Dermatology is a challenging medical specialty which requires expertise in the treatment and the management of children and adults with skin disease. There are more than 4000 possible diagnoses and these involve conditions affecting the skin and appendages in every part of the body: the hair on the scalp and everywhere in the body, the nails and the mucosal lesions affecting the mouth and genital regions.

The skin is the largest organ of the human body, accounting for approximately 16% of total body weight. Its vital role is to prevent loss of water and other components of the body to the environment and protect the body from a variety of environmental insults. The skin also has important immune and sensory functions, helps to regulate body temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D. Human skin is composed of three distinct layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, with varying degrees of specialization within each layer [1].

Dermatology is a challenging medical specialty which requires expertise in the treatment and the management of children and adults with skin disease. There are more than 4000 possible diagnoses and these involve conditions affecting the skin and appendages in every part of the body: the hair on the scalp and everywhere in the body, the nails and the mucosal lesions affecting the mouth and genital regions.

A 18-year-old young man was admitted because of a rash on the genital area. The patient stated he was in good general health. He declared that the rash had appeared approximately 1 months before. The rash was diagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis and unsuccessfully treated with oral antihistamines.

The clinical manifestation of childhood systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is similar to that of adult SLE; however, the former tends to be more severe and more aggressive than the latter. The malar rash in SLE patients may sometimes mimic sunburn erythema, as in our patient; thus, the underlying disease may be misdiagnosed in certain cases.

The tissue expanders used in breast reconstruction surgery are typically inflated with normal saline solution. However, the weight of normal saline may cause discomfort, misalignment, or even skin necrosis resulting from blood circulation insufficiency due to excessive pressure. Herein, we report our experience with reducing such discomfort and malpositioning by partially replacing the saline with air.

Enter probiotics. At the most basic level, probiotics are live microorganisms that provide a health benefit to the host. Through their interaction with the immune system, probiotics have been shown to modulate gene expression and cellular differentiation, boosting the host’s immune response to true threats while inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways linked to chronic inflammatory diseases.

A 23years of female patient came at Gonosashthaya Somaj vittik Medical college, Savar 1yr back with the complains of –Multiple papulo-pustular scattered lesions over face, neck and back for 5-6yrs.She was diagnosed as a known case of Acne Vulgaris 2yrs back

Dariers disease, also known as keratosis follicularis.

Health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” [1]. Under the notion of prevention, we imply all procedures with which a disease, in our case infection is being prevented and its development and spreading are disabled [1].

The APECED syndrome (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidosis, ectodermal dystrophy) is a rare condition of autosomal recessive inheritance linked to mutations of the AIRE gene(1 ;2). We report a case in a child, illustrating the importance of dermatological disorders.

Basidiobolus species are filamentous fungi belonging to the order Entomophthorales. Unlike other zygomycetes, Basidiobolus species can cause subcutaneous zygomycosis in healthy individuals.Basidiobolus ranarum was first described as an isolate from frogs in 1886 and was later cultured from the intestinal contents and the excreta of frogs[2]. It is commonly found in soil, decaying vegetable matter, and the gastrointestinal tracts of amphibians, reptiles, fish and bats.3 Basidiobolus is endemic in Uganda and certain areas of Africa, India and other parts of Asia[2].

Actinic keratosis are the earliest stage in the continuum of squamous cell carcinoma, therefore, they should be treated to avoid possible further development.

Melanocytic nevi may present at birth in about 1% - 6% of newborn infants and referred as congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) or may developed later on in life where known as acquired melanocytic nevi (AMN) [1, 2]. Depending on the clinical examination solely, sometimes it is hardly possible to differentiate between congenital and acquired nevi and documentation since birth may be the only way to prove the congenital origin [3].

