranged 5 months –47 years) ; we identified 29 (58%) children and 21 (42%) adults. Ventriculo-peritoneal shunts were placed in all our patients, the total tumor excision was done to 35% and the partial tumor excision was done to 65% patients. The most common complications were as follows: Shunt malfunction: 4% , operative cavity hematoma 6%, CSF fistula 4%, deterioration of Cerebellar syndrome 6%, Cerebellar Mutism 2%, Mixed nerves palsy 4% and early post operative deaths 10%. Tumor architecture was classified as classic (Grade II) in 35 (70%) cases and anaplastic (Grade III) in 13(26%) cases. Adjuvant treatment regimens following resection included radiation therapy only (72%) for 36 patients including children above and adults and chemotherapy only (36%) for 9 children below 4 years and 9 recurrent tumors. During follow-up period, recurrence occurred in 27% 11patients out of 41patients .Five patients died (10%). Conclusion The surgical treatment of posterior fossa tumours still represents a challenge for neurosurgeons, Radical surgery with preservation of vital structures is the treatment of choice in patients with Posterior Cerebral Fossa ependymomas.. Our experience shows the accepted results, complications and surgical outcome in relation to previous clinical studies.