Some rashes constitute a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma as in the case presented here. A 38-year-old female was admitted for a generalized rash and fever. Eight days earlier, she developed fever (103°F), shortness of breath, and a rash starting on her back and face and became generalized and associated with facial swelling, without improvement on diphenhydramine. One month prior to admission, she was taking oxcarbazepine for bipolar disorder, and it was discontinued when the rash appeared. Her past medical history and family history were non-contributory.

The resultant neurological deficit in Hansen’s disease often results in chronic non-healing trophic ulcers which is a well-known entity. These ulcers when neglected or not properly managed have the predisposition for malignant transformation over a long period of time.

Pressure ulcers are skin and soft tissue wounds caused by unrelieved pressure resulting in irreversible cellular necrosis. These lesions develop secondary to local ischemia caused by blood vessel occlusion from longstanding pressure combined with the sheer force of soft tissue movement against bony prominences [1]. Moisture is a major contributing factor in the development of pressure ulcers because any excess fluid resulting from incontinence, excessive sweating, excessive vaginal discharge, or wound discharge can cause maceration of the epidermis and increase susceptibility to ulcer formation [2].

From initial recognition of skin metastases by the GBMs, the estimated mean survival time is only 4.4 months. The patients didn’t pass away from the skin metastases, but from the progression of intra-cranial lesion. The skin metastases often indicate rapid progression of the original lesion. If the patient presented with early signs of skin change, especially near the previous surgical area, we should be aware of the progression of primary brain lesion, even there are no clinical signs of neurological deterioration. The signs of skin metastases include well-defined erythematous infiltrated plaque, elastic to hard nodules or granulation, or chronic unhealed or erosive wound around the previous surgical site. We could have a skin biopsy for early pathological proof once the skin change was noted and follow up with brain image examination.

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH; omim 305600) is a rare x-linked dominant ectomesodermal dysplasia syndrome first described by Goltz et al. [1], later summarized and reviewed by Gorlin et al. [2], is now also known as Goltz-Gorlin syndrome. It is a disease with multi-system symptoms and characterized by patchy dermal hypoplasia along the lines of blaschko, the lesional dermis is significantly thinned and replaced by subcutaneous fat tissue, known as “Fat Herniation”. Other abnormalities include papillomas around the mucocutaneous junction, dystrophic nails, sparse brittle hair and various developmental anomalies of bones, teeth, eyes and head. Management is therefore multidisciplinary. However, patients are frequently misdiagnosed for a long period resulting in avoidable life-long defects.

Lipedematous scalp (LS) is a condition in which there is localized accumulation of fatty tissue in the subcutaneous layer of the scalp without hair abnormalities. While lipedematous alopecia (LA) is a condition in which there is localized accumulation of fatty tissue in the subcutaneous layer of the scalp associated with alopecia. It is still unclear whether LS and LA are separate entities or variable expressions of the same disease. Clinically it is detected by palpation of the scalp exhibiting a localized soft and non-tender swelling. Currently, there is no effective treatment for LS but surgical treatment and oral mycophenolate mofetil were documented to to be effective in LA as single case reports [1,2]. Here we report the first case in the medical literature of spontaneous resolution of lipedematous scalp in a patient whom we diagnosed and reported in 2004 to have Lipedematous scalp [3].

A woman of 44 years old, mother of two healthy siblings, presented to our clinic with a six-year history of a non-pruritic erythematous plaque on the upper lip which compromises the oral mucous underneath where an ulcer can be seen.

The skin is the largest organ of the human body, accounting for approximately 16% of total body weight. Its vital role is to prevent loss of water and other components of the body to the environment and protect the body from a variety of environmental insults. The skin also has important immune and sensory functions, helps to regulate body temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D. Human skin is composed of three distinct layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, with varying degrees of specialization within each layer [1].

Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath represents the localized form of pigmented villonodular synovitis. They are found mostly at the hands (80% of cases) where it is the second soft tissue tumor after arthrosynovial cyst [1]. The diagnosis is clinical, the confirmation is histological. The Treatment is exclusively surgical; it is sometimes difficult due to local extension and invasion of digital noble structures. Recurrences are frequent and pose a management problem of these tumors. The aim of our study is to analyze epidemiological and clinical data, evaluate results and determine the recurrence risk factors.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a specific DNA virus that infects mammalian epithelial cells causing benign warts or verrucae on the skin. Over 100 HPV genomes have been detected through advances in molecular biology. One of the important advancement includes Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR), which provide specific and sensitive means of detecting the viral genomes [1-3]. Furthermore, studies have shown that many infants are born with a particular HPV genotype in their epithelial cells which is likely a result of infections caused by vertical transmission in utero, vertical transmission during delivery, fomite transmission, or skin to skin contact [4-7].

Skin diseases pose a significant public health problem in many countries in Africa and they are mainly a result of common conditions that are due to preventable infections and infestations. In Tanzania, infectious dermatoses account for up to 85% of skin conditions and 71% of cases in Ethiopia [1,2]. These infectious dermatoses are mostly caused by fungal, parasite agents and sometimes bacterial and viral agents [3]. In Côte d’Ivoire, infectious dermatoses remain frequent issues in primary health care setting, where there are no dermatologists. We conducted this study in a community health care center in order to appreciate the frequency of infectious dermatoses at a primary health care level in order to initiate a strategy for prevention.

Actinic keratosis also known as solar keratosis or senile keratosis are names given to intraepithelial keratinocyte dysplasia. As such they are a pre-malignant lesion or in situ squamous cell carcinomas and thus a malignant lesion. [1]Actinic keratosis is a common skin lesion caused by sun damage which commonly progresses to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The prevalence of actinic keratosis in Australia has been estimated as 40-50% in those aged 40 years and above. [2] Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer [3] and it has been suggested that actinic keratosis is in fact SCC in situ. [4]

The incidence of overactive bladder (OAB) has increased in Japan because of rapid aging of the population [1]. As frequent urination, a major symptom of OAB, decreases the quality of life of patients with OAB [2], therapeutic drugs including muscarinic antagonists and ß3-adrenoceptor agonists are administered clinically to improve bladder urine retention. Currently, selective muscarinic antagonists are used as first-line drugs to treat OAB [3] and have been developed as an alternative to oral administration of oxybutynin in order to enhance pharmacotherapeutic tolerance.

The incidence of overactive bladder (OAB) has increased in Japan because of rapid aging of the population [1]. As frequent urination, a major symptom of OAB, decreases the quality of life of patients with OAB [2], therapeutic drugs including muscarinic antagonists and ß3-adrenoceptor agonists are administered clinically to improve bladder urine retention. Currently, selective muscarinic antagonists are used as first-line drugs to treat OAB [3] and have been developed as an alternative to oral administration of oxybutynin in order to enhance pharmacotherapeutic tolerance.

Photography has been accepted for decades as a standard tool for documenting dermatologic conditions and as an adjunct to their treatment, in both medical practice and research. Clinical photography is the cornerstone of appropriate dermatological documentation in case reports, for monitoring patient’s therapeutic response in day to day practice, clinical trials and for research development. The emergence of low-cost easy-to-use digital imaging systems has made good-quality photography more accessible to practitioners.

Localized myxedema may be observed in hypo/hyperthyroidism [1]. However, the affected sites are usually pretibial area and the lesion on the eye lid is rare. We report a case of myxedema on the bilateral upper eyelids, which was a diagnostic clue of hypothyroidism associated with Hashimoto disease.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education as part of its Common Program Requirements for accreditation mandates that resident evaluations utilize data from multiple evaluators including faculty, peers, patients, self, and other professional staff [1]. The 360-degree evaluation tool, which incorporates multisource feedback on resident performance, is a recommended method of evaluating residents on the six ACGME-defined core competencies [2]. Although this tool has been widely implemented across residency programs [3-5], there are no data on its validity in dermatology residency programs. We sought to determine the validity of two versions of the 360-degree evaluation tool in evaluating dermatology residents by comparison to global resident assessments performed via a visual analog scale (VAS) tool.

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy of autoimmune aetiology. It causes inflammation of skeletal muscle and other organs. Like most autoimmune disease, a combination of genetic and environmental factors likely predispose an individual to the development of DM. 10-20% of adults with DM have anti-Mi2 auto-antibodies [1]. Other inflammatory myopathies exist including polymyositis and inclusion body myositis.

PRP has been used mostly for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata since these are the most common types of hair loss. Especially androgenetic alopecia is an extremely prevalent disorder resulting in gradual conversion of terminal hairs into vellus hairs. This is more obvious in men affecting more than 50%, with its well-known hair loss pattern, although there are studies suggesting an almost equal prevalence for women too. A self-renewal of the hair follicle by the keratinocyte stem cells of the bulge have been indicated in androgenetic alopecia, making growth factors signalling a promising future therapy.

Due to the increasing prevalence of so called "life style diseases", such as diabetes, obesity or hypertension, the number of associated vascular and nerve lesions increases. In the lower limbs in particular, bagatelle trauma causes wounds that lead to wound healing disorders and chronic wounds [1]. All these patients are reliant on drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular or diabetic disease. While drugs such as cortisone or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are postulated to have a negative effect on wound healing, it is unknown whether the intake of antihypertensive drugs and antidiabetics, respectively influences wound healing as well. As this is difficult to analyze systematically in clinical investigations, a comparative in-vitro study with human skin cells in 2D and 3D models is performed.

A 6-year-old girl presented to our attention with a 7-month history of erythema and pustules on the distal portion of her left first finger, which deeply affected the beginning of her scholar activity. On examination, her digit was swollen, markedly erythematous, and littered with several small pustules; nail was strikingly dysmorphic. The other digits showed variable degree of onychodystrophy (Fig. 1A). There were neither prior history of psoriatic lesions nor familiarity for psoriasis. Microscopic and cultural examination did not show any microbiological infection. Histological sample showed psoriasiform hyperplasia, with a collection of granulocytes in the context of parakeratosis as well as in the intraepithelial area (Munro-like microabscesses), and focal spongiosis with absent granular layer. The dermis showed increased vascularity within the dermal papillae.

Emulsion of water-in-oil type (W/O type) is generally and increasingly used in cosmetics for dry skin treatment [6]. Emulsion (including macro-, micro- and nano-) is a dispersed colloid two-phase system of matter, stabilized by an emulsifying agent (e.g. dimethicone), which is constituted of small globules/droplets of liquid (e.g. paraffin oil) known as dispersed phase, and assumed to be statistically distributed in another immiscible (i.e. non-mixable or unblendable) solvent/liquid matrix of the continuous phase (e.g. water), called dispersion medium [7]. The emulsifying agent possesses hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups adsorbed at the interphase of water and oil, and reduces the interfacial tension. Different methods for formulating an emulsion are available and include dry gum, wet gum, phase inversion, or membrane emulsification strategies [8].

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), also known as Lyell’s syndrome, is an acute T-cell mediated immune disorder, caused by idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction to sulfonamides, anticonvulsivants, antiretroviral drugs, allopurinol, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) [1]. An extensive cleavage of the epidermis from the dermis occurs due to keratinocyte apoptosis, resulting in large exposed areas, from 10 % up to more than 30% of skin detachment. General conditions are severe, and the mortality rate ranges from 5% to 35%. Primary treatment aims at the survival of the patient, rarely considering the aesthetic appearance of cutaneous sequaela [2]. The healing process of the skin is similar to a partial thickness burn injury, with secondary wound infection or self-induced picking trauma that may alter the recovery, resulting in atrophic deep scars. The management consists of different approaches: physical approach (laser, pulsed light, and cryotherapy), surgical approach (dermabrasion, punch excision etc.), fillers and chemical peels. Shallow lesions can improve with chemical peels, while non-ablative radiofrequency, subcision techniques, or subcutaneous infiltration give better results in case of deep scars. To our knowledge, few reports deal with treatments of facial scars following a TEN.

Segmental defects in peripheral nerves that cannot be sutured directly require the use of nerve grafts. The ideal option for repair is nerve auto grafting, but there are some obvious disadvantages related to its use, such as lack of availability and donor site morbidity. The next step to consider for reconstruction is the use of nerve allografts, but they are also limited for clinical use, and they present with the added problem of graft rejection. Considering these limitations to the use of nerve autografts and allografts, clinical surgery research has turned to nerve xenotransplantation, which offers a potentially unlimited source of donor nerves.

Xenon has been considered an ideal anaesthetic agent due to rapid induction and emergence of anaesthesia, efficient analgesia, and low toxicity [1,2]. Moreover, xenon is known as a medication for treatment of pain, insomnia, depression, and drug addiction [3,4]. Also, scientific literature presents evidence of the neuroprotective effects of xenon [5] in treatment of traumatic [6] and ischemic [7] brain injury. Data suggest that blockade of NMDA receptors in the nervous system by xenon plays a key role in neuroprotective effects of this agent [5,8-10]. Recently, NMDA receptors have been found in the axons of human skin [15] and in the keratinocytes of the epidermis [16,17]. These receptors are involved in skin barrier function [18], calcium regulation [19], and dermatitis development [20]. We expect that xenon will exert similar blocking action when interacting with NMDA receptors in skin providing that this gas penetrates skin.

The skin is an endocrine organ involved in the peripheral conversion of sex hormones to active forms (testosterone and DHT in males and estradiol in females). Skin structures such as sebocytes, sweat glands and dermal papilla hair cells express enzymes that convert DHEA and androstenedione from adrenal cortex into testosterone and DHT. Aromatases convert testosterone into estradiol in the skin. The sebaceous glands, the outer and inner root sheath cells of anagen terminal hair follicles and dermal papilla cells express aromatases. Various structures in the skin show enzyme activity and express sex hormone receptors

Among all types of cancer, the highest incidence in the world is the skin cancer, which 95% are non-melanoma lesions and its more common forms are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight is a major known risk factor for the non-melanoma skin cancer development. (1) Melanoma is the most invasive and aggressive type of skin cancer and, despite representing only 3% of incidence, it is responsible for about 65% of deaths. It can be clinically similar to pigmented seborrheic keratosis (PSK), which is a benign lesion (2,3).

Due to the increasing prevalence of so called "life style diseases", such as diabetes, obesity or hypertension, the number of associated vascular and nerve lesions increases. In the lower limbs in particular, bagatelle trauma causes wounds that lead to wound healing disorders and chronic wounds [1]. All these patients are reliant on drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular or diabetic disease. While drugs such as cortisone or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are postulated to have a negative effect on wound healing, it is unknown whether the intake of antihypertensive drugs and antidiabetics, respectively influences wound healing as well. As this is difficult to analyze systematically in clinical investigations, a comparative in-vitro study with human skin cells in 2D and 3D models is performed.

Melanoma is a lethal form of skin cancer, which originates from melanocytes. In 2019, the American Cancer Society estimated that there will be 96,480 new cases of melanoma in the United States and 7,230 deaths from the disease [1]. The global cancer statistics [2] also show that the incidence and mortality rates of melanoma are rising. Overall survival rate of patients diagnosed with melanoma is dependent on multiple factors including the thickness of the primary melanoma, involvement of draining and presence of disease at distant sites. For very early-stage melanoma which is localized at the primary site, 5-year survival rate is 92%. Survival for melanoma that has spread to nearby lymph nodes is 63%. If melanoma has spread to other parts of the body, the survival rate is only 13% [3]. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of melanoma is particularly important.